Review article

The Natural History of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

1995 • 2,007 citations

Epidemiology of trauma deaths

1980 • 844 citations

Serum levels of cytokines in chronic liver diseases

1992 • 737 citations

Toward a theory regarding the pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome

1996 • 619 citations

Gender Differences in Human Sepsis

1998 • 594 citations

Major Injury Leads to Predominance of the T Helper-2 Lymphocyte Phenotype and Diminished Interleukin-12 Production Associated with Decreased Resistance to Infection

1995 • 503 citations

Interleukin-6 in the Injured Patient

1996 • 500 citations

Toward an Epidemiology and Natural History of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome)

1992 • 479 citations

Alcohol Abuse, Alcoholism, and Damage to the Immune System—A Review

1998 • 466 citations

Inhibition of cytokine production by cyclosporin A and transforming growth factor beta.

1987 • 466 citations

Alcohol and Immune Defense

1986 • 427 citations

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-?) in inflammation: A cause and a cure

1992 • 417 citations

Surgical stress induces a shift in the type-1/type-2 T-helper cell balance, suggesting down-regulation of cell-mediated and up-regulation of antibody-mediated immunity commensurate to the trauma

1996 • 390 citations

The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study

1995 • 345 citations

Distinct mechanisms of immunosuppression as a consequence of major surgery

1997 • 336 citations

Risk Factors for Fatal Residential Fires

1992 • 327 citations

Update on the Mechanisms of Immune Suppression of Injury and Immune Modulation

1996 • 297 citations

Cytokines and Alcoholic Liver Disease

1993 • 292 citations

Preoperative alcoholism and postoperative morbidity

1999 • 272 citations

The Effect of Acute Alcohol Intoxication and Chronic Alcohol Abuse on Outcome From Trauma

1993 • 269 citations

Alteration of Monocyte Function Following Major Injury

1988 • 250 citations

Incidence of Septic Complications and Multiple Organ Failure in Severely Injured Patients Is Sex Specific

2000 • 248 citations

Regulation of Human Monocyte Functions by Acute Ethanol Treatment: Decreased Tumor Necrosis Factorα, Interleukin‐lβ and Elevated Interleukin‐10, and Transforming Growth Factor‐β Production

1996 • 232 citations

The Potentiating Effects of Alcohol on Driver Injury

1986 • 232 citations

Alcohol and vigilance performance: a review

1995 • 210 citations

Changes in Lymphocyte Activity after Thermal Injury

1979 • 200 citations

PLASMA CYTOKINES FOLLOWING THERMAL INJURY AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH PATIENT MORTALITY, BURN SIZE, AND TIME POSTBURN

1993 • 198 citations

Burns

1985 • 176 citations

Postoperative morbidity among symptom-free alcohol misusers

1992 • 175 citations

Mechanism of Enhanced Susceptibility to Sepsis Following Hemorrhage

1994 • 168 citations

The impact of risk factors and pre-existing conditions on the mortality of burn patients and the precision of predictive admission-scoring systems

1997 • 163 citations

High Incidence Rates of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the White Mountain Apache Population

1992 • 157 citations

Effects of acute ethanol exposure on cellular immune responses in a murine model of thermal injury

1997 • 152 citations

T-cell reactivity and its predictive role in immunosuppression after burns

1999 • 151 citations

House fire injury prevention update. Part I. A review of risk factors for fatal and non-fatal house fire injury

1999 • 146 citations

The Impact of Substance Use on Mortality and Morbidity from Thermal Injury

1995 • 144 citations

Ethanol potentiation of central nervous system trauma

1977 • 144 citations

Circulating interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations after burn injury in humans

1992 • 141 citations

Temporal correlation of impaired immune response after thermal injury with susceptibility to infection in a murine model.

1988 • 135 citations

Plasma Cytokines After Thermal Injury and Their Relationship to Infection

1993 • 133 citations

Increased transforming growth factor-β1 gene expression in human liver disease

1992 • 132 citations

Effects of ethanol ingestion on the severity and outcome of trauma

1982 • 132 citations

Intoxication and Injury

1992 • 130 citations

Immunosuppression following thermal injury: the pathogenesis of immunodysfunction

1997 • 130 citations

Alcohol and Injury Severity

1997 • 126 citations

Alcohol as a risk factor for injuries or death due to fires and burns: review of the literature.

