The rules versus similarity distinction

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Features of similarity.

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Perceptual symbol systems

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Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories

1975 • 5,591 citations

Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information

1982 • 5,482 citations

Statistical Learning by 8-Month-Old Infants

1996 • 5,373 citations

Structure‐Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy*

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Unified theories of cognition

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Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness

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Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis

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The meaning of ‘meaning’

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Language identification in the limit

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High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory

1966 • 3,576 citations

The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.

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The Rediscovery of the Mind

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The Language Instinct

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Dynamic patterns: The self-organization of brain and behavior

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Context theory of classification learning.

1978 • 2,917 citations

A study of thinking

1956 • 2,766 citations

The role of theories in conceptual coherence.

1985 • 2,658 citations

Categories and Concepts

1981 • 2,532 citations

Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science

1987 • 2,359 citations

The Child's Learning of English Morphology

1958 • 2,279 citations

The Adaptive Character of Thought

1991 • 2,269 citations

Attention, similarity, and the identification-categorization relationship.

1986 • 2,148 citations

Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development

1996 • 2,081 citations

Visual Information Processing

1974 • 2,079 citations

Implicit Learning and Tacit Knowledge

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On the Failure to Eliminate Hypotheses in a Conceptual Task

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On the genesis of abstract ideas.

1968 • 1,977 citations

Rules of the Mind

1993 • 1,954 citations

Implicit learning of artificial grammars

1967 • 1,876 citations

Syntactic persistence in language production

1986 • 1,819 citations

"Schema abstraction" in a multiple-trace memory model.

1986 • 1,802 citations

Concepts, kinds, and cognitive development

1990 • 1,786 citations

The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries.

1957 • 1,644 citations

On language and connectionism: Analysis of a parallel distributed processing model of language acquisition

1988 • 1,606 citations

ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning.

1992 • 1,572 citations

On Learning the Past Tenses of English Verbs

1986 • 1,462 citations

Pragmatic reasoning schemas

1985 • 1,462 citations

The Selective Impairment of Semantic Memory

1975 • 1,452 citations

Psychology of Reasoning: Structure and Content

1972 • 1,442 citations

Lesions of the human amygdala impair enhanced perception of emotionally salient events

2001 • 1,329 citations

Conditioning and Associative Learning

1984 • 1,327 citations

The transfer of cognitive skill

1990 • 1,293 citations

Rule Learning by Seven-Month-Old Infants

1999 • 1,223 citations

Characteristics of dissociable human learning systems

1994 • 1,167 citations

A neuropsychological theory of multiple systems in category learning.

1998 • 1,164 citations

Categories and induction in young children

1986 • 1,158 citations

Respects for similarity.

1993 • 1,121 citations

Rationality and reasoning

1997 • 1,102 citations

Who Is Rational?: Studies of individual Differences in Reasoning

1999 • 1,069 citations

What some concepts might not be

1983 • 1,041 citations

The dynamics of embodiment: A field theory of infant perseverative reaching

2001 • 1,029 citations

Pattern recognition and categorization

1972 • 1,021 citations

A model for stimulus generalization in Pavlovian conditioning.

1987 • 1,020 citations

An introduction to case-based reasoning

1992 • 994 citations

Pattern Recognition: Statistical, Structural and Neural Approaches

1991 • 990 citations

Sleep inspires insight

2004 • 980 citations

A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection.

1994 • 977 citations

Human reasoning: the psychology of deduction

1994 • 975 citations

Ideals, central tendency, and frequency of instantiation as determinants of graded structure in categories.

1985 • 939 citations

The past and future of the past tense

2002 • 917 citations

Category-based induction.

1990 • 900 citations

Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping.

1997 • 879 citations

Distributed memory and the representation of general and specific information.

1985 • 872 citations

The elusive thematic‐materials effect in Wason's selection task

1982 • 858 citations

Morphological and Semantic Regularities in the Lexicon

1975 • 821 citations

Insides and essences: Early understandings of the non-obvious

1991 • 805 citations

Learning distributed representations of concepts.

1989 • 792 citations

YOU CAN'T PLAY 20 QUESTIONS WITH NATURE AND WIN: PROJECTIVE COMMENTS ON THE PAPERS OF THIS SYMPOSIUM

1973 • 776 citations

An Invitation to Cognitive Science

1997 • 755 citations

The Logical Problem of Language Acquisition

1984 • 752 citations

From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model.

