Sedation for the Pediatric Patient: A Review

Ketamine—Its Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses

1982 • 1,490 citations

Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients Before, During, and After Sedation for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

2019 • 1,244 citations

Guidelines for Monitoring and Management of Pediatric Patients During and After Sedation For Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

1992 • 713 citations

The effects of age and liver disease on the disposition and elimination of diazepam in adult man.

1975 • 693 citations

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam

1978 • 490 citations

Reducing the Risk of Acid Aspiration During Cesarean Section

1974 • 486 citations

Pulse Oximetry

1989 • 413 citations

Prevention of Intraoperative Anesthesia Accidents and Related Severe Injury through Safety Monitoring

1989 • 361 citations

Diminished Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia after Morphine in Normal Man

1975 • 345 citations

Metoclopramide: Pharmacology and clinical application

1983 • 295 citations

THE UNRELIABILITY OF CYANOSIS IN THE RECOGNITION OF ARTERIAL ANOXEMIA

1947 • 274 citations

A Single-blind Study of Pulse Oximetry in Children

1988 • 263 citations

The Effects of Ketamine on Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism in Man

1972 • 248 citations

Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl in Neonates

1986 • 243 citations

Morphine Pharmacokinetics in Early Infancy

1987 • 242 citations

Transmucosal Administration of Midazolam for Premedication of Pediatric Patients

1993 • 227 citations

A Single-blind Study of Combined Pulse Oximetry and Capnography in Children

1991 • 225 citations

Ingestion of Liquids Compared with Preoperative Fasting in Pediatric Outpatients

1990 • 216 citations

Midazolam-Fentanyl Intravenous Sedation in Children: Case Report of Respiratory Arrest

1990 • 206 citations

Oral Ketamine Preanesthetic Medication in Children

1992 • 202 citations

Meperidine kinetics in man; Intravenous injection in surgical patients and volunteers

1975 • 201 citations

Perioperative effects of oral ketorolac and acetaminophen in children undergoing bilateral myringotomy

1992 • 200 citations

Guidelines for the elective use of conscious sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia in pediatric patients.

1986 • 200 citations

Guidelines for the Elective Use of Conscious Sedation, Deep Sedation, and General Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

1985 • 192 citations

PHARMACOKINETICS OF FENTANYL AS A POSSIBLE EXPLANATION FOR RECURRENCE OF RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION

1979 • 190 citations

Life-Threatening Reactions after Pedodontic Sedation: An Assessment of Narcotic, Local Anesthetic, and Antiemetic Drug Interaction

1983 • 189 citations

Analgesic and Respiratory Depressant Activity of Nalbuphine

1982 • 184 citations

Clinical Pharmacokinetics Pethidine

1978 • 174 citations

Topical Skin Anesthesia for Venous, Subcutaneous Drug Reservoir and Lumbar Punctures in Children

1989 • 173 citations

Biphasic Respiratory Depression after Fentanyl—Droperidol or Fentanyl Alone Used to Supplement Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia

1976 • 167 citations

KETAMINE DISPOSITION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS

1983 • 151 citations

The Antiemetic Effect of Droperidol Following Outpatient Strabismus Surgery in Children

1983 • 142 citations

Comparison of the Safety and Efficacy of Intranasal Midazolam or Sufentanil for Preinduction of Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

1992 • 142 citations

Morphine infusion after pediatric cardiac surgery

1984 • 141 citations

The Pharmacokinetics of Rectal Midazolam for Premedication in Children

1986 • 139 citations

Adverse Effects of Meperidine, Promethazine, and Chlorpromazine for Sedation in Pediatric Patients

1985 • 134 citations

Sedation for Pediatric Patients Undergoing CT and MRI

1992 • 133 citations

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Ketorolac Tromethamine

1992 • 133 citations

Sedative Doses of Midazolam Depress Hypoxic Ventilatory Responses in Humans

1988 • 132 citations

ABSORPTION AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF NEBULIZED MORPHINE

1988 • 131 citations

Morphine kinetics in children

1979 • 129 citations

The effect of oral midazolam on anxiety of preschool children during laceration repair

1990 • 126 citations

Local anesthesia in minor lacerations: Topical TAC vs lidocaine infiltration

1980 • 119 citations

Hemodynamic Effects of Ketamine in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

1985 • 118 citations

Diazepam elimination in premature and full term infants, and children

1973 • 116 citations

Risks to Children From Computed Tomographic Scan Premedication

1982 • 115 citations

Efficacy of Intranasal Midazolam in Facilitating Suturing of Lacerations in Preschool Children in the Emergency Department

1993 • 115 citations

The effect of preoperative apple juice on gastric contents, thirst, and hunger in children

1989 • 114 citations

Fatality secondary to misuse of TAC solution

1988 • 114 citations

Methaemoglobinaemia in children treated with prilocaine-lignocaine cream.

