Progestins and progesterone in hormone replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer

Risks and Benefits of Estrogen Plus Progestin in Healthy Postmenopausal Women: Principal Results From the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial

2002 • 15,184 citations

Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen in Postmenopausal Women With Hysterectomy

2004 • 4,391 citations

Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials

1998 • 4,082 citations

Breast cancer and hormone-replacement therapy in the Million Women Study

2003 • 2,896 citations

Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52 705 women with breast cancer and 108 411 women without breast cancer

1997 • 2,438 citations

Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.

1998 • 2,199 citations

Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes During 6.8 Years of Hormone Therapy

2002 • 1,922 citations

Influence of Estrogen Plus Progestin on Breast Cancer and Mammography in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

2003 • 1,839 citations

Endogenous Sex Hormones and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: Reanalysis of Nine Prospective Studies

2002 • 1,729 citations

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis

2004 • 1,669 citations

Nutritional Regulation of the Insulin-Like Growth Factors*

1994 • 1,537 citations

Insulin-like growth factors and neoplasia

2004 • 1,452 citations

Menopausal Estrogen and Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk

2000 • 1,075 citations

Body Mass Index, Serum Sex Hormones, and Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Women

2003 • 1,058 citations

Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: A meta-analysis

1995 • 944 citations

A Clinical Trial of Estrogen-Replacement Therapy after Ischemic Stroke

2001 • 906 citations

Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk: Estrogen Versus Estrogen Plus Progestin

2000 • 879 citations

Decreases in Ovarian Cytochrome P450c17α Activity and Serum Free Testosterone after Reduction of Insulin Secretion in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

1996 • 745 citations

Classification and pharmacology of progestins

2003 • 712 citations

The role of oestrogens and progestagens in the epidemiology and prevention of breast cancer

1988 • 647 citations

Energy balance and cancer: the role of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I

2001 • 612 citations

Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group.

1998 • 602 citations

Heritability of Mammographic Density, a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer

2002 • 589 citations

Comparative Study of Human and Rat Mammary Tumorigenesis

1990 • 585 citations

Noncardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy : Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Study fellow-up (HERS II)

2002 • 578 citations

Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Trial

2004 • 570 citations

Noncardiovascular Disease Outcomes During 6.8 Years of Hormone Therapy

2002 • 569 citations

Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Endometrial Histology in Postmenopausal Women

1996 • 568 citations

CHEMICAL PATHOLOGY

1975 • 495 citations

The Gonadotropic Function of Insulin*

1987 • 454 citations

Breast-cancer risk following long-term oestrogen- and oestrogen-progestin-replacement therapy

1999 • 421 citations

Menopause and Breast Cancer Risk<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref>

1972 • 421 citations

Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy and Change in Mammographic Density

2003 • 415 citations

Relationship Between Long Durations and Different Regimens of Hormone Therapy and Risk of Breast Cancer

2003 • 415 citations

Concentrations of estrone, estradiol, and estrone sulfate and evaluation of sulfatase and aromatase activities in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients.

1996 • 410 citations

Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N‐EPIC cohort

2004 • 388 citations

Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer.

1997 • 370 citations

Insulin resistance and breast‐cancer risk

1992 • 366 citations

Nutrition, hormones, and breast cancer: Is insulin the missing link?

1996 • 358 citations

Hormone Replacement Therapy in Relation to Breast Cancer

2002 • 356 citations

Fasting glucose is a risk factor for breast cancer: a prospective study.

2002 • 350 citations

Morphological evaluation of cell turnover in relation to the menstrual cycle in the “resting” human breast

1981 • 341 citations

Serum Sex Hormone Levels After Menopause and Subsequent Breast Cancer

1996 • 337 citations

Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. The Women's Health Initiative Randomised Controlled Trial.<I> JAMA</I> 2004;<B> 291</B>: 1701–1712

2004 • 334 citations

Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen or Estrogen plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Is Associated with Increased Epithelial Proliferation in the Normal Postmenopausal Breast1

1999 • 334 citations

Oestrogen exposure and breast cancer risk

2003 • 312 citations

A Correlative Morphologic Study of Human Breast and Endometrium in the Menstrual Cycle

1986 • 285 citations

Biphasic Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Progesterone: Role of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors, p21 and p27Kip1

1997 • 271 citations

Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention: international evaluation of the evidence.