1988 • 742 citations

The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: the declarative/procedural model

2001 • 737 citations

An Essay on Stress

1992 • 727 citations

Rules vs. analogy in English past tenses: a computational/experimental study

2003 • 720 citations

Modeling Bounded Rationality

1998 • 717 citations

An Investigation of the Laws of Thought

2009 • 691 citations

German Inflection: The Exception That Proves the Rule

1995 • 691 citations

Information Conveyed by Vowels

1957 • 691 citations

Language and Language Disturbances

1948 • 676 citations

U-shaped learning and frequency effects in a multi-layered perception: Implications for child language acquisition

1991 • 633 citations

The Algebraic Mind: Integrating Connectionism and Cognitive Science

2001 • 625 citations

The Growth of Logical Thinking

1959 • 611 citations

Metaphor as Structure Mapping: The Relational Shift

1988 • 600 citations

Similarity, typicality, and categorization

1989 • 599 citations

The development of features in object concepts

1998 • 599 citations

Learning the structure of event sequences.

1991 • 598 citations

On the relation between the natural logic of reasoning and standard logic.

1978 • 585 citations

From rote learning to system building: acquiring verb morphology in children and connectionist nets

1993 • 573 citations

Talker-specific learning in speech perception

1998 • 569 citations

Frames, Fields, and Contrasts

2012 • 565 citations

Rules and exemplars in category learning.

1998 • 559 citations

The psychology of proof: deductive reasoning in human thinking

1994 • 545 citations

Language acquisition in the absence of experience

1991 • 535 citations

On the relation between logic and thinking.

1962 • 521 citations

Formal models of language learning

1979 • 520 citations

Influences of categorization on perceptual discrimination.

1994 • 519 citations

Deriving Categories to Achieve Goals

1991 • 519 citations

Synthetic grammar learning: Implicit rule abstraction or explicit fragmentary knowledge?

1990 • 505 citations

Similarity, frequency, and category representations.

1988 • 499 citations

Feature-Based Induction

1993 • 498 citations

A case of syntactical learning and judgment: How conscious and how abstract?

1984 • 497 citations

Naming in young children: a dumb attentional mechanism?

1996 • 493 citations

Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals

1989 • 476 citations

The role of similarity in categorization: providing a groundwork

1994 • 475 citations

Similarity and the development of rules

1998 • 463 citations

The Pyramids and Palm Trees Test

1992 • 458 citations

Reuniting perception and conception

1998 • 458 citations

Family resemblance, conceptual cohesiveness, and category construction

1987 • 448 citations

Dr. Angry and Mr. Smile: when categorization flexibly modifies the perception of faces in rapid visual presentations

1999 • 434 citations

Cognitive processes in propositional reasoning.

1983 • 432 citations

Classification and cognition

1994 • 426 citations

Abstraction in perceptual symbol systems

2003 • 426 citations

Specializing the operation of an explicit rule.

1991 • 410 citations

Impairments in verb morphology after brain injury: A connectionist model

1999 • 408 citations

Neurodynamics: An Exploration in Mesoscopic Brain Dynamics

2000 • 402 citations

Phenomenal Consciousness: A Naturalistic Theory

2000 • 400 citations

Reversal of the concreteness effect in a patient with semantic dementia

1994 • 392 citations

Wang's paradox

1975 • 389 citations

Finite state languages

1958 • 387 citations

The organization of conceptual knowledge: the evidence from category-specific semantic deficits

2003 • 384 citations

Gradient effects of within-category phonetic variation on lexical access

2002 • 382 citations

Learning artificial grammars with competitive chunking.

1990 • 382 citations

THE ACQUISITION OF NOUN AND VERB INFLECTIONS

1968 • 371 citations

Artificial grammar learning depends on implicit acquisition of both abstract and exemplar-specific information.

1996 • 366 citations

Sound enhances visual perception: Cross-modal effects of auditory organization on vision.

2000 • 363 citations

Similarity and decision-making under risk (is there a utility theory resolution to the Allais paradox?)

1988 • 360 citations

Category use and category learning.

2003 • 358 citations

Input and Interaction in Language Acquisition

1994 • 348 citations

Recent views of conceptual structure.

1992 • 344 citations

Working Memory: Activation Limitations on Retrieval

1996 • 336 citations

Theoretical Foundations for Non-Monotonic Reasoning in Expert Systems

1985 • 325 citations

Flexibility, Structure, and Linguistic Vagary in Concepts: Manifestations of a Compositional System of Perceptual Symbols

2019 • 324 citations

Subcategorical mismatches and the time course of lexical access: Evidence for lexical competition

2001 • 323 citations

On the coherence of vague predicates

1975 • 321 citations

Alternative strategies of categorization

1998 • 317 citations

Delayed feedback effects on rule-based and information-integration category learning.

2003 • 304 citations

The discrimination of relative onset-time of the components of certain speech and nonspeech patterns.