1990 • 114 citations

COMPARISON OF CHLORAL HYDRATE AND MIDAZOLAM BY MOUTH AS PREMEDICANTS IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING OTOLARYNGOLOGICAL SURGERY

1988 • 111 citations

Propofol as an induction agent in children: pain on injection and pharmacokinetics

1989 • 110 citations

Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate Premedication in Children

1989 • 108 citations

NPO after Midnight for Children—A Reappraisal

1990 • 108 citations

Sedation of children for cardiac catheterization with an ataractic mixture

1958 • 106 citations

Metoclopramide Reduces the Incidence of Vomiting After Tonsillectomy in Children

1992 • 105 citations

Chloral Hydrate Disposition following Single-Dose Administration to Critically Ill Neonates and Children

1991 • 105 citations

Intramuscular Midazolam for Pediatric Preanesthetic Sedation

1985 • 104 citations

Major morbidity or mortality from office anesthetic procedures: a closed-claim analysis of 13 cases.

1991 • 100 citations

Sedation in pediatric dentistry: a practical assessment procedure

1984 • 100 citations

An investigation of capnography and pulse oximetry as monitors of pediatric patients sedated for dental treatment.

1989 • 99 citations

Hemodynamic Effects of Ketamine in Children with Congenital Heart Disease

1984 • 99 citations

High Dose Chloral Hydrate Sedation for Children Undergoing CT

1991 • 96 citations

Preinduction of Anesthesia in Children with Rectally Administered Midazolam

1991 • 95 citations

Effect of Oral Liquids and Ranitidine on Gastric Fluid Volume and pH in Children Undergoing Outpatient Surgery

1989 • 94 citations

Plasma concentrations of fentanyl in infants, children and adults

1987 • 92 citations

Dose-independent Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl

1983 • 91 citations

A prospective analysis of intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine in pediatric emergency department patients

1991 • 90 citations

Fentanyl???O2???N2O Rigidity and Pulmonary Compliance

1983 • 90 citations

Comparison of intravenous ketorolac with morphine for postoperative pain in children

1992 • 89 citations

Preanesthetic medication in children: a comparison of oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate versus placebo.

1989 • 89 citations

Death after chloral hydrate sedation: report of case

1988 • 88 citations

Respiratory monitoring during pediatric sedation: pulse oximetry and capnography.

1988 • 86 citations

Pharmacokinetics of nalbuphine in infants, young healthy volunteers, and elderly patients

1989 • 86 citations

Midazolam Versus Fentanyl as Premedication for Painful Procedures in Children with Cancer

1992 • 81 citations

Evaluating the efficacy of EMLA in alleviating pain associated with lumbar puncture; comparison of open and double-blinded protocols in children

1990 • 81 citations

The pharmacokinetics of postoperative intravenous ketorolac tromethamine in children.

1991 • 80 citations

Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion of Droperidol by Human Subjects Folloiwing Intramuscular and Intravenous Administration

1973 • 79 citations

Seizures Induced by Methohexital

1981 • 77 citations

Recurrent seizures following mucosal application of TAC

1988 • 76 citations

Active Metabolites of Neuroleptic Drugs

1982 • 76 citations

Studies in muscle rigidity, nitrous oxide, and narcotic analgesic agents.

1972 • 75 citations

Conscious sedation and pulse oximetry: false alarms?

