Ghrelin and food reward: The story of potential underlying substrates

Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach

1999 • 8,261 citations

A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding

2001 • 3,415 citations

A Preprandial Rise in Plasma Ghrelin Levels Suggests a Role in Meal Initiation in Humans

2001 • 2,865 citations

A Receptor in Pituitary and Hypothalamus That Functions in Growth Hormone Release

1996 • 2,048 citations

The Distribution and Mechanism of Action of Ghrelin in the CNS Demonstrates a Novel Hypothalamic Circuit Regulating Energy Homeostasis

2003 • 1,617 citations

A role for lateral hypothalamic orexin neurons in reward seeking

2005 • 1,266 citations

Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity

2010 • 1,219 citations

Nucleus Accumbens D2/3 Receptors Predict Trait Impulsivity and Cocaine Reinforcement

2007 • 1,157 citations

Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues

1997 • 1,137 citations

Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons

1998 • 1,136 citations

Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain

2005 • 1,029 citations

Cholinergic systems in mammalian brain and spinal cord

1991 • 942 citations

Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite

2006 • 922 citations

Brain Reward Circuitry

2002 • 875 citations

Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology

2008 • 776 citations

AMP-activated Protein Kinase Plays a Role in the Control of Food Intake

2004 • 745 citations

Region-Specific Leptin Resistance within the Hypothalamus of Diet-Induced Obese Mice

2004 • 716 citations

UCP2 mediates ghrelin’s action on NPY/AgRP neurons by lowering free radicals

2008 • 679 citations

Ghrelin Modulates Brain Activity in Areas that Control Appetitive Behavior

2008 • 651 citations

Chronic Central Infusion of Ghrelin Increases Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Agouti-Related Protein mRNA Levels and Body Weight in Rats

2001 • 617 citations

Co-Localization of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor and NPY mRNA in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Rat

1999 • 592 citations

Food Fails to Suppress Ghrelin Levels in Obese Humans

2002 • 517 citations

Activation of Central Melanocortin Pathways by Fenfluramine

2002 • 481 citations

Cannabinoids and Ghrelin Have Both Central and Peripheral Metabolic and Cardiac Effects via AMP-activated Protein Kinase

2005 • 473 citations

Ghrelin-Induced Food Intake Is Mediated via the Orexin Pathway

2003 • 458 citations

Is dopamine a physiologically relevant mediator of feeding behavior?

2007 • 439 citations

Acute Central Ghrelin and GH Secretagogues Induce Feeding and Activate Brain Appetite Centers

2002 • 420 citations

PRECLINICAL STUDY: Ghrelin administration into tegmental areas stimulates locomotor activity and increases extracellular concentration of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

2006 • 400 citations

Requirement of central ghrelin signaling for alcohol reward

2009 • 395 citations

Ghrelin induces feeding in the mesolimbic reward pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens

2005 • 391 citations

Lateral hypothalamic orexin/hypocretin neurons: A role in reward-seeking and addiction

2009 • 372 citations

Functional Interaction between Opioid and Cannabinoid Receptors in Drug Self-Administration

2001 • 367 citations

Striatal Dopamine D₂/D₃Receptor Availability Is Reduced in Methamphetamine Dependence and Is Linked to Impulsivity

2009 • 358 citations

Ghrelin increases anxiety-like behavior and memory retention in rats

2002 • 357 citations

Ghrelin Increases the Rewarding Value of High-Fat Diet in an Orexin-Dependent Manner

2009 • 356 citations

Systemic Administration of Ghrelin Induces Fos and Egr‐1 Proteins in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of Fasted and Fed Rats

2000 • 352 citations

Dopamine Production in the Caudate Putamen Restores Feeding in Dopamine-Deficient Mice

2001 • 345 citations

Ghrelin in the regulation of body weight and metabolism

2009 • 345 citations

PRECLINICAL STUDY: Ghrelin stimulates locomotor activity and accumbal dopamine‐overflow via central cholinergic systems in mice: implications for its involvement in brain reward

2006 • 342 citations

Differential role of the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus in regulating feeding, memory, and anxiety-like behavioral responses to ghrelin

2003 • 333 citations

Mu opioid receptor: a gateway to drug addiction

2004 • 316 citations

PRECLINICAL STUDY: FULL ARTICLE: Ghrelin increases intake of rewarding food in rodents

2010 • 314 citations

Ghrelin directly targets the ventral tegmental area to increase food motivation

2011 • 306 citations

The Orexigenic Effect of Ghrelin Is Mediated through Central Activation of the Endogenous Cannabinoid System

