ETHOLOGICALLY BASED ANIMAL MODELS OF ANXIETY DISORDERS

Helplessness: On Depression, Development, and Death

1975 • 6,201 citations

Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.

1962 • 5,942 citations

Conflict, arousal, and curiosity.

1960 • 5,766 citations

Validation of open : closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat

1985 • 5,596 citations

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed. rev.)

1988 • 5,237 citations

Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition

1958 • 3,076 citations

The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse

1987 • 2,571 citations

A cognitive approach to panic

1986 • 2,371 citations

Neurogenetic Adaptive Mechanisms in Alcoholism

1987 • 2,300 citations

The open-field test: A critical review.

1976 • 2,204 citations

The psychology of animal learning

1975 • 1,995 citations

Phobias and preparedness

1971 • 1,580 citations

Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: A review

1973 • 1,561 citations

Theoretical Issues in Behavior Therapy

1985 • 1,466 citations

Preliminary report of a simple animal behavior model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines

1980 • 1,340 citations

Emotional behavior in the rat. I. Defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality.

1934 • 1,281 citations

Anxiety and It's Disorders

2003 • 1,035 citations

Fears, phobias, and rituals

1987 • 963 citations

Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of ?fear?-motivated behaviour

1984 • 951 citations

The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory drive.

1955 • 900 citations

The use of social interaction as a method for detecting anxiolytic activity of chlordiazepoxide-like drugs

1980 • 813 citations

CAN SOCIAL INTERACTION BE USED TO MEASURE ANXIETY?

1978 • 782 citations

Face the Beast and Fear the Face: Animal and Social Fears as Prototypes for Evolutionary Analyses of Emotion

1986 • 736 citations

Treatment of Endogenous Anxiety With Phobic, Hysterical, and Hypochondriacal Symptoms

1980 • 733 citations

Validity of head-dipping as a measure of exploration in a modified hole-board

1975 • 661 citations

Antipredator defensive behaviors in a visible burrow system.

1989 • 583 citations

Anxiety: New Research and Changing Concepts.

1982 • 560 citations

OPEN‐FIELD BEHAVIOR IN THE RAT: WHAT DOES IT MEAN?*

1969 • 559 citations

A Double-Blind Comparison of Clomipramine and Desipramine in the Treatment of Trichotillomania (Hair Pulling)

1989 • 554 citations

Neuropharmacologic specificity of a simple animal model for the behavioral actions of benzodiazepines

1981 • 509 citations

Panic—Psychological perspectives

1989 • 473 citations

Animal models for the study of anti-anxiety agents: A review

1985 • 457 citations

Traumatic avoidance learning: the outcomes of several extinction procedures with dogs.

1953 • 455 citations

Unpredictable and Uncontrollable Aversive Events

1971 • 454 citations

The neurobiology of the nucleus accumbens

1982 • 454 citations

The amnesic action of benzodiazepines in man

1985 • 448 citations

Obsessions and compulsions

1980 • 428 citations

Increased Anxiogenic Effects of Caffeine in Panic Disorders

1985 • 427 citations

Analysis of behavioral change

1968 • 412 citations

The effects of chronic antidepressant treatment in an animal model of anxiety

1988 • 406 citations

5-HT1A receptor-related anxiolytics

1987 • 402 citations

Long-term Treatment of Anxiety and Risk of Withdrawal

1988 • 385 citations

Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder With Clomipramine and Desipramine in Children and Adolescents

1989 • 370 citations

Ultrasounds and maternal behavior in small rodents

1972 • 363 citations

The characterization and modelling of antipredator defensive behavior

1990 • 356 citations

The Maudsley Reactive and Nonreactive strains of rats: A survey

1975 • 344 citations

Selection for high rates and low rates of avoidance conditioning in the rat

1965 • 340 citations

The potential anxiolytic activity of GR38032F, a 5‐HT₃‐receptor antagonist

1988 • 332 citations

Buspirone

1986 • 330 citations

Estimation of Genetic Correlation: Interpretation of Experiments Using Selectively Bred and Inbred Animals

1990 • 322 citations

Effects of morphine and naloxone on separation distress and approach attachment: Evidence for opiate mediation of social affect

1978 • 321 citations

Benzodiazepine Receptor-Mediated Experimental "Anxiety" in Primates

1982 • 314 citations

Innate Recognition of Coral Snake Pattern by a Possible Avian Predator

1975 • 289 citations

Abnormal behavior in animals.

