Antiretroviral drugs and the central nervous system

Treatment with Indinavir, Zidovudine, and Lamivudine in Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Prior Antiretroviral Therapy

1997 • 1,912 citations

Isolation of HTLV-III from Cerebrospinal Fluid and Neural Tissues of Patients with Neurologic Syndromes Related to the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

1985 • 1,103 citations

The drug transporter P-glycoprotein limits oral absorption and brain entry of HIV-1 protease inhibitors.

1998 • 1,058 citations

Adverse effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors

1998 • 853 citations

Early viral brain invasion in iatrogenic human immunodeficiency virus infection

1992 • 557 citations

Effect of Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Zidovudine (AZT) in Children with Symptomatic HIV Infection

1988 • 452 citations

In Vivo Activity Against HIV and Favorable Toxicity Profile of 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine

1989 • 426 citations

Relationship between human immunodeficiency virus—associated dementia and viral load in cerebrospinal fluid and brain

1997 • 397 citations

Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid pharmacokinetics of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine: A Novel pyrimidine analog with potential application for the treatment of patients with AIDS and related diseases

1987 • 383 citations

1592U89, a novel carbocyclic nucleoside analog with potent, selective anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity

1997 • 380 citations

The Blood-Brain Barrier

1986 • 337 citations

Intrathecal chemotherapy: brain tissue profiles after ventriculocisternal perfusion.

1975 • 321 citations

Drug Delivery to the Brain

1997 • 313 citations

Zidovudine treatment of the AIDS dementia complex: Results of a placebo‐controlled trial

1993 • 275 citations

Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid Correlate with AIDS Dementia Stage

1997 • 241 citations

Declining incidence of AIDS dementia complex after introduction of zidovudine treatment.

1989 • 235 citations

The Mammalian Choroid Plexus

1989 • 232 citations

Long-term toxicity/activity profile of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in AIDS or AIDS-related complex

1990 • 217 citations

Methods for quantifying the transport of drugs across brain barrier systems

1981 • 214 citations

Microdialysis calibration using retrodialysis and zero-net flux: application to a study of the distribution of zidovudine to rabbit cerebrospinal fluid and thalamus.

1993 • 175 citations

Cerebrospinal-fluid HIV-1 RNA and drug concentrations after treatment with lamivudine plus zidovudine or stavudine

1998 • 173 citations

Lamivudine

1997 • 162 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Brain: Investigation of Virus Load and Neuropathologic Changes in Pre-AIDS Subjects

1993 • 153 citations

Species differences in the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of indinavir, a potent human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor.

1996 • 143 citations

Targeting HIV-1 protease: A test of drug-design methodologies

1995 • 142 citations

Brain Viral Burden in HIV Infection

1994 • 138 citations

Pharmacokinetics of 2′, 3′-dideoxyadenosine and 2′, 3′-dideoxyinosine in patients with severe human immunodeficiency virus infection

1990 • 133 citations

Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy of 3TC (Lamivudine) in Patients with Asymptomatic or Mildly Symptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Phase I/II Study

1995 • 131 citations

Metabolism and disposition of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir (ABT-538) in rats, dogs, and humans.

1997 • 130 citations

Current Knowledge and Future Prospects for the Use of HIV Protease Inhibitors

1996 • 129 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 RNA levels

1998 • 126 citations

Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in brains of demented and nondemented patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

1996 • 120 citations

Distributional transport kinetics of zidovudine between plasma and brain extracellular fluid/cerebrospinal fluid in the rabbit: investigation of the inhibitory effect of probenecid utilizing microdialysis.

1993 • 104 citations

Pharmacokinetics of Stavudine in Patients with AIDS or AIDS-Related Complex

1992 • 103 citations

Lamivudine in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: A Phase I/II Study

1996 • 103 citations

The entry of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs into the central nervous system

1997 • 102 citations

Stavudine

1996 • 102 citations

Pharmacokinetics of 2‘,3’‐Dideoxycytidine in Patients with AIDS and Related Disorders

1988 • 101 citations

Restricted Transport of 3'-Azido-3'-Deoxythymidine and Dideoxynucleosides Through the Blood-Brain Barrier

1988 • 101 citations

The Pharmacokinetics of Zidovudine Administered by Continuous Infusion in Children

1989 • 99 citations

In vivo evidence for carrier-mediated efflux transport of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine across the blood-brain barrier via a probenecid-sensitive transport system.