2008 • 292 citations

Diet-Induced Obesity Causes Ghrelin Resistance in Arcuate NPY/AgRP Neurons

2010 • 288 citations

Induction of c-fos Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Neuropeptide Y and Growth Hormone (GH)-Releasing Factor Neurons in the Rat Arcuate Nucleus Following Systemic Injection of the GH Secretagogue, GH-Releasing Peptide-6*

1997 • 285 citations

Postprandial Plasma Ghrelin Is Suppressed Proportional to Meal Calorie Content in Normal-Weight But Not Obese Subjects

2005 • 274 citations

Ghrelin Promotes and Protects Nigrostriatal Dopamine Function via a UCP2-Dependent Mitochondrial Mechanism

2009 • 270 citations

Ghrelin Amplifies Dopamine Signaling by Cross Talk Involving Formation of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor/Dopamine Receptor Subtype 1 Heterodimers

2006 • 268 citations

Leptin receptor action and mechanisms of leptin resistance

2005 • 255 citations

Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self‐administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor gene expression

2011 • 240 citations

The role of the central ghrelin system in reward from food and chemical drugs

2011 • 226 citations

Role of orexin/hypocretin in reward-seeking and addiction: Implications for obesity

2010 • 212 citations

Nucleus accumbens dopamine release increases during instrumental lever pressing for food but not free food consumption

1994 • 195 citations

The cannabinoid CB₁ receptor antagonist SR141716 blocks the orexigenic effects of intrahypothalamic ghrelin

2004 • 185 citations

Systemic administration of growth hormone-releasing peptide activates hypothalamic arcuate neurons

1993 • 182 citations

Dopamine D1 receptor gene expression decreases in the nucleus accumbens upon long-term exposure to palatable food and differs depending on diet-induced obesity phenotype in rats

2010 • 174 citations

Relationship Between Ghrelin Levels, Alcohol Craving, and Nutritional Status in Current Alcoholic Patients

2006 • 168 citations

Increased food intake after opioid microinjections into nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area of rat

1986 • 160 citations

Effects of triglycerides, obesity, and starvation on ghrelin transport across the blood–brain barrier

2008 • 149 citations

Ghrelin Levels Are Increased in Alcoholism

2005 • 149 citations

Orexigenic Peptides and Alcohol Intake: Differential Effects of Orexin, Galanin, and Ghrelin

2007 • 148 citations

Dopamine antagonists alter response allocation but do not suppress appetite for food in rats: contrast between the effects of SKF 83566, raclopride, and fenfluramine on a concurrent choice task

2002 • 143 citations

INCREASED FASTING PLASMA GHRELIN LEVELS DURING ALCOHOL ABSTINENCE

2004 • 128 citations

Systemic administration of ghrelin increases extracellular dopamine in the shell but not the core subdivision of the nucleus accumbens

2008 • 125 citations

Ghrelin and Dopamine: New Insights on the Peripheral Regulation of Appetite

2009 • 123 citations

Resistance to the orexigenic effect of ghrelin in dietary-induced obesity in mice: reversal upon weight loss

2004 • 122 citations

Interactions between CB1 cannabinoid and μ opioid receptors mediating inhibition of neurotransmitter release in rat nucleus accumbens core

2006 • 119 citations

Orexin/Hypocretin Modulates Response of Ventral Tegmental Dopamine Neurons to Prefrontal Activation: Diurnal Influences

2010 • 119 citations

Ghrelin Receptor Antagonism Decreases Alcohol Consumption and Activation of Perioculomotor Urocortin‐Containing Neurons

2010 • 118 citations

Peripheral ghrelin enhances sweet taste food consumption and preference, regardless of its caloric content

2010 • 117 citations

Effects of ghrelin and amylin on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin release in the hypothalamus

2002 • 116 citations

Augmentation of cocaine hyperactivity in rats by systemic ghrelin

2004 • 114 citations

Comparative distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue‐receptor (GHS‐R) in Microcebus murinus (Primate, Lemurian) and rat forebrain and pituitary

2000 • 110 citations

Ghrelin Is Produced in Taste Cells and Ghrelin Receptor Null Mice Show Reduced Taste Responsivity to Salty (NaCl) and Sour (Citric Acid) Tastants

2010 • 105 citations

Orexin Signaling Via the Orexin 1 Receptor Mediates Operant Responding for Food Reinforcement

2010 • 104 citations

Comparative distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue-receptor (GHS-R) inMicrocebus murinus (Primate, Lemurian) and rat forebrain and pituitary

2000 • 103 citations

Glutamatergic regulation of ghrelin-induced activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system