1968 • 285 citations

Imipramine and Chlordiazepoxide in Depressive and Anxiety Disorders

1986 • 280 citations

A handbook of abnormal psychology.

1959 • 273 citations

GRADUAL WITHDRAWAL OF DIAZEPAM AFTER LONG-TERM THERAPY

1983 • 270 citations

A randomized clinical trial of phenelzine and imipramine for posttraumatic stress disorder

1988 • 269 citations

Unpredictable and uncontrollable events: A new perspective on experimental neurosis.

1978 • 266 citations

Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines: Laboratory and Clinical Correlations

1967 • 265 citations

Preparedness and phobias: A review.

1987 • 263 citations

The anxiogenic action of benzodiazepine antagonists

1982 • 263 citations

A cognitive model of panic attacks.

1988 • 261 citations

A Critique of the Methods Available for the Measurement of Spontaneous Motor Activity

1977 • 254 citations

Exploration in animals and humans

1983 • 248 citations

On the construct validity of open-field measures.

1977 • 243 citations

A sensitive open field measure of anxiolytic drug activity

1981 • 242 citations

Exposure in vivo of agoraphobics: contributions of diazepam, group exposure, and anxiety evocation

1976 • 235 citations

The arousal and satiation of perceptual curiosity in the rat.

1955 • 230 citations

Effects of Clonidine on Anxiety Disorders

1981 • 223 citations

A comparison of the effects of diazepam versus several typical and atypical anti-depressant drugs in an animal model of anxiety

1989 • 222 citations

Handbook of anxiety disorders.

1988 • 217 citations

Rat pup ultrasonic isolation calls: Possible mediation by the benzodiazepine receptor complex

1986 • 213 citations

Opioid‐mediation of separation distress in 10‐day‐old rats: Reversal of stress with maternal stimuli

1986 • 205 citations

Coral-snake pattern recognition and stimulus generalisation by naive great kiskadees (Aves: Tyrannidae)

1977 • 202 citations

Analogy as a Source of Knowledge

1974 • 195 citations

An evaluation of the elevated plus-maze test using the novel anxiolytic buspirone

1989 • 192 citations

The staircase test in mice: A simple and efficient procedure for primary screening of anxiolytic agents

1984 • 192 citations

Correlative effects of psychogenetic selection: A study of the roman high and low avoidance strains of rats

1964 • 191 citations

A test of anxiety that distinguishes between the actions of benzodiazepines and those of other minor tranquilisers and of stimulants

1979 • 191 citations

A comparison of the effects of some benzodiazepines and other drugs on aggressive and exploratory behaviour in mice and rats

1970 • 190 citations

Emotionality in male and female rodents: A reply to Archer

1979 • 185 citations

The determinants of exploration and neophobia

1978 • 183 citations

An Analysis of the Influence of Alcohol on Experimental Neuroses in Cats*

1946 • 180 citations

Benzodiazepines as appetite-enhancing compounds

1980 • 178 citations

Distress vocalization in rat pups a simple screening method for anxiolytic drugs

1985 • 177 citations

β-Adrenergic Blockers

1988 • 174 citations

Anxiety disorders of childhood

1987 • 174 citations

3H-TVX Q 7821: identification of 5-HT1 binding sites as target for a novel putative anxiolytic

1985 • 174 citations

Anxiogenic effects of methyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate in a light/dark choice situation

