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Expression, regulation, and functional role of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in brain

Data up to Jan 2025

Published2002
Citations68
References209

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (209)

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The glucose transporter family: structure, function and tissue-specific expression

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Evidence for 5′AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Mediation of the Effect of Muscle Contraction on Glucose Transport

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Docosahexaenoic Acid, a Ligand for the Retinoid X Receptor in Mouse Brain

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The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members

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Kainic acid induced limbic seizures: metabolic, behavioral, electroencephalographic and neuropathological correlates

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Glucose transporter proteins in brain: Delivery of glucose to neurons and glia

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Ketone-body utilization by adult and suckling rat brain in vivo

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Temporal analysis of events associated with programmed cell death (apoptosis) of sympathetic neurons deprived of nerve growth factor.

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Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5.

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Dealing with energy demand: the AMP-activated protein kinase

1999 • 516 citations

Mammalian facilitative hexose transporters mediate the transport of dehydroascorbic acid

1993 • 496 citations

Glucose transporter proteins in brain

1994 • 494 citations

Cardiac and adipose tissue abnormalities but not diabetes in mice deficient in GLUT4

1995 • 478 citations

Glucose Transporter Isoforms GLUT1 and GLUT3 Transport Dehydroascorbic Acid

1997 • 459 citations

Decreased concentrations of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease

1994 • 448 citations

Autoradiographic localization of insulin receptors in rat brain: Prominence in olfactory and limbic areas

1986 • 416 citations

Fetal and Neonatal Physiology

1993 • 377 citations

Facilitated diffusion of glucose

1990 • 365 citations

A vitamin as neuromodulator: Ascorbate release into the extracellular fluid of the brain regulates dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission

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Evidence for 5' AMP-activated protein kinase mediation of the effect of muscle contraction on glucose transport

1998 • 329 citations

Insulin gene expression and insulin synthesis in mammalian neuronal cells.

1994 • 327 citations

Regulation of expression of glucose transporters by glucose: a review of studies in vivo and in cell cultures

1994 • 322 citations

Reduced Glucose Transporter at the Blood‐Brain Barrier and in Cerebral Cortex in Alzheimer Disease

1989 • 319 citations

Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter is asymmetrically distributed on brain capillary endothelial lumenal and ablumenal membranes: an electron microscopic immunogold study.

1991 • 312 citations

Family of Glucose-Transporter Genes: Implications for Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes

1990 • 310 citations

Blood—Brain Barrier Glucose Transporter

1999 • 298 citations

Pioglitazone Induces In Vivo Adipocyte Differentiation in the Obese Zucker fa/fa Rat

1997 • 286 citations

Mammalian passive glucose transporters: members of an ubiquitous family of active and passive transport proteins

1993 • 279 citations

Three-dimensional structure of the ion-coupled transport protein NhaA

2000 • 264 citations

GLUT8, a Novel Member of the Sugar Transport Facilitator Family with Glucose Transport Activity

2000 • 258 citations

Receptors for Insulin-like Growth Factors I and II: Autoradiographic Localization in Rat Brain and Comparison to Receptors for Insulin*

1988 • 252 citations

Identification and characterization of the glucose transporter of the blood-brain barrier by cytochalasin B binding and immunological reactivity.

1984 • 244 citations

Pioglitazone induces in vivo adipocyte differentiation in the obese Zucker fa/fa rat

1997 • 235 citations

Blood-Brain Glucose Transfer: Repression in Chronic Hyperglycemia

1981 • 234 citations

GLUTX1, a Novel Mammalian Glucose Transporter Expressed in the Central Nervous System and Insulin-sensitive Tissues

2000 • 230 citations

The human blood‐brain barrier glucose transporter (GLUT1) is a glucose transporter of gray matter astrocytes

1995 • 223 citations

Developmental Expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 Glucose Transporters in Rat Brain