2002 • 254 citations

Plasma insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, IGF-binding protein 3, and mammographic density.

2000 • 252 citations

Mammographic Parenchymal Patterns: A Marker of Breast Cancer Risk

1993 • 251 citations

Effects at Two Years of a Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet on Radiologic Features of the Breast: Results From a Randomized Trial

1997 • 238 citations

Insulin resistance, secretion, and elimination in postmenopausal women receiving oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy

1993 • 220 citations

Progestins Both Stimulate and Inhibit Breast Cancer Cell Cycle Progression while Increasing Expression of Transforming Growth Factor α, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, c-fos, and c-myc Genes

1991 • 218 citations

Concentrations of estrone, estradiol, and estrone sulfate and evaluation of sulfatase and aromatase activities in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients

1996 • 217 citations

Increased risk of breast cancer following different regimens of hormone replacement therapy frequently used in Europe

2004 • 217 citations

Estrogen Replacement Therapy Decreases Hyperandrogenicity and Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Plasma Lipids in Postmenopausal Women With Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus¹

1997 • 207 citations

Prospective study of IGF-I, IGF-binding proteins, and breast cancer risk, in northern and southern Sweden.

2002 • 198 citations

A possible bimodal effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women and the attenuating effect of added progestin

1993 • 197 citations

Statistical studies in the aetiology of malignant neoplasms.

1974 • 187 citations

Decreased incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal estrogen-progestogen users.

1983 • 186 citations

Hyperinsulinaemia and Increased Risk of Breast Cancer: Findings From the British Women's Heart and Health Study

2004 • 182 citations

Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use in relation to breast cancer risk.

2002 • 179 citations

Hormone replacement therapy regimens and breast cancer risk

2002 • 179 citations

Proliferation of breast epithelial cells in healthy women during the menstrual cycle

1997 • 176 citations

Hypothesis: Progesterone Primes Breast Cancer Cells for Cross-Talk with Proliferative or Antiproliferative Signals

1999 • 176 citations

Serum hormone levels in pre-menopausal Chinese women in Shanghai and white women in Los Angeles: results from two breast cancer case-control studies

1990 • 175 citations

The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone.

1995 • 174 citations

Hormone replacement therapy containing progestins and given continuously increases breast carcinoma risk in Sweden

2003 • 173 citations

Progestins both stimulate and inhibit breast cancer cell cycle progression while increasing expression of transforming growth factor alpha, epidermal growth factor receptor, c-fos, and c-myc genes.

1991 • 172 citations

Estradiol and Progesterone Regulate the Proliferation of Human Breast Epithelial Cells

1998 • 154 citations

Hormone replacement therapy and incidence of hormone‐dependent cancers in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study

2004 • 145 citations

Compliance considerations with estrogen replacement: Withdrawal bleeding and other factors

1989 • 141 citations

Sex hormone-binding globulin, its membrane receptor, and breast cancer: a new approach to the modulation of estradiol action in neoplastic cells

1999 • 134 citations

Endogenous sex hormones and subsequent breast cancer in premenopausal women

2004 • 134 citations

Effect of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Breast Cancer Risk: Estrogen Versus Estrogen Plus Progestin

2000 • 129 citations

Estrogen Replacement Therapy Decreases Hyperandrogenicity and Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Plasma Lipids in Postmenopausal Women With Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

1997 • 129 citations

Prognostic Characteristics of Breast Cancer Among Postmenopausal Hormone Users in a Screened Population

2003 • 127 citations

Estrogenic potential of progestins in oral contraceptives to stimulate human breast cancer cell proliferation.

1992 • 126 citations

The androgenicity of progestins

1995 • 126 citations

Hormone Replacement Therapy with Estrogen or Estrogen plus Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Is Associated with Increased Epithelial Proliferation in the Normal Postmenopausal Breast

1999 • 125 citations

Interactions between estrogen and insulin-like growth factor signaling pathways in human breast tumor cells.