2010 • 103 citations

Augmented cocaine conditioned place preference in rats pretreated with systemic ghrelin

2007 • 101 citations

Central administration of ghrelin alters emotional responses in rats: behavioural, electrophysiological and molecular evidence

2011 • 97 citations

Endocannabinoid system involvement in brain reward processes related to drug abuse

2007 • 97 citations

The alcohol-induced locomotor stimulation and accumbal dopamine release is suppressed in ghrelin knockout mice

2010 • 93 citations

Altered metabolic and neurochemical responses to chronic unpredictable stressors in ghrelin receptor‐deficient mice

2010 • 89 citations

Association of Pro‐Ghrelin and GHS‐R1A Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes With Heavy Alcohol Use and Body Mass

2008 • 85 citations

Ghrelin inhibits inflammatory pain in rats: Involvement of the opioid system

2006 • 83 citations

Involvement of specific orexigenic neuropeptides in sweetener-induced overconsumption in rats

2006 • 83 citations

Blockade of central nicotine acetylcholine receptor signaling attenuate ghrelin-induced food intake in rodents

2010 • 81 citations

Potentiation by low doses of selected neuroleptics of food-induced conditioned place preference in rats

1993 • 77 citations

Viral restoration of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum restores instrumental conditioning to dopamine-deficient mice

2006 • 74 citations

Role of Feeding-Related Pathways in Alcohol Dependence: A Focus on Sweet Preference, NPY, and Ghrelin

2010 • 73 citations

Anorexigenic and electrophysiological actions of novel ghrelin receptor (GHS-R1A) antagonists in rats

2009 • 72 citations

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine) decreases the effects of ghrelin on memory retention and food intake

2007 • 68 citations

Suppression by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist, rimonabant, of the reinforcing and motivational properties of a chocolate-flavoured beverage in rats

2008 • 66 citations

Evidence That Orexigenic Effects of Melanocortin 4 Receptor Antagonist HS014 Are Mediated by Neuropeptide Y

1998 • 64 citations

Region-specific diet-induced and leptin-induced cellular leptin resistance includes the ventral tegmental area in rats

2010 • 62 citations

NPY Y1 receptor is involved in ghrelin- and fasting-induced increases in foraging, food hoarding, and food intake

2007 • 60 citations

Ventral tegmental area opioid mechanisms and modulation of ingestive behavior

1995 • 59 citations

Opioid and cannabinoid receptors share a common pool of GTP-binding proteins in cotransfected cells, but not in cells which endogenously coexpress the receptors.

2000 • 55 citations

Systemic ghrelin sensitizes cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion in rats

2007 • 54 citations

Peripherally administered ghrelin induces bimodal effects on the mesolimbic dopamine system depending on food-consumptive states

2009 • 53 citations

Ghrelin Receptor

2010 • 53 citations

The interoceptive cue properties of ghrelin generalize to cues produced by food deprivation

2005 • 52 citations

The Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor

2007 • 52 citations

The melanocortin antagonist AgRP (83–132) increases appetitive responding for a fat, but not a carbohydrate, reinforcer

2007 • 50 citations

Distinct Forebrain and Caudal Brainstem Contributions to the Neuropeptide Y Mediation of Ghrelin Hyperphagia

2005 • 50 citations

Role of the ghrelin system in alcoholism: Acting on the growth hormone secretagogue receptor to treat alcohol-related diseases

2010 • 47 citations

Interrelationships between μ opioid and melanocortin receptors in mediating food intake in rats

2003 • 44 citations

Additive actions of the cannabinoid and neuropeptide Y systems on adiposity and lipid oxidation

2009 • 37 citations

Differential effects of two cannabinoid receptor agonists on progressive ratio responding for food and free-feeding in rats

2005 • 37 citations

High-fat intake induced by mu-opioid activation of the nucleus accumbens is inhibited by Y1R-blockade and MC3/4R- stimulation

2010 • 36 citations

Local dopamine production in the dorsal striatum restores goal-directed behavior in dopamine-deficient mice.

2006 • 36 citations

Impact of food restriction and cocaine on locomotion in ghrelin- and ghrelin-receptor knockout mice

2010 • 27 citations

Importance of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor for the acute effects of ghrelin

2004 • 26 citations

Assessing the role of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in motivational learning and food intake.

2009 • 20 citations

Intraparaventricular neuropeptide Y and ghrelin induce learned behaviors that report food deprivation in rats

2006 • 15 citations

The Effects of NPY and 5-TG on Responding to Cues for Fats and Carbohydrates

1998 • 13 citations