1994 • 219 citations

Energy‐Metabolising Enzymes in Brain Regions of Adult and Aging Rats

1981 • 212 citations

Effect of endurance training on glucose transport capacity and glucose transporter expression in rat skeletal muscle

1990 • 211 citations

Glucose transporter localization in brain using light and electron immunocytochemistry

1989 • 202 citations

Insulin-like growth factor 1 regulates developing brain glucose metabolism

2000 • 199 citations

Pattern of the insulin-like growth factor II gene expression during rat embryogenesis

1988 • 199 citations

Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Novel Member of the Facilitative Glucose Transporter Family, SLC2A9 (GLUT9)

2000 • 197 citations

Protein Interactions with the Glucose Transporter Binding Protein GLUT1CBP That Provide a Link between GLUT1 and the Cytoskeleton

1999 • 196 citations

Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT 2): expression in specific brain nuclei

1994 • 195 citations

GLUT-1 Expression in the Cerebra of Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease

1997 • 188 citations

Metabolic fuel and amino acid transport into the brain in experimental diabetes mellitus.

1982 • 185 citations

GLUT4 glucose transporter expression in rodent brain: effect of diabetes

1998 • 185 citations

Regulation of glucose transport by hypoxia

1999 • 181 citations

Astrocytic demise precedes delayed neuronal death in focal ischemic rat brain

1999 • 179 citations

Downregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier Glucose Transporter in Experimental Diabetes

1990 • 177 citations

The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 belongs to the glucose-regulated protein family of stress-inducible proteins.

1991 • 172 citations

Insulin-sensitive GLUT4 glucose transporters are colocalized with GLUT3-expressing cells and demonstrate a chemically distinct neuron-specific localization in rat brain

1999 • 171 citations

Chronic hypoglycemia increases brain glucose transport

1986 • 170 citations

Immunocytochemical localization of the erythroid glucose transporter: abundance in tissues with barrier functions

1990 • 169 citations

Glucose transporter oligomeric structure determines transporter function. Reversible redox-dependent interconversions of tetrameric and dimeric GLUT1.

1992 • 168 citations

Stimulation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) Is Associated with Enhancement of Glut1-Mediated Glucose Transport

2000 • 168 citations

Activity and genomic organization of human glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), a novel member of the family of sugar-transport facilitators predominantly expressed in brain and leucocytes

2000 • 168 citations

Immunocytochemical localization of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) in the rat central nervous system

1998 • 164 citations

The sentrin-conjugating enzyme mUbc9 interacts with GLUT4 and GLUT1 glucose transporters and regulates transporter levels in skeletal muscle cells

2000 • 163 citations

Ultrastructural localization of GLUT 1 and GLUT 3 glucose transporters in rat brain

1997 • 161 citations

Upregulation of Blood-Brain Barrier GLUT1 Glucose Transporter Protein and mRNA in Experimental Chronic Hypoglycemia

1995 • 158 citations

Glucose transport and apoptosis.

2000 • 157 citations

Molecular Cloning of a Novel Member of the GLUT Family of Transporters, SLC2A10 (GLUT10), Localized on Chromosome 20q13.1: A Candidate Gene for NIDDM Susceptibility

2001 • 155 citations

Glucose deprivation and hexose transporter polypeptides of murine fibroblasts.

1986 • 149 citations

Immunological Analysis of Glucose Transporters Expressed in Different Regions of the Rat Brain and Central Nervous System

1993 • 148 citations

Glucose Transporter Expression in Brain: Relationship to Cerebral Glucose Utilization

1998 • 148 citations

Glucose-dependent regulation of glucose transport activity, protein, and mRNA in primary cultures of rat brain glial cells.

1988 • 136 citations

Glucose transporter GLUT3: Ontogeny, targeting, and role in the mouse blastocyst

1997 • 134 citations

Substrate specificity and kinetic parameters of GLUT3 in rat cerebellar granule neurons

1996 • 134 citations

Glucose Metabolism By Rat Embryos in Vitro

1970 • 133 citations

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study of the structure and conformational changes of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter.