1990 • 73 citations

Monitoring the patient receiving conscious sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy: issues and guidelines

1989 • 73 citations

Sedation of Children for Technical Procedures

1992 • 73 citations

Topical TAC (Tetracaine, Adrenaline, Cocaine) Solution for Local Anesthesia in Children

1989 • 73 citations

The efficacy of intramuscular ketorolac in combination with intravenous PCA morphine for postoperative pain relief

1992 • 73 citations

Studies in Muscle Rigidity, Nitrous Oxide, and Narcotic Analgesic Agents

1972 • 72 citations

Rectal ketamine and midazolam for premedication in pediatric dentistry

1991 • 72 citations

EMLA for laser treatment of portwine stains in children

1992 • 71 citations

FENTANYL PHARMACOKINETICS IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION

1984 • 71 citations

Prolonged Adverse Reactions to Ketamine in Children

1978 • 69 citations

Preanesthetic Medication in Children

1989 • 69 citations

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Pethidine

1982 • 68 citations

THE EFFECT OF KETAMINE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN CHILDREN

1972 • 68 citations

Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate for premedication in paediatric outpatients

1990 • 68 citations

Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate for Preanesthetic Medication of Pediatric Day Surgery Patients with and without Droperidol as a Prophylactic Anti-emetic

1992 • 67 citations

Accuracy of pulse oximetry in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease

1993 • 66 citations

Local anesthesia in pediatric patients: Topical TAC versus lidocaine

1990 • 65 citations

The choice of sedation for computed tomography in children: a prospective evaluation.

1982 • 65 citations

SIDE EFFECTS OF KETAMINE IN PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA

1975 • 64 citations

TAC use and absorption of cocaine in a pediatric emergency department

1990 • 64 citations

Gastric aspirates after trauma in children

1989 • 64 citations

Morbidity and mortality from pharmacosedation and general anesthesia in the dental office

1992 • 63 citations

Induction characteristics of propofol in children: comparison with thiopentone

1988 • 62 citations

Side Effects of Ketamine in Pediatric Anesthesia

1974 • 61 citations

Intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine: Analysis of use and complications in 487 pediatric emergency department patients

1989 • 60 citations

A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF MIDAZOLAM IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY

1988 • 59 citations

The Effect of Ketamine on Intraocular Pressure in Children

1971 • 59 citations

Intranasal midazolam as a sedative for children during laceration repair

1992 • 58 citations

The effect of triclofos sodium sedation on respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and heart rate in infants and young children

1991 • 58 citations

Midazolam as an induction agent in children: a pharmacokinetic and clinical study.

1987 • 58 citations

COMPARISON OF THE INDUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THIOPENTONE AND PROPOFOL IN CHILDREN

1987 • 56 citations

Midazolam as an Induction Agent in Children

1987 • 55 citations

Lytic/“DPT” Cocktail: Time for Rational and Safe Alternatives

1989 • 53 citations

Fatal outcome with use of rectal morphine for postoperative pain control in an infant.

1992 • 52 citations

Laryngeal Competence with Ketamine and Other Drugs

1973 • 51 citations

Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Midazolam and Diazepam for Endoscopic Sedation in Children

1990 • 51 citations

THE ACUTE CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES AND ADRENERGIC BLOCKADE BY DROPERIDOL IN MAN

1971 • 51 citations

Plasma cocaine and tetracaine levels following application of topical anesthesia in children

1992 • 50 citations

Topical anesthesia for laceration repair: Tetracaine versus TAC (tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine)

1986 • 49 citations

Improved buccal delivery of opioid analgesics and antagonists with bitterless prodrugs.

1988 • 49 citations

Respiratory depression in a child following meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine premedication: report of case.

1979 • 49 citations

EFFECT OF METOCLOPRAMIDE ON GASTRIC EMPTYING BEFORE ELECTIVE AND EMERGENCY CAESAREAN SECTION

1984 • 49 citations

Intramuscular midazolam premedication in small children

1986 • 48 citations

Pharmacokinetic determination of ranitidine pharmacodynamics in pediatric ulcer disease

1985 • 47 citations

Chloral Hydrate Sedation in Neonates and Infants - Clinical and Pharmacologic Considerations

1989 • 47 citations

The Pharmacologic Activity of Ketorolac Tromethamine

1990 • 47 citations

The Dose-Response Effects of Oral Cimetidine on Gastric pH and Volume in Children

1981 • 46 citations

NONINVASIVE PULSE OXIMETRY IN CHILDREN WITH CYANOTIC CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

1987 • 45 citations

Rectal Methohexital Premedication in Children, a Dose-comparison Study

1980 • 44 citations

Pharmacological Evacuation of the Stomach with Metoclopramide

1982 • 43 citations

Guidelines for intraoperative monitoring of dental patients undergoing conscious sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia

1991 • 43 citations

Chloral hydrate sedation in neonates and infants--clinical and pharmacologic considerations.