2003 • 124 citations

The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone.

1993 • 122 citations

Noncardiovascular Disease Outcomes During 6.8 Years of Hormone Therapy: Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study Follow-Up (HERS II)

2002 • 121 citations

Estrogen and progestin regulation of cell cycle progression.

1998 • 117 citations

Effects of dietary intervention on IGF-I and IGF-binding proteins, and related alterations in sex steroid metabolism: the Diet and Androgens (DIANA) Randomised Trial

2003 • 116 citations

The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone

1993 • 115 citations

Progestins and menopause: epidemiological studies of risks of endometrial and breast cancer

2000 • 111 citations

Effects of Conjugated Equine Estrogen With and Without Three Different Progestogens on Lipoproteins, High-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions, and Apolipoprotein A-I

1991 • 110 citations

Estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: the Women's Health Study (United States).

2002 • 108 citations

Androgen receptor agonist activity of the synthetic progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, in human breast cancer cells

1999 • 108 citations

Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial

1996 • 106 citations

Evaluation of a continuous oestrogen-progestogen regimen for climacteric complaints

1982 • 104 citations

Prevention of endometrial hyperplasia by progesterone during long-term estradiol replacement: influence of bleeding pattern and secretory changes

1993 • 96 citations

Risk of Breast Cancer with Progestins in Combination with Estrogen as Hormone Replacement Therapy

2001 • 96 citations

Insulin resistance, insulin‐like growth factor I and breast cancer: A hypothesis

1995 • 95 citations

Effects of oral and transdermal 17β-estradiol with cyclical oral norethindrone acetate on insulin sensitivity, secretion, and elimination in postmenopausal women

2000 • 91 citations

Proliferation of the breast epithelium in relation to menstrual cycle phase, hormonal use, and reproductive factors

1996 • 90 citations

Genotoxicity of steroidal estrogens

2004 • 88 citations

Postmenopausal changes of lipid and glucose metabolism: a review of their main aspects

1995 • 86 citations

Risk of Endometrial Cancer in Relation to Use of Low-Dose, Unopposed Estrogens

1998 • 85 citations

Serum concentrations of IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3 and c‐peptide and risk of hyperplasia and cancer of the breast in postmenopausal women

2003 • 83 citations

Role of progestogen in hormone therapy for postmenopausal women: position statement of The North American Menopause Society

2003 • 82 citations

Twenty-four-hour preoperative endocrine profiles in women with benign and malignant breast disease.

1977 • 81 citations

Biphasic Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Growth by Progesterone: Role of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors, p21 and p27Kip1

1997 • 80 citations

Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a French cohort study of 3175 women

2002 • 79 citations

17β-Estradiol is carcinogenic in human breast epithelial cells

2002 • 78 citations

Role of insulin-like growth factors in steroid modulated proliferation

1994 • 77 citations

Progestins and breast cancer

1998 • 77 citations

The premenstrual endometrial pattern of women with breast cancer.A study of progestational activity

1964 • 76 citations

Superior compliance and efficacy of continuous combined oral estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women

1995 • 72 citations

The route of administration influences the effect of estrogen on insulin sensitivity in postmenopausal women

1994 • 72 citations

The Effects of Estrogens and Progestogens on the Endometrium

1987 • 70 citations

Breast Cell Proliferation in Postmenopausal Women During HRT Evaluated Through Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology

2003 • 68 citations

Hormone replacement therapy alters insulin sensitivity in young women with premature ovarian failure.

1993 • 65 citations

Combined hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in a French cohort study of 3175 women

2002 • 60 citations

Progestins abrogate estrogen-induced changes in the insulin-like growth factor axis

2000 • 58 citations

Abnormal production of androgens in women with breast cancer.

1994 • 57 citations

A prospective study of different types of hormone replacement therapy use and the risk of subsequent breast cancer: the women's health in the Lund area (WHILA) study (Sweden).