1987 • 130 citations

Discrete brain areas express the insulin-responsive glucose transporter GLUT4

1996 • 128 citations

Expression of mouse-GLUT3 and human-GLUT3 glucose transporter proteins in brain

1992 • 122 citations

Regulation of Rat Brain/HepG2 Glucose Transporter Gene Expression by Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I in Primary Cultures of Neuronal and Glial Cells*

1989 • 122 citations

Glucose Deprivation Causes Posttranscriptional Enhancement of Brain Capillary Endothelial Glucose Transporter Gene Expression via GLUT1 mRNA Stabilization

1993 • 121 citations

Regional cerebral glucose transport and utilization in Alzheimer's disease

1989 • 115 citations

Glucose transporter glut 5 expression in microglial cells

1997 • 115 citations

Oxidative stress and HNE conjugation of GLUT3 are increased in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress

2000 • 114 citations

The brain-type glucose transporter mRNA is specifically expressed at the blood-brain barrier

1990 • 114 citations

Developmental Regulation of the Distribution of Rat Brain Insulin-Insensitive (Glut 1) Glucose Transporter*

1991 • 113 citations

The insulin‐like growth factor I system in the rat cerebellum: Developmental regulation and role in neuronal survival and differentiation

1994 • 112 citations

Apoptosis is regulated by the rate of glucose transport in an interleukin 3 dependent cell line.

1994 • 112 citations

Alterations in GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporter gene expression following unilateral hypoxia–ischemia in the immature rat brain

1998 • 112 citations

Localization and regulation of GLUTx1 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of streptozotocin diabetic rats

2001 • 111 citations

Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles of adult and old rats

1994 • 111 citations

A Leu-Leu sequence is essential for COOH-terminal targeting signal of GLUT4 glucose transporter in fibroblasts.

1994 • 110 citations

Regulation of GLUT4 Gene Expression by Arachidonic Acid

1996 • 109 citations

Localization of Glucokinase-Like Immunoreactivity in the Rat Lower Brain Stem: For Possible Location of Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanisms1

2000 • 108 citations

Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability to Lactic Acid in the Newborn Dog

1982 • 107 citations

GLUT-1 glucose transporter is present within apical and basolateral membranes of brain epithelial interfaces and in microvascular endothelia with and without tight junctions.

1992 • 107 citations

Metabolic Fuel and Hormone Responses to Fasting in Newborn Infants

1979 • 107 citations

Neuron‐specific glucose transporter (NSGT): CNS distribution of GLUT3 rat glucose transporter (RGT3) in rat central neurons

1993 • 106 citations

Hypoxia increases glucose transport at blood-brain barrier in rats

1994 • 105 citations

Age differences in intercorrelations between regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose

1986 • 104 citations

Detection of the rat adipose cell glucose transporter with antibody against the human red cell glucose transporter

1982 • 103 citations

Distribution of Glut1 Glucose Transporters in Different Brain Structures Compared to Glucose Utilization and Capillary Density of Adult Rat Brains

1997 • 100 citations

Functional Alterations in Alzheimerʼs Disease

1995 • 99 citations

Human Small Intestine Facilitative Fructose/Glucose Transporter (GLUT5) Is Also Present in Insulin-Responsive Tissues and Brain: Investigation of Biochemical Characteristics and Translocation

1992 • 97 citations

Herpes simplex virus vectors overexpressing the glucose transporter gene protect against seizure-induced neuron loss.

1995 • 95 citations

The effect of age upon the influx of glucose into the brain.