1987 • 123 citations

Mechanisms of Altered Monocyte Prostaglandin E2 Production in Severely Injured Patients

1988 • 122 citations

Increased levels of circulating interleukin 6 in burn patients

1990 • 121 citations

Interleukin 6—A Potential Mediator of Lethal Sepsis After Major Thermal Trauma: Evidence for Increased IL-6 Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

1991 • 120 citations

Effects of alcohol intoxication on the initial assessment of trauma patients

1992 • 119 citations

Flow Cytometric and Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Ethanol‐Induced Changes in Splenic and Thymic Lymphoid Cell Populations

1991 • 116 citations

ALCOHOL AND MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION

1990 • 111 citations

The Role of Prostaglandin E2 in Immune Suppression Following Injury

1991 • 110 citations

Role of elevated monocyte transforming growth factor? (TGF?) production in posttrauma immunosuppression

1991 • 109 citations

THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL INTOXICATION ON THE INITIAL TREATMENT AND HOSPITAL COURSE OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE BRAIN INJURY

1992 • 108 citations

Community-Acquired Bacteremic Pneumococcal Pneumonia

1984 • 107 citations

Alcohol and Residential, Recreational, and Occupational Injuries: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence

1988 • 105 citations

Effects of Ethanol Administration on Parameters of Immunocompetency in Rats

1986 • 103 citations

The Accuracy of the CAGE, the Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test in Screening Trauma Center Patients for Alcoholism

1997 • 102 citations

Estrogen mediates the sex difference in post-burn immunosuppression

2000 • 100 citations

Alcohol and injury. A case-crossover study

1995 • 100 citations

Cell-Mediated Immunity after Thermal Injury

1973 • 99 citations

Anergy, Immunosuppressive Serum, and Impaired Lymphocyte Blastogenesis in Burn Patients

1982 • 99 citations

The role of alcohol in accidental falls.

1983 • 98 citations

Toward an epidemiology and natural history of SIRS (systemic inflammatory response syndrome)

1992 • 97 citations

Effects of Alcohol and Other Drugs on Traumatized Patients

1985 • 97 citations

Effect of Alcohol Intoxication on the Diagnosis and Apparent Severity of Brain Injury

1984 • 96 citations

Alcohol and immune defense

1986 • 95 citations

Anti-interleukin-10 antibody restores burn-induced defects in T-cell function

1997 • 94 citations

HUMAN MONOCYTE IL-10 PRODUCTION IS INCREASED BY ACUTE ETHANOL TREATMENT

1996 • 94 citations

Tuberculosis Screening in Alcoholics and Drug Addicts

1987 • 94 citations

Tissue-specific regulation of IL-6 production by IL-4. Differential effects of IL-4 on nuclear factor-kappa B activity in monocytes and fibroblasts.

1993 • 93 citations

Modulation of Macrophage Hyperactivity Improves Survival in a Burn-Sepsis Model

1992 • 93 citations

Neutrophil degranulation and abnormal chemotaxis after thermal injury.

1980 • 92 citations

Selective inhibition of antigen-specific T lymphocyte proliferation by acute ethanol exposure: the role of impaired monocyte antigen presentation capacity and mediator production

1993 • 92 citations

PROLONGED SURVIVAL OF HUMAN SKIN ALLOGRAFTS FOLLOWING THERMAL INJURY

1978 • 91 citations

Mechanism of Immunologic Suppression in Burn Injury

1990 • 90 citations

Impairment of T cell activation in burn patients: a possible mechanism of thermal injury-induced immunosuppression.

1986 • 90 citations

Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in relation to burn wound size in the acute phase of thermal injury.

1994 • 89 citations

Cytokine triggered molecular pathways that control cell cycle arrest

1992 • 89 citations

Pathologic concentrations of interleukin 6 inhibit T cell responses via induction of activation of TGF‐β

1991 • 89 citations

Marked increase in plasma interleukin-6 in burn patients.