1997 • 98 citations

Ritonavir

1996 • 96 citations

Zidovudine in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection and Kaposi Sarcoma

1989 • 92 citations

The Structure of Mountain Ranges

1986 • 87 citations

Clinical Pharmacology of 2',3'-Dideoxyinosine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Children

1992 • 84 citations

Brain targeting of anti-HIV nucleosides: synthesis and in vitro and in vivo studies of dihydropyridine derivatives of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine

1990 • 83 citations

A Phase I/II Evaluation of Stavudine (d4T) in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

1995 • 82 citations

The disposition and metabolism of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, an in vitro inhibitor of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III infectivity, in mice and monkeys.

1987 • 78 citations

Effects of zidovudine in 30 patients with mild to end-stage AIDS dementia complex

1993 • 74 citations

Analysis of zidovudine distribution to specific regions in rabbit brain using microdialysis.

1992 • 74 citations

In vitro and in vivo transport of zidovudine (AZT) across the blood-brain barrier and the effect of transport inhibitors.

1994 • 73 citations

Quantifying HIV-1 RNA Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction on Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum of Seropositive Individuals With and Without Neurologic Abnormalities

1995 • 72 citations

Didanosine

1996 • 71 citations

Effect of Probenecid on the Renal and Nonrenal Clearances of Zidovudine and Its Distribution into Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Rabbit

1989 • 71 citations

Microdialysis study of zidovudine (AZT) transport in rat brain.

1993 • 70 citations

Treatment of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-Related Complex with a Regimen of 3′-Azido-2′,3′-Dideoxythymidine (Azidothymidine or Zidovudine) and Acyclovir

1988 • 69 citations

Evaluation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 RNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Viral Resistance to Zidovudine in Children with HIV Encephalopathy

1996 • 69 citations

Zidovudine Transport in the Rabbit Brain during Intravenous and Intracerebroventricular Infusion

1995 • 68 citations

The Effect on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Initiation of Zidovudine or Didanosine

1997 • 68 citations

Penetration of zidovudine into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients infected with HIV

1993 • 62 citations

Virologic Markers of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Infected Children

1996 • 60 citations

High Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Load in the Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Lymphocytic Meningitis

1998 • 54 citations

Pyrimidine dideoxyribonucleosides: selectivity of penetration into cerebrospinal fluid.

1988 • 53 citations

Uptake kinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine into brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats: intravenous infusion studies.

1990 • 53 citations

Pharmacokinetics of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and its catabolites and interactions with probenecid in rhesus monkeys

1991 • 52 citations

Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine and BCH-189 in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of nonhuman primates

1995 • 52 citations

Distributed model analysis of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine distribution in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid.

1997 • 52 citations

Microdialysis studies of the distribution of stavudine into the central nervous system in the freely-moving rat.

1997 • 51 citations

Lipophilicity at pH 7.4 and molecular size govern the entry of the free serum fraction of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid in humans with uninflamed meninges

1994 • 51 citations

Pharmacokinetics of 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine and 3'-deoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine in rhesus monkeys

1990 • 48 citations

The Level of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 RNA in Cerebrospinal Fluid As a Marker of HIV Encephalitis

1998 • 45 citations

Animal models for studying transport across the blood-brain barrier

1995 • 43 citations

Pharmacokinetic quantification of the exchange of drugs between blood and cerebrospinal fluid in man

1993 • 42 citations

Brain and cerebrospinal fluid uptake of zidovudine (AZT) in rats after intravenous injection

1990 • 42 citations

Tissue distribution and metabolic disposition of zidovudine in rats.

1990 • 42 citations

Modeling the enhanced uptake of zidovudine (AZT) into cerebrospinal fluid. 1. Effect of probenecid.

1990 • 41 citations

Changing incidence of HIV-induced brain lesions in Oslo, 1983–1994

1995 • 40 citations

Comparative pharmacokinetics of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxyuridine (AZddU) in mice.

1989 • 38 citations

Comparative pharmacokinetics of two prodrugs of zidovudine in rabbits: enhanced levels of zidovudine in brain tissue

1993 • 38 citations

Probenecid enhances central nervous system uptake of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine by inhibiting cerebrospinal fluid efflux.