1987 • 169 citations

Differences in benzodiazepine receptor binding in maudsley reactive and maudsley non-reactive rats

1978 • 167 citations

The neurochemical control of crying

1980 • 166 citations

Convulsant/depressant site of action at the allosteric benzodiazepine-gaba receptor-ionophore complex

1983 • 164 citations

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN EXPLORATORY BEHAVIOUR AND FEAR: A REVIEW

1973 • 163 citations

Effects in the X-maze anxiety model of agents acting at 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors

1987 • 157 citations

Selective agonists and antagonists for 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtypes, and interactions with yohimbine and FG 7142 using the elevated plus-maze test in the rat

1987 • 156 citations

Effects of two benzodiazepines, phenobarbitone, and baclofen on synaptic transmission in the cat cuneate nucleus

1976 • 155 citations

Studies on the role of ACTH and of 5-HT in anxiety, using an animal model

1978 • 154 citations

Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys.

1985 • 153 citations

Nicotine and smoking: a perspective from animal studies

1987 • 151 citations

Control and Early Socioemotional Development: Infant Rhesus Monkeys Reared in Controllable versus Uncontrollable Environments

1986 • 151 citations

The effects of ethanol and diazepam on reactions to predatory odors

1990 • 150 citations

Isolation distress in two‐week‐old rats: Influence of home cage, social companions, and prior experience with littermates

1987 • 149 citations

The Psychopharmacology of Aggression

1987 • 145 citations

Enhanced Relief of Phobias by Flooding During Waning Diazepam Effect

1972 • 144 citations

The Maudsley reactive and nonreactive strains: A North American perspective

1981 • 144 citations

Animal Models for Predicting Clinical Efficacy of Anxiolytic Drugs: Social Behaviour

1985 • 142 citations

Treatment of Traumatic War Neurosis With Phenelzine

1981 • 142 citations

Differential hormonal and physiological responses to stress in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats

1982 • 138 citations

Alcohol and anxiety

1988 • 137 citations

Multiple sites of action for anxiogenic drugs: Behavioural, electrophysiological and biochemical correlations

1984 • 134 citations

The contribution of behavioural studies to the neuropharmacology of anxiety

1987 • 131 citations

Animal Models of Anxiety-Based Disorders

2019 • 130 citations

Pituitary‐adrenal response to separation in mother and infant squirrel monkeys

1978 • 130 citations

Behavioural pharmacology of food, water and salt intake in relation to drug actions at benzodiazepine receptors

1985 • 129 citations

Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys.

1985 • 125 citations

Learned Helplessness: All of us were Right (And Wrong): Inescapable Shock has Multiple Effects

1979 • 123 citations

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Following Combat Exposure:

1986 • 120 citations

Flumazenil but not nitrendipine reverses the increased anxiety during ethanol withdrawal in the rat

1989 • 118 citations

An anxiogenic benzodiazepine receptor ligand induces learned helplessness

1985 • 118 citations

The effects of benzodiazepines on the behaviour of mice on a hole-board

1973 • 116 citations

Rapid development of tolerance to the sedative effects of lorazepam and triazolam in rats

1981 • 116 citations

What can be learned from the effects of benzodiazepines on exploratory behavior?

1985 • 110 citations

Further characterization of a simple, automated exploratory model for the anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines

1983 • 108 citations

Anxiogenic properties of beta-CCE and FG 7142: a review of promises and pitfalls

1988 • 103 citations

Evaluation of Psychotropic Drugs with a Modified Open Field Test

1978 • 101 citations

Culture and Anxiety

2019 • 99 citations

Factors affecting ultrasound production in infant rodents

1972 • 96 citations

Actions of sulpiride and tiapride in a simple model of anxiety in mice

1987 • 94 citations

The effects of caffeine on plasma MHPG, subjective anxiety, autonomic symptoms and blood pressure in healthy humans

1984 • 94 citations

[USE OF A PARTICULAR MOUSE REACTION (HOLE BOARD METHOD) FOR THE STUDY OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS].