2003 • 57 citations

Evaluation of the synergistic effect of insulin resistance and insulin‐like growth factors on the risk of breast carcinoma

2004 • 57 citations

Increased androgenic activity and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women.

1984 • 57 citations

Epithelial proliferation and hormone receptor status in the normal post-menopausal breast and the effects of hormone replacement therapy

1998 • 56 citations

The proliferation of normal human breast tissue implanted into athymic nude mice is stimulated by estrogen but not progesterone

1995 • 55 citations

Intrinsic estrogenicity of some progestagenic drugs

1992 • 53 citations

Endogenous Sex Hormones, Prolactin, and Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women2

1986 • 52 citations

Progestins and breast cancer

2003 • 50 citations

Plasma hormones in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer

1980 • 49 citations

Hypothesis: Progesterone Primes Breast Cancer Cells for Cross-Talk with Proliferative or Antiproliferative Signals

1999 • 48 citations

Nutrition and Lifestyle: Opportunities for Cancer Prevention

2002 • 48 citations

Menopausal hormones and breast cancer in a biracial population

2000 • 47 citations

Human breast cell proliferation and its relationship to steroid receptor expression

2004 • 44 citations

Induction of amenorrhea during hormone replacement therapy: Optimal micronized progesterone dose. A multicenter study

1994 • 43 citations

Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: the role of progestins

2003 • 42 citations

Regulation of breast cancer cell cycle progression by growth factors, steroids and steroid antagonists

1992 • 40 citations

Modulation by progestogens of the effects of oestrogen on hepatic endocrine function in postmenopausal women

2003 • 37 citations

Nutrition and Lifestyle: Opportunities for Cancer Prevention

2003 • 37 citations

Androgenic progestogens oppose the decrease of insulin-like growth factor I serum level induced by conjugated oestrogens in postmenopausal women. Preliminary report

1994 • 36 citations

Potential impact on breast cancer risk of circulating insulin–like growth factor I modifications induced by oral HRT in menopause

1995 • 35 citations

Twenty-four-hour preoperative endocrine profiles in women with benign and malignant breast disease

1978 • 34 citations

The metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of HRT.

1995 • 34 citations

Hormone replacement therapy alters insulin sensitivity in young women with premature ovarian failure

1993 • 33 citations

The meaning of mammographic breast density in users of postmenopausal hormone therapy

2002 • 33 citations

Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: the role of progestins

2003 • 30 citations

Differential effects of progestins on the circulating IGF-I system

2003 • 28 citations

Differential effects of progestins on breast tissue enzymes

2003 • 28 citations

Post-menopausal breast cancer risk: oral estrogen treatment and abdominal obesity induce opposite changes in possibly important biological variables.

1992 • 28 citations

Conjugated estrogens and breast cancer risk.

1999 • 26 citations

Induction of estrogen receptor-α and -β activities by synthetic progestins

2000 • 26 citations

Risk of Breast Cancer with Progestins in Combination with Estrogen as Hormone Replacement Therapy

2001 • 25 citations

Long-term effects of oral estradiol and dydrogesterone on carbohydrate metabolism in postmenopausal women

1999 • 24 citations

Long-term hormone replacement treatment in menopause: new choices, old apprehensions, recent findings

1993 • 23 citations

THE METABOLIC AND CARDIOVASCULAR CONSEQUENCES OF HRT

1995 • 23 citations

Effects of progestogens on the postmenopausal breast

2002 • 22 citations

Androgenic progestins amplify the breast cancer risk associated with hormone replacement therapy by boosting IGF-I activity

2001 • 15 citations

Peripheral progesterone (P) levels and endometrial response to various dosages of vaginally administered P in estrogen-primed women

1997 • 15 citations

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Breast Cancer Risk

1999 • 14 citations

DIANA trials on diet and endogenous hormones.

2002 • 10 citations

Oestrogens, progestins and breast proliferation.

1997 • 9 citations

Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: putting the risk into perspective

2001 • 7 citations

Epithelial proliferation in the normal human breast in relation to endogenous hormones and oral contraceptive use

1998 • 7 citations