1991 • 38 citations

Central nervous system targeting of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine via adenosine deaminase-activated 6-halo-dideoxypurine prodrugs

1992 • 37 citations

Asymptomatic HIV infection is characterized by rapid turnover of HIV RNA in plasma and lymph nodes but not of latently infected lymph-node CD4+ T cells

1997 • 37 citations

PCR identification of HIV-1 DNA sequences in brain tissue of patients with AIDS encephalopathy

1993 • 36 citations

The passage of azidodeoxythymidine into and within the central nervous system: does it follow the parent compound, thymidine?

1997 • 32 citations

Disposition in animals of a new anti-HIV agent: 2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine.

1990 • 31 citations

Study on didanosine concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid

1995 • 31 citations

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Patients Before and During Long-term Oral Zidovudine Therapy

1991 • 28 citations

Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vitro by the Bisheteroarylpiperzine Atevirdine (U-87201E) in Combination with Zidovudine or Didanosine

1993 • 25 citations

Pharmacokinetics, oral bioavailability, and metabolism in mice and cynomolgus monkeys of (2'R,5'S-)-cis-5-fluoro-1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl] cytosine, an agent active against human immunodeficiency virus and human hepatitis B virus

1994 • 25 citations

Pharmacokinetics of the anti-AIDS drug 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in the rat.

1990 • 25 citations

Penetration of zidovudine and 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine into the brain, muscle tissue, and veins in cynomolgus monkeys: relation to antiviral action

1992 • 25 citations

Improved brain delivery and in vitro activity of zidovudine through the use of a redox chemical delivery system

1995 • 24 citations

Pharmacokinetics and Extracellular Distribution to Blood, Brain, and Muscle of Alovudine (3'-Fluorothymidine) and Zidovudine in the Rat Studied by Microdialysis

1993 • 23 citations

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of the CNS: Characterization of “Neurotropic” Strains

1990 • 22 citations

Comparative disposition and whole-body autoradiographic distribution of [2-14C]azidothymidine and [2-14C]thymidine in mice.

1991 • 21 citations

Therapeutic concentrations of indinavir in cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-1-infected patients.

1998 • 21 citations

Efflux of zidovudine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine out of the cerebrospinal fluid when administered alone and in combination to Macaca nemestrina.

1994 • 21 citations

HIV-1-Replikation im Plasma und Liquor cerebrospinalis

1996 • 20 citations

HIV-1 RNA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid may increase owing to damage to the blood-brain barrier.

1997 • 20 citations

Improved brain delivery and in vitro activity of zidovudine through the use of a redox chemical delivery system

1995 • 19 citations

Dose dependence in the plasma pharmacokinetics and uptake kinetics of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine into brain and cerebrospinal fluid of rats.

1991 • 17 citations

Pilot study of the efficacy of atevirdine in the treatment of AIDS dementia complex

1996 • 17 citations

Pharmacokinetics of dideoxypurine nucleoside analogs in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys

1995 • 16 citations

Pump delivery of azidothymidine: Potential for constant concentrations and improved brain delivery

1989 • 14 citations

Pharmacokinetics of dideoxyinosine in neonatal pigtailed macaques

1994 • 11 citations

Impact of dosing schedule upon suppression of a retrovirus in a murine model of AIDS encephalopathy

1994 • 11 citations

Longitudinal comparison of HIV-1 RNA burden in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in two patients starting triple combination antiretroviral therapy.

1998 • 11 citations

Disposition of 2′, 3′-dideoxyadenosine and 2′, 3′-dideoxyinosine in mice

1989 • 10 citations

Pharmacokinetics of 2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine in dogs

1991 • 10 citations

Metabolism of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor delavirdine in mice.

1997 • 10 citations

Transport properties of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in the rat choroid plexus

1997 • 9 citations

Tissue pharmacokinetics of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine in rats

1994 • 8 citations

Pharmacokinetics of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) in the neonatal macaque (Macaca nemestrina)

1995 • 8 citations

Effect of age on distribution of zidovudine (azidothymidine) into the cerebrospinal fluid of Macaca nemestrina.

1993 • 6 citations

Decline of HIV-1 RNA in cerebrospinal fluid during zidovudine treatment.

1996 • 2 citations