1989 • 43 citations

Asleep on the Job: Sedation and Monitoring during Endoscopy

1992 • 42 citations

Chloral Hydrate and the Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptor Response: A Study of Puppies and Infants

1982 • 41 citations

The use of midazolam in diagnostic and short surgical procedures in children

1990 • 41 citations

The pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous nalbuphine in healthy volunteers.

1988 • 41 citations

Propofol induction and maintenance with nitrous oxide in paediatric outpatient dental anaesthesia

1988 • 41 citations

Conscious sedation of the pediatric patient for suturing

1990 • 39 citations

Rectal thiopental compared with intramuscular meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine for pediatric sedation

1991 • 39 citations

Methohexital Plasma Concentrations in Children Following Rectal Administration

1985 • 39 citations

Pain Perception and Effectiveness of the Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics in Children Undergoing Venipuncture

1992 • 38 citations

Pulse Oximetry and Upper Intestinal Endoscopy in Infants and Children

1991 • 37 citations

Arterial blood oxygen desaturation in infants and children during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

1990 • 36 citations

Acute Renal Failure in an Elderly Woman following Intramuscular Ketorolac Administration

1992 • 35 citations

The therapeutic effectiveness of nitrous oxide and chloral hydrate administered orally, rectally, and combined with hydroxyzine for pediatric dentistry.

1986 • 33 citations

Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Morphine in Balanced Anesthesia: Studies in Children

1983 • 33 citations

Pulse oximetry monitoring of sedated pediatric dental patients.

1985 • 33 citations

ASPIRATION PNEUMONITIS PROPHYLAXIS IN OBSTETRIC ANAESTHESIA: COMPARISON OF EFFERVESCENT CIMETIDINE-SODIUM CITRATE MIXTURE AND SODIUM CITRATE

1990 • 33 citations

Chloral hydrate for emergent pediatric procedural sedation: A new look at an old drug

1991 • 32 citations

A comparison of three formulations of TAC (tetracaine, Adrenalin, cocaine) for anesthesia of minor lacerations in children

1990 • 32 citations

Alterations in Ventricular Fluid Pressure during Ketamine Anesthesia in Hydrocephalic Children

1975 • 32 citations

Butorphanol in perspective.

1988 • 31 citations

Apnea and Cardiopulmonary Arrest During and After Endoscopy

1992 • 31 citations

Experimental Effects of Chloral Hydrate on Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercarbia

1982 • 30 citations

Unexpected Alterations in Fentanyl Pharmacokinetics in Children Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Age Related or Disease Related?

1986 • 29 citations

DIAZEPAM IN RECTAL SOLUTION AS PREMEDICATION IN CHILDREN, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SERUM CONCENTRATIONS

1981 • 29 citations

Comparison of rectal to intramuscular administration of midazolam and atropine for premedication of children

1988 • 29 citations

PHARMACOKINETICS OF I. V. AND RECTAL METHOHEXITONE IN CHILDREN

1987 • 29 citations

Ketorolac-induced bronchospasm.

1993 • 28 citations

Low-Dose Lidocaine Intravenous Regional Anesthesia for Forearm Fractures in Children

1992 • 27 citations

Comparison of tetracaine, adrenaline, and cocaine with cocaine alone for topical anesthesia

1990 • 26 citations

Gastric volume and pH in children for emergency surgery

1986 • 26 citations

TAC

1989 • 25 citations

Anaphylactoid Reaction following Ketorolac Tromethamine Administration

1992 • 25 citations

Thickly and Thinly Applied Lignocaine-Prilocaine Cream Prior to Venepuncture in Children

1991 • 25 citations

Guidelines for the Elective Use of Conscious Sedation, Deep Sedation, and General Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

1986 • 25 citations

Guidelines for the monitoring and care of children during and after sedation for imaging studies.

