Mechanisms of Antigenic Variation in Borrelia hermsii and African Trypanosomes

Molecular biology of the cell

1993 • 2,383 citations

Mutation Drift and Repertoire Shift in the Maturation of the Immune Response

1987 • 635 citations

Biology of Borrelia species

1986 • 577 citations

Somatic hyperconversion diversifies the single VH gene of the chicken with a high incidence in the D region

1989 • 467 citations

Phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes

1991 • 349 citations

Antigenic variation of Borrelia hermsii.

1982 • 322 citations

Programmed Gene Rearrangements Altering Gene Expression

1987 • 312 citations

Inactivation of transcription by UV irradiation of T. brucei provides evidence for a multicistronic transcription unit including a VSG gene

1987 • 307 citations

Passenger transgenes reveal intrinsic specificity of the antibody hypermutation mechanism: clustering, polarity, and specific hot spots.

1993 • 271 citations

The genes and transcripts of an antigen gene expression site from T. brucei

1989 • 257 citations

An analysis of cosmid clones of nuclear DNA fromTrypanosoma bruceishows that the genes for variant surface glycoproteins are clustered in the genome

1982 • 246 citations

Transposition of structural genes to an expression sequence on a linear plasmid causes antigenic variation in the bacterium Borrelia hermsii

1985 • 246 citations

Novel expression-linked copies of the genes for variant surface antigens in trypanosomes

1980 • 240 citations

Variable major proteins of Borrellia hermsii.

1982 • 223 citations

Discriminating intrinsic and actigen-selected mutational hotspots in immunoglobulin V genes

1993 • 222 citations

The anatomy and transcription of a telomeric expression site for variant-specific surface antigens in T. brucei

1987 • 218 citations

Megabase-sized linear DNA in the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, the Lyme disease agent.

1989 • 214 citations

A structural motif in the variant surface glycoproteins of Trypanosoma brucei

1993 • 211 citations

β-d-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: A novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei

1993 • 200 citations

Trypanosoma equiperdum: Etude des variations antigéniques au cours de la trypanosomose experimentale du lapin

1977 • 199 citations

RNA splicing is required to make the messenger RNA for a variant surface antigen in trypanosomes

1982 • 183 citations

Coordinate transcription of variant surface glycoprotein genes and an expression site associated gene family in Trypanosoma brucei

1985 • 171 citations

On the DNA content and ploidy of trypanosomes

1982 • 169 citations

Gene conversion as a mechanism for antigenic variation in Trypanosomes

1983 • 167 citations

Patterns of Somatic Mutations in Immunoglobulin Variable Genes

1987 • 158 citations

A gene from the variant surface glycoprotein expression site encodes one of several transmembrane adenylate cyclases located on the flagellum of Trypanosoma brucei.

1992 • 153 citations

ESAG 6 and 7 products of Trypanosoma brucei form a transferrin binding protein complex.

1994 • 139 citations

High frequency of antigenic variation inTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseinfections

1989 • 136 citations

Linear- and circular-plasmid copy numbers in Borrelia burgdorferi

1992 • 135 citations

Distribution of Mutations around Rearranged Heavy-Chain Antibody Variable-Region Genes

1990 • 129 citations

Chicken IgL variable region gene conversions display pseudogene donor preference and 5' to 3' polarity.

1990 • 127 citations

Analysis of antigenic types appearing in first relapse populations of clones of Trypanosoma brucei

1981 • 125 citations

Organization of genes encoding two outer membrane proteins of the Lyme disease agent Borrelia burgdorferi within a single transcriptional unit

1986 • 116 citations

Juxtaposition of expressed variable antigen genes with a conserved telomere in the bacterium Borrelia hermsii.

1990 • 115 citations

Molecular biology of trypanosome antigenic variation

1985 • 114 citations

The relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii has multiple copies of its chromosome and linear plasmids.

1992 • 113 citations

Two modes of activation of a single surface antigen gene of trypanosoma brucei

1984 • 110 citations

Linear DNA of Borrelia species and antigenic variation

1993 • 108 citations

Variable antigen genes of the relapsing fever agent Borrelia hermsii are activated by promoter addition

1991 • 107 citations

A family of surface-exposed proteins of 20 kilodaltons in the genus Borrelia

1994 • 99 citations

Antigen diversity in the bacterium B. hermsii through “Somatic” mutations in rearranged vmp genes

1994 • 90 citations

Telomeric reciprocal recombination as a possible mechanism for antigenic variation in trypanosomes

1985 • 88 citations

Chromosome structure: DNA nucleotide sequence elements of a subset of the minichromosomes of the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei.

1991 • 83 citations

Ordered appearance of antigenic variants of African trypanosomes explained in a mathematical model based on a stochastic switch process and immune-selection against putative switch intermediates.

1989 • 79 citations

Improved separation of chromosome-sized DNA fromTrypanosoma brucei, stock 427-60

1989 • 79 citations

Surface epitope variation via mosaic gene formation is potential key to long-term survival of Trypanosoma brucei

1992 • 75 citations

Expression of Two Variant Surface Glycoproteins on Individual African Trypanosomes During Antigen Switching

1985 • 73 citations

Activation of a vmp pseudogene in Borrella hermsii: an alternate mechanism of antigenic variation during relapsing fever

1994 • 71 citations

Mutation pattern of immunoglobulin transgenes is compatible with a model of somatic hypermutation in which targeting of the mutator is linked to the direction of DNA replication.

1991 • 69 citations

Pulsed field gradient electrophoresis of DNA digested in agarose allows the sizing of the large duplication unit of a surface antigen gene in trypanosomes

1986 • 66 citations

Antigenic diversity by the recombination of pseudogenes.

1989 • 66 citations

Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes

1992 • 63 citations

Stable expression of two variable surface glycoproteins by cloned Trypanosoma equiperdum

1986 • 62 citations

Increased UV resistance of a xeroderma pigmentosum revertant cell line is correlated with selective repair of the transcribed strand of an expressed gene.

1993 • 57 citations

Point mutations are associated with a gene duplication leading to the bloodstream reexpression of a trypanosome metacyclic VSG

1993 • 55 citations

Expression of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Trypanosoma brucei transferrin-binding protein complex in insect cells.

1994 • 54 citations

Methylated DNA in Borrelia species

1990 • 50 citations

Two simultaneously active VSG gene transcription units in a single trypanosoma brucei variant

1985 • 45 citations

Expression of whole and hybrid genes in Trypanosoma equiperdum antigenic variation.

1986 • 39 citations

Genetic Rearrangement

1984 • 36 citations

Sequence variation in the outer-surface-protein genes of Borrelia burgdorferi.

1994 • 36 citations

Genetics: Gene conversion in the absence of reciprocal recombination

1984 • 36 citations

Molecular Biology of African Trypanosomes: Development of New Strategies to Combat an Old Disease

1992 • 31 citations

A Strand Bias Occurs in Point Mutations Associated with Variant Surface Glycoprotein Gene Conversion in Trypanosoma rhodesiense

1994 • 30 citations

Structure of a telomeric expression site for variant specific surface antigens in Trypanosoma brucei

1990 • 28 citations

Trypanosoma vivax: Host influence on appearance of variable antigen types

1981 • 10 citations