1964 • 93 citations

The sensitivity of the rat corticosterone response to environmental manipulations and to chronic chlordiazepoxide treatment

1980 • 93 citations

Intrinsic actions of benzodiazepine antagonists

1982 • 93 citations

Metrazol tolerance in a “normal” volunteer population

1958 • 91 citations

The inheritance of emotionality

1938 • 91 citations

Curiosity and Exploratory Behavior

1998 • 91 citations

The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists FG 7142 and RO 15-4513 both reverse some of the behavioral effects of ethanol in a holeboard test

1987 • 90 citations

Animal learning : survey and analysis

1979 • 89 citations

Drugs and Psychological Treatments for Agoraphobia/Panic and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders: A Review

1988 • 85 citations

Comparison of Buspirone and Diazepam in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

1985 • 83 citations

Arousal Levels and Attribution Effects in Diazepam-Assisted Flooding

1973 • 82 citations

Dissociation de deux composantes du comportement chez le rat sous l'effet de psychotropes

1973 • 82 citations

Effects of the β-carboline, FG 7142, in the social interaction test of anxiety and the holeboard: Correlations between behaviour and plasma concentrations

1985 • 82 citations

The Pharmacology of Nicotine

1988 • 82 citations

The ultrasonic responses of albino mouse pups to tactile stimuli

1970 • 81 citations

Experiments in motivation

1965 • 81 citations

The ontogeny of brain receptors for corticotropin-releasing factor and the development of their functional association with adenylate cyclase

1988 • 79 citations

Screening hallucinogenic drugs: Systematic study of three behavioral tests

1975 • 78 citations

Inhibition of ultrasonic distress vocalizations in rat pups by chlordiazepoxide and diazepam

1985 • 76 citations

Acute and chronic effects of three benzodiazepines in the social interaction anxiety test in mice

1979 • 76 citations

The effects of novelty, isolation, light and ethanol on the social behavior of mice

1988 • 74 citations

Absence of intrinsic antagonist actions of benzodiazepine antagonists on an exploratory model of anxiety in the mouse

1984 • 71 citations

Effects of time of day and food deprivation on exploratory activity in the rat

1972 • 70 citations

Central administration of corticotropin releasing factor alters rat pup isolation calls

1989 • 70 citations

Control of Their Environment Reduces Emotionality in Rats

1973 • 67 citations

Anxiogenic effects in benzodiazepine withdrawal are linked to the development of tolerance

1987 • 66 citations

Hereditary determinants of fears and phobias: A critical review

1980 • 64 citations

Interactions of Ro 15-4513 with diazepam, sodium pentobarbital and ethanol in a holeboard test

1987 • 64 citations

Pharmacological and neural control of anti-predator defense in the rat

1990 • 64 citations

Behavioral effects of acute and chronic administration of caffeine in the rat

1988 • 63 citations

Pharmacology of the benzodiazepines

1985 • 62 citations

Effects of acute and chronic anti-panic drug administration on conflict behavior in the rat

1989 • 62 citations

Buspirone: A potential atypical neuroleptic

1983 • 61 citations

Interactions of three benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists with ethanol in a plus-maze test of anxiety

1988 • 58 citations

Clinical Assessment and Pharmacotherapy of the Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome

1986 • 57 citations

The effects of repeated doses of ethanol on exploration and its habituation

1987 • 57 citations

Effects of agents which interact with central benzodiazepine binding sites on stress-induced ultrasounds in rat pups

1987 • 56 citations

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a neuroethological perspective.

1988 • 54 citations

Can drug effects on anxiety and convulsions be separated?

1985 • 54 citations

Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands, Memory and Information Processing

1988 • 53 citations

Interaction of RO 15-4513 and ethanol on the behaviour of mice: antagonistic or additive effects?