1978 • 95 citations

Interictal Seizure Resections Show Two Configurations of Endothelial Glut1 Glucose Transporter in the Human Blood–Brain Barrier

1998 • 95 citations

Overexpression of the Glucose Transporter Gene with a Herpes Simplex Viral Vector Protects Striatal Neurons against Stroke

1996 • 94 citations

Functional electrical stimulation exercise increases GLUT-1 and GLUT-4 in paralyzed skeletal muscle

1999 • 94 citations

Expression and localization of insulin-regulatable glucose transporter (GLUT4) in rat brain

1996 • 93 citations

Oxidative metabolism deficiencies in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease

1996 • 93 citations

Ontogeny and cellular distribution of brain glucose transporter gene expression

1992 • 93 citations

Immunological identification of an insulin-responsive glucose transporter

1982 • 92 citations

The Oxidative Metabolism of Glutamine

1996 • 92 citations

Distinct localization of GLUT-1, -3, and -5 in human monocyte-derived macrophages: effects of cell activation

1998 • 92 citations

A Unifying Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease. IV. Causation and Sequence of Events

2000 • 90 citations

Effects of 17β-estradiol on glucose transporter 1 expression and endothelial cell survival following focal ischemia in the rats

1997 • 90 citations

Time-course and reversibility of the hypoxia-induced alterations in cerebral vascularity and cerebral capillary glucose transporter density

1996 • 90 citations

Complex regulation of simple sugar transport in insulin-responsive cells

1992 • 89 citations

Altered energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease

1996 • 89 citations

Glucose utilization and glucose transporter proteins GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 in brains of diabetic (db/db) mice

1997 • 88 citations

Increased cerebral glucose utilization and decreased glucose transporter Glut1 during chronic hyperglycemia in rat brain

2000 • 88 citations

Immunolabelling of hippocampal microvessel glucose transporter protein is reduced in Alzheimer's disease

1994 • 87 citations

Ischemic injury induces brain glucose transporter gene expression.

1993 • 87 citations

Tissue distribution and species difference of the brain type glucose transporter (GLUT3)

1991 • 87 citations

Expression of the hexose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT2 during the early development of the human brain

1999 • 87 citations

Thrombin Stimulates Glucose Transport in Human Platelets via the Translocation of the Glucose Transporter GLUT-3 from α-Granules to the Cell Surface

1997 • 83 citations

Detection of the GLUT3 facilitative glucose transporter in rat L6 muscle cells: Regulation by cellular differentiation, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I

1992 • 82 citations

Immunohistochemical localization of the neuron-specific glucose transporter (GLUT3) to neuropil in adult rat brain

1994 • 80 citations

Regulation of the Glucose Transporter in Developing Rat Brain*

1989 • 79 citations

Effects of gestational hypoxia on mRNA levels of Glut3 and Glut4 transporters, hypoxia inducible factor-1 and thyroid hormone receptors in developing rat brain

2000 • 78 citations

Brain Uptake of Glucose in Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Glucose Transporters

1991 • 76 citations

Insulin-dependent phosphorylation of the insulin receptor-protein kinase and activation of glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

1986 • 76 citations

Age-dependent Changes in the Oxidative Metabolism in Rat Brain

1977 • 76 citations

The Effect of Hyperglycemia on Cerebral Metabolism during Hypoxia-Ischemia in the Immature Rat

1996 • 75 citations

Regulatory Elements in the Insulin-Responsive Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Gene

1997 • 75 citations

Immunolocalization of GLUT1 and GLUT3 glucose transporters in primary cultured neurons and glia

1995 • 75 citations

Family of glucose-transporter genes. Implications for glucose homeostasis and diabetes

1990 • 74 citations

Brain glucose utilization and transport and cortical function in chronic vs. acute hypoglycemia

1990 • 73 citations

Regulation of brain glucose transporters by glucose and oxygen deprivation

1999 • 73 citations

The GLUT3 glucose transporter is the predominant isoform in primary cultured neurons: assessment by biosynthetic and photoaffinity labelling

1994 • 70 citations

Low‐frequency stimulation of rat fast‐twitch muscle enhances the expression of hexokinase II and both the translocation and expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT‐4)

1994 • 69 citations

Sp1 and Sp3 Regulate Transcriptional Activity of the Facilitative Glucose Transporter Isoform-3 Gene in Mammalian Neuroblasts and Trophoblasts

