The Sleeper Effect and Negative Political Advertising

Advances In Experimental Social Psychology

2022 • 21,549 citations

The Psychology of Attitudes

1997 • 7,423 citations

Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches

1981 • 3,388 citations

The Influence of Source Credibility on Communication Effectiveness

1951 • 3,039 citations

Advances in Consumer Research

1983 • 2,905 citations

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

1965 • 1,541 citations

Negative information weighs more heavily on the brain: The negativity bias in evaluative categorizations.

1998 • 1,154 citations

Integration theory and attitude change.

1971 • 898 citations

Dirty politics: deception, distraction, and democracy

1993 • 669 citations

Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior

1985 • 596 citations

Endorsers in Advertising: The Case of Negative Celebrity Information

1998 • 593 citations

An Attribution Explanation of the Disproportionate Influence of Unfavorable Information

1982 • 548 citations

The order of presentation in persuasion

1957 • 519 citations

The relative efficacy of various types of prior belief-defense in producing immunity against persuasion.

1961 • 423 citations

"Reinstatement" of the communicator in delayed measurement of opinion change.

1953 • 419 citations

Source factors and the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion

1984 • 408 citations

Negativity in political perception

1982 • 407 citations

On the predictive validity of attitudes: The roles of direct experience and confidence1

1978 • 396 citations

Going negative: how attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate

1996 • 382 citations

Experiments on mass communication.

1949 • 375 citations

Dirty Politics

1992 • 369 citations

The Effectiveness of Supportive and Refutational Defenses in Immunizing and Restoring Beliefs Against Persuasion

1961 • 341 citations

Source Attributions and Persuasion: Perceived Honesty as a Determinant of Message Scrutiny

1995 • 341 citations

Stuck in the Model Trap: The Effects of Beautiful Models in Ads on Female Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents

1997 • 326 citations

The effects of emotional arousal and valence on television viewers’ cognitive capacity and memory

1995 • 323 citations

Attitude and Prediction of Behavior

1973 • 297 citations

Exploring the Construct of Organization as Source: Consumers' Understandings of Organizational Sponsorship of Advocacy Advertising

1996 • 270 citations

Comparative Advertising Effectiveness: The Role of Involvement and Source Credibility

1991 • 258 citations

An attribution analysis of the effect of communicator characteristics on opinion change: The case of communicator attractiveness.

1975 • 220 citations

A Revised Communication Model for Advertising: Multiple Dimensions of the Source, the Message, and the Recipient

1994 • 218 citations

In search of reliable persuasion effects: III. The sleeper effect is dead: Long live the sleeper effect.

1988 • 176 citations

The Effects of Negative Comparative Political Advertising on Candidate Evaluations and Advertising Evaluations: An Exploration

1997 • 173 citations

Inoculation in Political Campaign Communication

1988 • 161 citations

An Exploration of Voter Responses to Political Advertisements

1989 • 140 citations

The Persistence of Experimentally Induced Attitude Change

1978 • 133 citations

The Influence of Spokespersons in Altering a Product's Gender Image: Implications for Advertising Effectiveness

1986 • 132 citations

Measures and Manipulations of Strength-Related Properties of Attitudes: Current Practice and Future Directions

2014 • 131 citations

A Content Analysis of Animation and Animated Spokes-Characters in Television Commercials

1994 • 128 citations

The negativity effect and its implications for initial interaction

1984 • 126 citations

The interplay of influence : news, advertising, politics, and the mass media

2001 • 126 citations

Advertising management

1969 • 100 citations

Is it time to lay the sleeper effect to rest?

1974 • 99 citations

History of the sleeper effect: Some logical pitfalls in accepting the null hypothesis.

1979 • 99 citations

Motion Pictures and the Social Attitudes of Children

1935 • 94 citations

Empirical tests of the absolute sleeper effect predicted from the discounting cue hypothesis.

1978 • 91 citations

Ethical Judgments of Political Television Commercials as Predictors of Attitude toward the Ad

1994 • 75 citations

Advertising Ethics: Emerging Methods and Trends

1994 • 67 citations

The effects of low‐credible sources on message acceptance

1966 • 60 citations

Salience Patterns, Source Credibility, and the Sleeper Effect

1970 • 60 citations

The Negativity Effect in Interaction It's All in Your Point of View

1989 • 58 citations

Testing three models for the sleeper effect

1989 • 33 citations

An expectancy theory explanation of the effectiveness of political attack television spots: A case study

1992 • 30 citations

Persuasive impacts of early, late, or no mention of a negative source.

1965 • 23 citations

Propensity of Persuasive Attack and Intensity of Pretreatment Messages as Predictors of Resistance to Persuasion

1976 • 19 citations

Bibliographic Annual in Speech Communication, 1971.

1972 • 13 citations

Reforming Campaign Ads

1992 • 11 citations

Trends in Dissonance Research and the Chapanis' Criticisms

1977 • 1 citations