1988 • 52 citations

A Note on Further Progress in a Psychogenetic Selection Experiment

1962 • 52 citations

The Anxiolytic and Anxiogenic Actions of Ethanol in a Mouse Model

1988 • 52 citations

Studies on the possible role of brain 5-HT systems and adrenocortical activity in behavioural responses to nicotine and diazepam in an elevated X-maze

1986 • 52 citations

Maudsley reactive and non-reactive rat strains: Differential performance in a conflict task

1986 • 51 citations

Effects of caffeine on anxiety and depression.

1984 • 51 citations

Can social and agonistic interactions be used to detect anxiolytic activity of drugs?

1984 • 50 citations

The effects of yohimbine on exploratory and locomotor behaviour are attributable to its effects at noradrenaline and not at benzodiazepine receptors

1986 • 49 citations

Constraints on Learning

1979 • 49 citations

Emotional reactivity and conditionability in four strains of rats.

1972 • 49 citations

Changes in regional concentrations in the rat brain of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid during the development of tolerance to the sedative action of chlordiazepoxide

1983 • 48 citations

The sedative effects of CL 218,872, like those of chlordiazepoxide, are reversed by benzodiazepine antagonists

1985 • 47 citations

Effect of alcohol consumption on state anxiety changes in male and female nonalcoholics

1978 • 46 citations

Panic attacks and alcohol withdrawal: Can subjects differentiate the symptoms?

1988 • 46 citations

No cross-tolerance between the stimulatory and depressant actions of benzodiazepines in mice

1985 • 45 citations

An ethoexperimental approach to the study of fear.

1987 • 44 citations

Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of exploration

1977 • 42 citations

An analysis of drug effects in mice exposed to a simple novel environment

1972 • 42 citations

The benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonists β-CCM and RO 15–3505 both reverse the anxiolytic effects of ethanol in mice

1988 • 41 citations

Classification of anxiety disorders: A critique of DSM-III

1986 • 40 citations

Equivalence and Persistence of the Effects of Psychoactive Drugs and Past Experience

1968 • 40 citations

Exploratory Behaviour in Elevated and Enclosed Mazes

1967 • 40 citations

Ethanol changes patterns of defensive behavior in wild rats

1986 • 39 citations

Chronic Treatment with Imipramine Does Not Reverse the Effects of 3 Anxiogenic Compounds in a Test of Anxiety in the Rat

1987 • 38 citations

Patterns of Phobic Neurosis: A Retrospective Study

1985 • 38 citations

Profiles of the antipanic compounds, triazolobenzodiazepines and phenelzine, in two animal tests of anxiety

1988 • 38 citations

The inheritance of personality and ability

1983 • 38 citations

Behavioural pharmacology of benzodiazepines

1984 • 37 citations

A comparison of the effects of ethanol and chlordiazepoxide on exploration and on its habituation

1976 • 37 citations

DST in bulimia without endogenous depression

1987 • 37 citations

Behavioral effects of alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonists and their interactions with ethanol in tests of locomotion, exploration and anxiety in mice

1989 • 36 citations

Psychopharmacology

1970 • 35 citations

Infant separation distress in genetically fearful rats

1987 • 35 citations

Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders

2001 • 34 citations

Benzodiazepine anti-conflict effects in maudsley reactive (MR/Har) and non-reactive (MNRA/Har) rats

1990 • 34 citations

The staircase test: Some evidence of nonspecificity for anxiolytics

1986 • 34 citations

Does directed exploration influence locomotor activity in a holeboard test?

1989 • 34 citations

Distress call reactivation in isolated chicks: a behavioral indicator with high selectivity for antidepressants

1989 • 34 citations

Sound production by infant Peromyscus maniculatus (Rodentia: Myomorpha)

1972 • 33 citations

Flumazenil prevents the development of chlordiazepoxide withdrawal in rats tested in the social interaction test of anxiety

1989 • 32 citations

Selected models of anxiety, depression, and psychosis

1988 • 31 citations

Effects of caffeine on social behavior, exploration and locomotor activity: Interactions with ethanol

1989 • 30 citations

Can Anti-Panic Drugs Antagonise the Anxiety Produced in the Rat by Drugs Acting at the GABA-Benzodiazepine Receptor Complex?