1992 • 88 citations

ACUTE ETHANOL EXPOSURE PRIOR TO THERMAL INJURY RESULTS IN DECREASED T-CELL RESPONSES MEDIATED IN PART BY INCREASED PRODUCTION OF IL-6

1998 • 86 citations

Heavy drinking and the risk of occupational injury

1994 • 86 citations

Early Alteration in Leukocyte Populations and Th1/Th2 Function in Ethanol‐Consuming Mice

2001 • 85 citations

Burns in Substance Abusers and in Neurologically and Mentally Impaired Patients

1988 • 84 citations

Gender difference in cell-mediated immunity after thermal injury is mediated, in part, by elevated levels of interleukin-6

2000 • 82 citations

Alcohol and drug abuse in burn injuries

1995 • 81 citations

Thermal injury-induced immunosuppression in mice: the role of macrophage-derived reactive nitrogen intermediates

1998 • 79 citations

UPDATE ON CURRENT THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN BURNS

1996 • 78 citations

Immunologic Reactions in Alcoholic Liver Disease

1993 • 78 citations

Effects of ethanol on respiratory function in traumatic brain injury

1995 • 77 citations

Monocytes, Alcohol Use, and Altered Immunity

1998 • 77 citations

Alcohol, Drug Intoxication, or Both at the Time of Burn Injury as a Predictor of Complications and Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With Burns

1996 • 74 citations

Mechanisms of Neutropenia Involving Myeloid Maturation Arrest in Burn Sepsis

1998 • 73 citations

Effect of Acute Ethanolism on the Hospital Course and Outcome of Injured Automobile Drivers

1983 • 73 citations

Monocytes, Alcohol Use, and Altered Immunity

1998 • 73 citations

Alcohol Use and Burn Injury

1991 • 72 citations

Estrogen restores cellular immunity in injured male mice via suppression of interleukin-6 production

2001 • 71 citations

THERMAL INJURY

1999 • 71 citations

Chronic Ethanol Intake and Burn Injury

1995 • 71 citations

Altered Gene Transcription After Burn Injury Results in Depressed T-Lymphocyte Activation

1994 • 70 citations

Postburn immunosuppression in an animal model. II. Restoration of cell-mediated immunity by immunomodulating drugs.

1984 • 70 citations

Both T-Helper-1- and T-Helper-2-Type Lymphokines Are Depressed in Posttrauma Anergy

1998 • 69 citations

Ethanol‐Induced Suppression of Cell‐Mediated Immunity in the Mouse

1992 • 69 citations

The 1994 Lindberg Award. The production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and prostaglandin E2 by isolated enterocytes and gut macrophages: effect of lipopolysaccharide and thermal injury.

1994 • 68 citations

Alcohol and Cytokine‐inducible Transcription Factors

1996 • 68 citations

Autoantibodies in alcoholic liver disease

1990 • 66 citations

Alcohol Consumption Alters Antigen-Specific Th1 Responses

1998 • 65 citations

ACUTE ETHANOL INTOXICATION INCREASES THE RISK OF INFECTION FOLLOWING PENETRATING ABDOMINAL TRAUMA

1993 • 64 citations

What are the Immunological Alterations Induced by Burn Injury?

1984 • 63 citations

Human Neutrophil Functions Are Inhibited In Vitro by Clinically Relevant Ethanol Concentrations

1996 • 62 citations

Positive correlation between blood alcohol level and ISS in road trauma

1994 • 61 citations

A Prospective Investigation of the Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Helmet Use, Injury Severity, Medical Resource Utilization, and Health Care Costs in Bicycle-Related Trauma

1995 • 60 citations

Inhibitory Effects of Interleukin 6 on Immunity

1992 • 59 citations

Trauma-induced alterations in macrophage function

1998 • 58 citations

Cellular immunity after ethanol exposure and burn injury

2000 • 57 citations

Elevation in Pulmonary Neutrophils and Prolonged Production of Pulmonary Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 after Burn Injury with Prior Alcohol Exposure

1999 • 57 citations

Tumor-necrosis-factor and interleukin-6 response of peripheral blood monocytes to low concentrations of lipopolysaccharide in patients with alcoholic liver disease.

1995 • 56 citations

Burns in Alcohol and Drug Users Result in Longer Treatment Times with More Complications

1992 • 56 citations

A descriptive study of trauma, alcohol, and alcoholism in young adults

1992 • 56 citations

Factors influencing the early prediction of outcome from burns.

