Neurobiology of craving, conditioned reward and relapse

Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex

1994 • 5,933 citations

Drug Addiction, Dysregulation of Reward, and Allostasis

2001 • 2,820 citations

Drug Addiction and Its Underlying Neurobiological Basis: Neuroimaging Evidence for the Involvement of the Frontal Cortex

2002 • 2,569 citations

Emotion and motivation: the role of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex

2002 • 2,076 citations

The reinstatement model of drug relapse: history, methodology and major findings

2002 • 1,586 citations

How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?

2001 • 1,450 citations

The Neuroscience of Natural Rewards: Relevance to Addictive Drugs

2002 • 1,439 citations

Addiction, a Disease of Compulsion and Drive: Involvement of the Orbitofrontal Cortex

2000 • 1,224 citations

Evidence for Addiction-like Behavior in the Rat

2004 • 1,089 citations

Incubation of cocaine craving after withdrawal

2001 • 967 citations

Nucleus accumbens shell and core dopamine: differential role in behavior and addiction

2002 • 957 citations

The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour

2001 • 796 citations

Drug craving and addiction: integrating psychological and neuropsychopharmacological approaches

2003 • 747 citations

Neuroadaptations in cystine-glutamate exchange underlie cocaine relapse

2003 • 726 citations

Drug Seeking Becomes Compulsive After Prolonged Cocaine Self-Administration

2004 • 721 citations

Conditioning factors in drug abuse: can they explain compulsion?

1998 • 680 citations

Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients

2002 • 601 citations

Neurobiological mechanisms in the transition from drug use to drug dependence

2003 • 575 citations

Time-Dependent Increases in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Protein Levels within the Mesolimbic Dopamine System after Withdrawal from Cocaine: Implications for Incubation of Cocaine Craving

2003 • 551 citations

Involvement of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Cascade for Cocaine-Rewarding Properties

2000 • 542 citations

The Role of the Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex, Basolateral Amygdala, and Dorsal Hippocampus in Contextual Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Rats

2004 • 518 citations

Differential control over cocaine-seeking behavior by nucleus accumbens core and shell

2004 • 478 citations

Theories of drug craving, ancient and modern

2001 • 419 citations

A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

2002 • 414 citations

Prefrontal responses to drug cues: a neurocognitive analysis

2004 • 403 citations

Cocaine self-administration alters the morphology of dendrites and dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens and neocortex

2001 • 401 citations

Neurobiological evidence for hedonic allostasis associated with escalating cocaine use

2002 • 387 citations

Selective inactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral amygdala attenuates conditioned-cued reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

2002 • 387 citations

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympatho-adreno-medullary responses during stress-induced and drug cue-induced cocaine craving states

2003 • 359 citations

The impact of stress on addiction

2003 • 359 citations

Additive Effect of Stress and Drug Cues on Reinstatement of Ethanol Seeking: Exacerbation by History of Dependence and Role of Concurrent Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Opioid Mechanisms

2002 • 357 citations

Direct Interactions between the Basolateral Amygdala and Nucleus Accumbens Core Underlie Cocaine-Seeking Behavior by Rats

2004 • 318 citations

Second-order schedules of drug reinforcement in rats and monkeys: measurement of reinforcing efficacy and drug-seeking behaviour

2000 • 309 citations

A Single Infusion of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor into the Ventral Tegmental Area Induces Long-Lasting Potentiation of Cocaine Seeking after Withdrawal

2004 • 283 citations

The biological, social and clinical bases of drug addiction: commentary and debate

1996 • 277 citations

Cannabinoids: reward, dependence, and underlying neurochemical mechanisms?a review of recent preclinical data

2003 • 275 citations

Effect of environmental stressors on opiate and psychostimulant reinforcement, reinstatement and discrimination in rats: a review

2003 • 272 citations

The validity of the reinstatement model of craving and relapse to drug use

2003 • 261 citations

Neural substrates of conditioned-cued relapse to drug-seeking behavior

2002 • 259 citations

Molecular neuroadaptations in the accumbens and ventral tegmental area during the first 90 days of forced abstinence from cocaine self‐administration in rats

2003 • 246 citations

A Role of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate in Contextual Cue-Induced Relapse to Heroin Seeking

2004 • 244 citations

Differential involvement of the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens in conditioned cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

2004 • 239 citations

Cocaine-induced proliferation of dendritic spines in nucleus accumbens is dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-5

2003 • 237 citations

Preferential Effects of the Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonist LY379268 on Conditioned Reinstatement versus Primary Reinforcement: Comparison between Cocaine and a Potent Conventional Reinforcer

2004 • 236 citations

Activator of G Protein Signaling 3

2004 • 231 citations

Neurobiology of relapse to alcohol in rats

2002 • 230 citations

Lateral hypothalamic neuropeptides in reward and drug addiction

2003 • 223 citations

Widespread but regionally specific effects of experimenter‐ versus self‐administered morphine on dendritic spines in the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and neocortex of adult rats

2002 • 221 citations

Dopamine, but not glutamate, receptor blockade in the basolateral amygdala attenuates conditioned reward in a rat model of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior

2001 • 218 citations

Neural and psychological mechanisms underlying appetitive learning: links to drug addiction

2004 • 216 citations

Prefrontal cortical volume reduction associated with frontal cortex function deficit in 6-week abstinent crack-cocaine dependent men

2002 • 214 citations

The role of withdrawal in heroin addiction: enhances reward or promotes avoidance?