1993 • 24 citations

EFFECT OF I. V. METOCLOPRAMIDE ON GASTRIC EMPTYING AFTER OPIOID PREMEDICATION

1990 • 23 citations

COMPARATIVE PLASMA CONCENTRATION PROFILES AFTER I.V., I.M. AND RECTAL ADMINISTRATION OF PETHIDINE IN CHILDREN

1988 • 23 citations

INTRAVENOUS REGIONAL ANAESTHESIA IN CHILDREN

1976 • 22 citations

Metoclopramide Given Pre‐operatively Empties the Stomach

1985 • 22 citations

Mechanistic studies on chloral toxicity: Relationship to trichloroethylene carcinogenesis

1988 • 22 citations

Buccal morphine premedication

1986 • 21 citations

Rectally Administered Morphine: Plasma Concentrations in Children Premedicated with Morphine in Hydrogel and in Solution

1985 • 21 citations

Continuous oxygen saturation monitoring following rectal methohexitone induction in paediatric patients

1992 • 21 citations

The intramuscular use of a combination of meperidine, promethazine and chlorpromazine for sedation of the child dental patient.

1977 • 19 citations

Oral ketamine facilitates induction in a combative mentally retarded patient

1990 • 18 citations

The clinical utility of pulse oximetry in the pediatric emergency department setting

1991 • 17 citations

Decorticate posture following ‘cardiac cocktail’

1982 • 17 citations

Administration of oral chloral hydrate to paediatric patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging

1992 • 16 citations

EFFECTS OF THE RECTAL ADMINISTRATION OF DIAZEPAM

1985 • 16 citations

Diazepam premedication in children

1985 • 15 citations

Muscle Tone under Fentanyl‐Nitrous Oxide Anaesthesia Measured with a Transducer Apparatus in Cholecystectomy Incisions

1977 • 15 citations

Thiopental Dose-Response Relations in Unpremedicated Infants, Children, and Adults

1987 • 15 citations

EFFECT OF NALBUPHINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON THE VENTILATORY AND OCCLUSION PRESSURE RESPONSES TO CARBON DIOXIDE IN VOLUNTEERS

1989 • 14 citations

Evaluation of sedation during cardiac catheterization of children

1967 • 14 citations

Absorption of buccal morphine

1988 • 13 citations

Cardiopulmonary parameters during meperidine, promethazine, and chlorpromazine sedation for pediatric dentistry.

1987 • 13 citations

Guidelines for the Elective Use of Conscious Sedation, Deep Sedation, and General Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients

1986 • 13 citations

RECTAL METHOHEXITAL IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING COMPUTERIZED CRANIAL TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SCANS

1987 • 12 citations

Prolonged elimination of midazolam after i. m. administration

1988 • 12 citations

Hyperkalemia Associated with Ketorolac

1992 • 11 citations

EPILEPTIFORM CONVULSIONS IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING PREMEDICATION WITH PAMERGAN SP100

1967 • 11 citations

Outpatient pediatric analgesia—A tale of two regimens

1987 • 11 citations

INTRANASAL MIDAZOLAM PREMEDICATION IN PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN.

1988 • 10 citations

Pulse oximetry during cardiac catheterization in children with congenital heart disease

1986 • 9 citations

Respiratory depression: narcotic versus narcotic-tranquilizer combinations.

1970 • 9 citations

Rectal induction of anaesthesia in children

1989 • 9 citations

Rectal Methohexital for Induction of Anesthesia in Children with and without Rectal Aspiration after Sleep: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study

1988 • 8 citations

AN INTERNATIONAL CONSENSUS ON MONITORING

1990 • 5 citations

Bleeding Diathesis After Periopeiative Ketorolac

1992 • 5 citations

Pharmacokinetics of IV and Rectal Methohexitone in Children

1988 • 5 citations

INCIDENCE OF REAL AND FALSE POSITIVE CAPNOGRAPHY AND PULSE OXIMETRY ALARMS DURING PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA

1991 • 4 citations

Rectal benzodiazepines for premedication in children. Review and personal experience.

1987 • 4 citations

Complications of intramuscular injections in children.

1981 • 3 citations

SIGMOIDORECTAL METHOHEXITAL AS AN INDUCING AGENT FOR GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN CHILDREN

1988 • 2 citations

Premedication of Children With Promethazine, Propiomazine, and Mepazine: Comparison of Oral and Intramuscular Routes

1970 • 1 citations