1996 • 55 citations

Regulation of Granulopoiesis following Severe Thermal Injury

1983 • 55 citations

Alcohol Consumption Alters Antigen‐Specific Th1 Responses: Mechanisms of Deficit and Repair

1998 • 53 citations

The Effect of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) upon Burn-induced Defective Neutrophil Chemotaxis

1991 • 53 citations

Toxicological screening in trauma

2000 • 53 citations

THE 1994 LINDBERG AWARD

1994 • 53 citations

Infection and the burn patient

1990 • 51 citations

Regulation of Neutrophil Migratory Function in Burn Injury by Complement Activation Products

1984 • 50 citations

Anti‐Interleukin‐6 Antibody Treatment Restores Cell‐Mediated Immune Function in Mice With Acute Ethanol Exposure Before Burn Trauma

2000 • 49 citations

Ethanol exacerbates T cell dysfunction after thermal injury

2000 • 49 citations

Ethanol feeding enhances inflammatory cytokine expression in lipopolysaccharide‐induced hepatitis

1997 • 49 citations

Effects of Antimurine Interleukin-6 on Bacterial Translocation During Gut-Derived Sepsis

1994 • 48 citations

Induction of transforming growth factor-beta and prostaglandin E2 production by ethanol in human monocytes

1992 • 47 citations

Biphasic in vivo immune function after low- versus high-dose alcohol consumption

1997 • 47 citations

Clinically Relevant Concentrations of Ethanol Attenuate Primed Neutrophil Bactericidal Activity

1998 • 47 citations

Ethanol‐Induced Adaptation in Biological Membranesa

1987 • 47 citations

A survey of nosocomial infections and their influence on hospital mortality rates

1994 • 47 citations

Ethanol impairs the induction of delayed hypersensitivity in C57BL/6 mice

1997 • 46 citations

Glucocorticoids protect against suppression of T cell responses in a murine model of acute ethanol exposure and thermal injury by regulating IL-6

1998 • 46 citations

Immune suppression after acute ethanol ingestion and thermal injury

1991 • 45 citations

Regulation of Monocyte Interleukin‐12 Production by Acute Alcohol: A Role for Inhibition by Interleukin‐10

1998 • 45 citations

Ethanol Ingestion Impairs Neutrophil Bactericidal Mechanisms against Streptococcus pneumoniae

1996 • 45 citations

Time course of production of cytokines and prostaglandin E2 by macrophages isolated after thermal injury and bacterial translocation.

1994 • 44 citations

Interleukin‐12 Therapy Restores Cell‐Mediated Immunity in Ethanol‐Consuming Mice

1998 • 43 citations

Interleukin-6 production after thermal injury: Evidence for nonmacrophage sources in the lung and liver*

1995 • 43 citations

Different pathways of in vitro ethanol-induced apoptosis in thymocytes and splenic T and B lymphocytes

1995 • 42 citations

High incidence rates of invasive pneumococcal disease in the White Mountain Apache population

1992 • 41 citations

ETHANOL AND DIET-INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN KUPFFER CELL FUNCTION

1993 • 40 citations

The potentiating effects of alcohol on driver injury

1986 • 40 citations

Thermal Injury Induces Thymocyte Apoptosis in the Rat

1998 • 40 citations

Alterations of the Host Defense Mechanism in Burns

1970 • 39 citations

Ethanol Ingestion Inhibits Cell‐Mediated Immune Responses of Unprimed T‐Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice

1996 • 39 citations

Dose‐Dependent Effect of Ethanol on Hepatic Oxidative Stress and Interleukin‐6 Production After Burn Injury in the Mouse

2000 • 38 citations

The effect of acute alcohol intoxication and chronic alcohol abuse on outcome from trauma

1993 • 37 citations

The increased potential for the production of inflammatory cytokines by Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages eight days after thermal injury

1995 • 37 citations

Mechanisms of immune failure in burn injury

1993 • 37 citations

Experimental Spinal Cord Trauma

1981 • 36 citations

The Mechanisms of Host Defense Dysfunction Following Shock and Trauma

1996 • 36 citations

Impaired antigen presention by splenocytes of ethanol-consuming C57BL/6 mice

1995 • 35 citations

Ethanol modulates gut ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats

2002 • 35 citations

Alcohol and immune regulation I. in vivo effects of ethanol on concanavalin a sensitive thymic lymphocyte function

1988 • 34 citations

MIXED LYMPHOCYTE CULTURE REACTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE THERMAL BURNS

1974 • 34 citations

THE ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN 6 IN INTERFERON-γ PRODUCTION IN THERMALLY INJURED MICE

2000 • 32 citations

Cell‐mediated Immune Responses Associated with Short Term Alcohol Intake: Time Course and Dose Dependency

1989 • 31 citations

Production of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 by LPS-stimulated rat bone marrow macrophages after thermal injury: Effect of indomethacin

1994 • 31 citations

Effects of ethanol on parameters of cellular immunity and host defense mechanisms to infectious agents

1992 • 31 citations

The Role of Kupffer Cells and Reactive Oxygen Species in Hepatic Injury During Acute and Chronic Alcohol Intoxication

1998 • 29 citations

Postburn immunosuppression in an animal model. II. Restoration of cell-mediated immunity by immunomodulating drugs

1985 • 28 citations

Biochemical and functional alterations in macrophages after thermal injury

1984 • 27 citations

Pulmonary edema: pathophysiology, methods of measurement, and clinical importance in acute respiratory failure.