1987 • 28 citations

Do the intrinsic actions of benzodiazepine receptor antagonists imply the existence of an endogenous ligand for benzodiazepine receptors?

1986 • 28 citations

The effects of ethanol on exploration in DBA/2 and C57B1/6 mice

1987 • 27 citations

Benzodiazepines Today and Tomorrow

1981 • 27 citations

Benzodiazepine antagonist RO 15-1788 partly reverses some anxiolytic effects of ethanol in the mouse

1988 • 26 citations

Clinical Relevance of Effects of Benzodiazepines on Learning and Memory

1988 • 25 citations

β-CCE and chlordiazepoxide reduce exploratory head-dipping and rearing: No mutual antagonism

1982 • 25 citations

A Novel Chemically Induced Animal Model of Human Anxiety

1984 • 24 citations

The risk of pharmacological dependence with buspirone.

1985 • 24 citations

Evidence that the increased anxiety detected in the elevated plus-maze during chlordiazepoxide withdrawal is not due to enhanced noradrenergic activity

1989 • 23 citations

Differences among nine 1,4-benzodiazepines: an ethopharmacological evaluation in mice

1989 • 23 citations

Biological Basis of the Therapeutic Effects of Benzodiazepines

1980 • 23 citations

‘Peripheral’ and ‘central’ type benzodiazepine receptors in Maudsley rats

1986 • 22 citations

Spontaneous activity and brain 5-hydroxyindole levels measured in rats tested in two designs of elevated X-maze

1987 • 20 citations

Intrinsic behavioural actions of n-propyl β-carboline-3-carboxylate

1984 • 19 citations

Chlordiazepoxide enhances the anxiogenic action of CGS 8216 in the social interaction test: Evidence for benzodiazepine withdrawal?

1985 • 19 citations

Partial reversal of ethanol-induced reductions in exploration by two benzodiazepine antagonists (flumazenil and ZK 93426)

1988 • 19 citations

EFFECTS OF MORPHINE ON LEARNED ADAPTIVE RESPONSES AND EXPERIMENTAL NEUROSES IN CATS

1943 • 18 citations

Can animal tests of anxiety detect panic‐promoting agents?

1988 • 18 citations

Stimulus change and complexity in exploratory behavior

1974 • 17 citations

Preselection of animals in studies of anti-anxiety drugs

1974 • 17 citations

The effect of ?-opioid agonist U-50, 488H on wet-dog shaking behavior induced by hippocampal stimulation in rats

1987 • 15 citations

Behavioural effects of pentylenetetrazole reversed by chlordiazepoxide and enhanced by RO 15-1788

1984 • 15 citations

Potentiation of the effects of chlorpromazine on exploration in the rat by a prior experience of the drug

1973 • 14 citations

RO 15-4513 and FG 7142 reverse the reduction in social behavior caused by ethanol in mice

1988 • 14 citations

NEW APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANXIETY AND ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS IN ANIMAL

1976 • 13 citations

The current status of two sublines of the Roman High and Low Avoidance strains

1984 • 13 citations

Comparison of the effects of clonidine, rilmenidine, and guanfacine in the holeboard and elevated plus-maze

1988 • 12 citations

Animal Research and Psychiatric Theory

1953 • 12 citations

Does anxiety underly imidazole-induced behavioural effects in the rat?

1989 • 8 citations

Effects of diazepam on exploratory behaviol of pigs

1977 • 6 citations

Personality: In search of individuality

1989 • 5 citations

SYMPOSIUM ON PHARMACOLOGY OF EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR - CLOSING REMARKS

1976 • 3 citations