1998 • 65 citations

Insulin-induced translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane precedes full stimulation of hexose transport

1988 • 64 citations

Transcriptional Activation of the Glut1 Gene in Response to Oxidative Stress in L6 Myotubes

1997 • 62 citations

GLUT1 glucose transporter gene transcription is repressed by Sp3. Evidence for a regulatory role of Sp3 during myogenesis 1 1Edited by M. Yaniv

1999 • 61 citations

Glut1 and Glut3 expression, but not capillary density, is increased by cobalt chloride in rat cerebrum and retina

1999 • 60 citations

GLUT1 and GLUT3 gene expression in gerbil brain following brief ischemia: an in situ hybridization study

1994 • 60 citations

A Three-dimensional Model of the Human Facilitative Glucose Transporter Glut1

2001 • 59 citations

Local metabolic responses to cerebral ischemia.

1990 • 58 citations

Effects of exercise training on skeletal muscle glucose uptake and transport

1993 • 58 citations

Glucose transporters (GLUTs 1–4) and their mRNAs in regions of the rat brain: insulin-sensitive transporter expression in the cerebellum

1994 • 58 citations

Staurosporine inhibits phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- and insulin-stimulated translocation of GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporters in rat adipose cells

1994 • 57 citations

Regulation of GLUT-3 glucose transporter in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress

1999 • 57 citations

Expression of Glucose Transporters in Rat Brain Following Transient Focal Ischemic Injury

1996 • 57 citations

Proposed structure of putative glucose channel in GLUT1 facilitative glucose transporter

1996 • 54 citations

Developmental modulation of blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus GLUT1 glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive protein in rabbits.

1993 • 53 citations

Differential screening of a PCR-generated mouse embryo cDNA library: glucose transporters are differentially expressed in early postimplantation mouse embryos

1992 • 51 citations

Structural basis of human erythrocyte glucose transporter function in proteoliposome vesicles: circular dichroism measurements.

1987 • 50 citations

Model of the 3-D structure of the GLUT3 glucose transporter and molecular dynamics simulation of glucose transport

2001 • 49 citations

Cerebral metabolic responses and vasopressin and oxytocin secretions during progressive water deprivation in rats

1992 • 47 citations

Autoradiographic measurement of local cerebral β-hydroxybutyrate uptake in the rat during postnatal development

1991 • 47 citations

Cis‐Element/Cytoplasmic Protein Interaction Within the 3′‐Untranslated Region of the GLUT1 Glucose Transporter mRNA

1996 • 45 citations

Metabolism of Lactate in the Rat Brain During the Early Neonatal Period

1992 • 43 citations

Downregulation of blood-brain barrier glucose transporter in experimental diabetes

1990 • 43 citations

Enhanced expression of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter gene by brain-derived factors

1994 • 43 citations

Upregulation of blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter protein and mRNA in experimental chronic hypoglycemia

1995 • 43 citations

Ischemic injury induces brain glucose transporter gene expression

1993 • 42 citations

In vivo upregulation of the blood–brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter by brain-derived peptides

1999 • 41 citations

Chronic Seizures Increase Glucose Transporter Abundance in Rat Brain

1996 • 41 citations

Thrombin-induced translocation of GLUT3 glucose transporters in human platelets

1997 • 41 citations

Altered expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 glucose transporters in neurohypophysis of water-deprived or diabetic rats

1994 • 39 citations

Effect of chronic electrical stimulation on GLUT-4 protein content in fast-twitch muscle

1993 • 38 citations

Activity and genomic organization of human glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9), a novel member of the family of sugar-transport facilitators predominantly expressed in brain and leucocytes

2000 • 36 citations

Autoradiographic analysis of the regional distribution of Glut3 glucose transporters in the rat brain

1995 • 34 citations

Modulation of Expression of Glucose Transporters GLUT3 and GLUT1 by Potassium and N-Methyl-d-aspartate in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Neurons

1994 • 33 citations

CCAAT/enhancer binding protein regulates the promoter activity of the rat GLUT2 glucose transporter gene in liver cells

1998 • 32 citations

Localization of Glucokinase-Like Immunoreactivity in the Rat Lower Brain Stem: For Possible Location of Brain Glucose-Sensing Mechanisms

2000 • 32 citations

The drug cerebrolysin and its peptide fraction E021 increase the abundance of the blood-brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter in brains of young and old rats.