1993 • 27 citations

Alcohol-induced downregulation of superoxide anion release by hepatic phagocytes in endotoxemic rats

1991 • 25 citations

Effect of chronic alcohol consumption by rats on tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 clearance in vivo and by the isolated, perfused liver

1996 • 24 citations

Differential Production of Prostaglandin E2 in Male and Female Mice Subjected to Thermal Injury Contributes to the Gender Difference in Immune Function: Possible Role for 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase

2000 • 24 citations

Modulation of F‐met‐leu‐phe Induced Chemotactic Activity and Superoxide Production by Neutrophils during Chronic Ethanol Intoxication

1992 • 24 citations

GENDER-RELATED THERAPY: EARLY IL-10 ADMINISTRATION AFTER HEMORRHAGE RESTORES IMMUNE FUNCTION IN MALES BUT NOT IN FEMALES

2000 • 23 citations

The roles of macrophage (MΦ) and PGE-2 in postburn immunosuppression

1992 • 23 citations

THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL INGESTION ON KILLING OF <italic>STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS</italic> AND <italic>STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS</italic> BY RAT NEUTROPHILS

1995 • 22 citations

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Subsets of Mice Maintained on an Ethanol‐Containing Liquid Diet

1994 • 21 citations

Interleukin-2 Receptor Expression and Function Following Thermal Injury

1995 • 20 citations

Interleukin‐4 Treatment Restores Cellular Immunity After Ethanol Exposure and Burn Injury

2002 • 20 citations

Evidence of a plasma-mediated ?window? of immunodeficiency in rats following trauma

1989 • 19 citations

Effect of Pretreatment with Alcohol on Subsequent Endocrine and Immune Responses in the Adult Male Rat

1997 • 18 citations

Bacterial translocation: Is it of clinical significance?

1990 • 17 citations

Transforming Growth Factor-β1 and Splenocyte Apoptotic Cell Death After Burn Injuries

2000 • 17 citations

Ethanol-Induced Suppression of in Vivo Host Defense Mechanisms to Bacterial Infection

1993 • 17 citations

Alcohol Effects on Cytokine Responses by Immunocytes

1998 • 17 citations

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIAL SEPSIS AND THE SEPSIS SYNDROME

1999 • 17 citations

Chronic Ethanol Exposure before Injury Produces Greater Immune Dysfunction after Thermal Injury in Rats

1990 • 16 citations

The Role of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate in the Suppression of Cellular Immunity After Thermal Injury

1994 • 15 citations

THE 1996 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

1996 • 13 citations

The coagulum contact method (Sano) of skin grafting in the treatment of burns and wounds.

1946 • 13 citations

Community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Effect of age on manifestations and outcome

1984 • 12 citations

Effect of acute and chronic alcohol feeding on prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in rat stomach

1988 • 11 citations

Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity after multiple injury and severe burn.

1990 • 8 citations

The Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Test Response, Granulocyte Function and Sepsis in Surgical Patients

1985 • 8 citations

THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ETHANOL ADMINISTRATION ON THE RESPONSE OF THE DOG TO REPEATED ACUTE HEMORRHAGES

1967 • 7 citations

Blood alcohol levels in accident victims.

1975 • 7 citations

Prolongation of xenograft survival in patients with pseudomonas sepsis: a clarification.

1968 • 7 citations

Sepsis Syndrome and Associated Sequelae in Patients at High Risk for Gram‐Negative Sepsis

1995 • 6 citations

Regulation of Monocyte Interleukin-12 Production by Acute Alcohol

1998 • 4 citations

Illegal Blood Alcohol Levels and Traffic Death Rates

1994 • 3 citations

Driver behaviour of ethanol-impaired non-vehicular trauma victims.

1986 • 2 citations

Gender-related Therapy: IL-10 Following Hemorrhage Restores Immune Dysfunction in Males But Not in Females

2000 • 1 citations

Central hemodynamics and pulmonary ventilation after trauma: effect of portacaval transposition.

1987 • 1 citations