2001 • 204 citations

Neurotrophic Mechanisms in Drug Addiction

2004 • 200 citations

Dissociable Effects of Lidocaine Inactivation of the Rostral and Caudal Basolateral Amygdala on the Maintenance and Reinstatement of Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in Rats

2002 • 198 citations

Cognitive concepts of craving.

1999 • 195 citations

Cannabinoid modulation of the reinforcing and motivational properties of heroin and heroin-associated cues in rats

2003 • 194 citations

Cocaine‐experienced rats exhibit learning deficits in a task sensitive to orbitofrontal cortex lesions

2004 • 193 citations

Differential Involvement of Orbitofrontal Cortex Subregions in Conditioned Cue-Induced and Cocaine-Primed Reinstatement of Cocaine Seeking in Rats

2004 • 191 citations

Challenges in the manipulation, assessment and interpretation of craving relevant variables

2000 • 186 citations

High-priority communication I Antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor attenuates the enhanced responsiveness to stress observed during protracted ethanol abstinence

2003 • 185 citations

Nucleus accumbens cell firing during goal-directed behaviors for cocaine vs. ‘natural’ reinforcement

2002 • 181 citations

Attenuation of ethanol self-administration and of conditioned reinstatement of alcohol-seeking behaviour by the antiopioid peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ in alcohol-preferring rats

2004 • 165 citations

The Location of Persistent Amphetamine-Induced Changes in the Density of Dendritic Spines on Medium Spiny Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens and Caudate-Putamen

2002 • 162 citations

Cocaine seeking over extended withdrawal periods in rats: different time courses of responding induced by cocaine cues versus cocaine priming over the first 6 months

2004 • 160 citations

Decreased alcohol self-administration and increased alcohol sensitivity and withdrawal in CB1 receptor knockout mice

2003 • 155 citations

Conditioned effects of environmental stimuli paired with smoked cocaine in humans

2000 • 141 citations

The Bed Nucleus Is a Neuroanatomical Substrate for the Anorectic Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and for Its Reversal by Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ

2003 • 137 citations

Persistent Cue-Evoked Activity of Accumbens Neurons after Prolonged Abstinence from Self-Administered Cocaine

2003 • 136 citations

Effect of cocaine and sucrose withdrawal period on extinction behavior, cue-induced reinstatement, and protein levels of the dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase in limbic and cortical areas in rats

2002 • 127 citations

Reversal of Ethanol-Seeking Behavior by D1 and D2 Antagonists in an Animal Model of Relapse: Differences in Antagonist Potency in Previously Ethanol-Dependent versus Nondependent Rats

2002 • 126 citations

Differential control over drug-seeking behavior by drug-associated conditioned reinforcers and discriminative stimuli predictive of drug availability.

2003 • 117 citations

Stimuli associated with a single cocaine experience elicit long-lasting cocaine-seeking

2004 • 116 citations

Anxiolytic Activity of the MGLU2/3 Receptor Agonist LY354740 on the Elevated Plus Maze is Associated with the Suppression of Stress-Induced c-Fos in the Hippocampus and Increases in c-Fos Induction in Several Other Stress-Sensitive Brain Regions

2003 • 103 citations

Reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior by drug cues following single versus multiple ethanol intoxication in the rat: effects of naltrexone

2003 • 103 citations

Altered Prelimbic Cortex Output during Cue-Elicited Drug Seeking

2004 • 98 citations

Potential role for the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in the conditioned reinforcer-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine seeking in rats

2002 • 90 citations

Alterations in ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits during binge cocaine self‐administration and withdrawal in rats

2004 • 81 citations

Contribution of the ventral tegmental area to cocaine‐seeking maintained by a drug‐paired conditioned stimulus in rats

2004 • 78 citations

Functional connectivity analysis of the neural circuits of opiate craving: “more” rather than “different”?

2003 • 77 citations

Reinstatement and spontaneous recovery of cocaine-seeking following extinction and different durations of withdrawal

2002 • 73 citations

Basolateral amygdala lesions impair both cue- and cocaine-induced reinstatement in animals trained on a discriminative stimulus task

2003 • 73 citations

Stimulus conditioned to foot-shock stress reinstates alcohol-seeking behavior in an animal model of relapse

2002 • 67 citations

Endogenous activation of group-II metabotropic glutamate receptors inhibits the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis

2003 • 58 citations

Differences Between Accumbens Core and Shell Neurons Exhibiting Phasic Firing Patterns Related to Drug-Seeking Behavior During a Discriminative-Stimulus Task

2004 • 55 citations

LTP May Trigger Addiction

2003 • 50 citations

Brain imaging studies in human addicts

2003 • 46 citations

Can craving be modeled in animals? The relapse prevention perspective

2000 • 45 citations

Conditioned facilitation of brain reward function after repeated cocaine administration.

2003 • 44 citations

The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, LY354740, blocks immobilization‐induced increases in noradrenaline and dopamine release in the rat medial prefrontal cortex

2003 • 43 citations

Region‐dependent changes in endocannabinoid transmission in the brain of morphine‐dependent rats

2003 • 37 citations

Craving for Alcohol and Drugs in Animals and Humans

2001 • 32 citations

Stimulus-response functions of the lateral dorsal striatum and regulation of behavior studied in a cocaine maintenance/cue reinstatement model in rats

2002 • 32 citations

Preattentive processing of alcohol stimuli

2003 • 31 citations