2000 • 31 citations

Immunogold study of regional differences in the distribution of glucose transporter (GLUT-1) in mouse brain associated with physiological and accelerated aging and scrapie infection.

1999 • 30 citations

Evidence for Translational Control Elements Within the 5′‐Untranslated Region of GLUT1 Glucose Transporter mRNA

1996 • 29 citations

Palmitoylation of the glucose transporter in blood-brain barrier capillaries

1995 • 28 citations

Cyclic AMP-Induced Transcriptional Repression of the Insulin-Responsive Glucose Transporter (GLUT4) Gene: Identification of a Promoter Region Required for Down-Regulation of Transcription

1993 • 28 citations

Are there kinetic advantages of GLUT2 in pancreatic glucose sensing?

1997 • 28 citations

Glucose transporter gene expression in rat conceptus during high glucose culture

1993 • 27 citations

Prenatal Expression of the GLUT4 Glucose Transporter in the Mouse

2000 • 27 citations

Increase of glucose transporter densities (Glut1 and Glut3) during chronic administration of nicotine in rat brain

1998 • 27 citations

Quantitative Immunohistochemistry of Glucose Transport Protein (Glut3) Expression in the Rat Hippocampus During Aging

2001 • 26 citations

Human small intestine facilitative fructose/glucose transporter (GLUT5) is also present in insulin-responsive tissues and brain. Investigation of biochemical characteristics and translocation

1992 • 25 citations

Progressive hippocampal loss of immunoreactive GLUT3, the neuron-specific glucose transporter, after global forebrain ischemia in the rat

1995 • 24 citations

Neuroprotective effects of an adenoviral vector expressing the glucose transporter: a detailed description of the mediating cellular events

2001 • 22 citations

Birth asphyxia and the brain : basic science and clinical implications

2002 • 22 citations

An ethanol-sensitive variant of the PC12 neuronal cell line: Sensitivity to alcohol is associated with increased cell adhesion and decreased glucose accumulation

1999 • 20 citations

Brain-derived peptides increase blood–brain barrier GLUT1 glucose transporter gene expression via mRNA stabilization

1998 • 19 citations

Cloning and Characterization of Rat Pancreatic β-Cell/Liver Type Glucose Transporter Gene: A Unique Exon/Intron Organization

1995 • 18 citations

Developmental modulation of blood-brain barrier and choroid plexus GLUT1 glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid and immunoreactive protein in rabbits

1993 • 18 citations

Enhanced GLUT1 glucose transporter and cytoskeleton gene expression in cultured bovine brain capillary endothelial cells after treatment with phorbol esters and serum

1992 • 18 citations

Proteins that interact with facilitative glucose transporters: implication for function

1998 • 17 citations

The neonatal rabbit brain glucose transporter

1992 • 17 citations

Decreased glucose transporter densities, rate constants and glucose utilization in visual structures of rat brain during chronic visual deprivation

1998 • 16 citations

Approach towards an integrative drug treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

2000 • 14 citations

Cerebral Glucose Utilization and Glucose Transporter Expression: Response to Water Deprivation and Restoration

2000 • 12 citations

Cerebral metabolic responses and vasopressin and oxytocin secretions during progressive water deprivation in rats

1992 • 11 citations

Clinical experience with Cerebrolysin®

2000 • 5 citations

Development of the Blood-Brain Barrier

2004 • 5 citations

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Expression, regulation, and functional role of glucose transporters (GLUTs) in brain (2002) – International review of neurobiology | Metascience Observatory Explorer