1961 • 301 citations

Enhancement of selective listening by illusory mislocation of speech sounds due to lip-reading

1996 • 300 citations

Beyond grammar : an experience-based theory of language

1998 • 298 citations

Relational similarity and the nonindependence of features in similarity judgments

1991 • 297 citations

Salience of item knowledge in learning artificial grammars.

1992 • 297 citations

The Uncertain Reasoner's Companion: A Mathematical Perspective

2009 • 295 citations

The effect of subphonetic differences on lexical access

1994 • 294 citations

Implicit learning out of the lab: The case of orthographic regularities.

2001 • 290 citations

Naive probability: A mental model theory of extensional reasoning.

1999 • 289 citations

The effects of concurrent task interference on category learning: Evidence for multiple category learning systems

2001 • 287 citations

Interpretation and Matching Bias in a Reasoning Task

1972 • 284 citations

Tests of an exemplar model for relating perceptual classification and recognition memory.

1991 • 282 citations

A new methodology of extraction, optimization and application of crisp and fuzzy logical rules

2001 • 275 citations

Sentence comprehension: A parallel distributed processing approach

1989 • 273 citations

WHAT'S ELEMENTARY ABOUT ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING?

1997 • 269 citations

The Newell Test for a theory of cognition

2003 • 265 citations

Syntactic priming in language production

1999 • 263 citations

Dissociations Between Categorization and Recognition in Amnesic and Normal Individuals: An Exemplar-Based Interpretation

1998 • 261 citations

Implicit motor sequence learning is represented in response locations

2000 • 252 citations

Knowledge Concepts and Categories

2013 • 251 citations

Structure-Mapping: A Theoretical Framework for Analogy'

2002 • 242 citations

Clinical psychologists' theory-based representations of mental disorders predict their diagnostic reasoning and memory.

2002 • 242 citations

The Case for Rules in Reasoning

1992 • 241 citations

Abstract analogies and abstracted grammars: Comments on Reber (1989) and Mathews et al. (1989).

1991 • 239 citations

The information acquired during artificial grammar learning.

1994 • 239 citations

The competition model: the input, the context, and the brain

2001 • 234 citations

Rules and exemplars in categorization, identification, and recognition.

1989 • 229 citations

Two dogmas of conceptual empiricism: implications for hybrid models of the structure of knowledge

1998 • 228 citations

On the interaction of theory and data in concept learning

1994 • 224 citations

Computational intelligence methods for rule-based data understanding

2004 • 223 citations

How do we tell an association from a rule? Comment on Sloman (1996).

1996 • 222 citations

The self-organizing consciousness

2002 • 220 citations

Categorization as Probability Density Estimation

1995 • 213 citations

Categorical perception effects induced by category learning.

1998 • 210 citations

Incidentally, things in general are particularly determined: An episodic-processing account of implicit learning.

1993 • 208 citations

Observational versus feedback training in rule-based and information-integration category learning

2002 • 206 citations

Feature parsing: Feature cue mapping in spoken word recognition

2003 • 203 citations

Assimilation and Anticipation in Continuous Spoken Word Recognition

2001 • 202 citations

Effects of Categorization on Color Perception

1995 • 201 citations

Information-accumulation theory of speeded categorization.

2000 • 197 citations

On the dominance of unidimensional rules in unsupervised categorization

1999 • 197 citations

Similarity and rules: distinct? exhaustive? empirically distinguishable?

1998 • 195 citations

Lexical and prelexical influences on word segmentation: Evidence from priming.

1995 • 194 citations

Word learning is 'smart': evidence that conceptual information affects preschoolers' extension of novel words

2002 • 190 citations

The growth of causal understandings of natural kinds

1996 • 187 citations

Procedural learning in perceptual categorization

2003 • 184 citations

A simplicity principle in unsupervised human categorization

2002 • 182 citations

A model of perceptual classification in children and adults.

1989 • 180 citations

Are there representational shifts during category learning?

2002 • 180 citations

A Counterexample to Modus Ponens 1

2018 • 177 citations

The role of meaning in inflection: Why the past tense does not require a rule

2002 • 175 citations

Children's Reliance on Creator's Intent in Extending Names for Artifacts

2003 • 175 citations

Weighting common and distinctive features in perceptual and conceptual judgments

1984 • 173 citations

New Evidence for Distinct Right and Left Brain Systems for Deductive versus Probabilistic Reasoning

2001 • 172 citations

Mental models and probabilistic thinking

1994 • 169 citations

Strategies and classification learning.

1981 • 168 citations

Associative chunk strength in artificial grammar learning.

1997 • 165 citations

The specific character of abstract thought: Categorization, problem-solving, and induction: Volume 5

1989 • 165 citations

Features and beliefs in the mental representation of categories

1990 • 158 citations

Semantic feature representations for normal and aphasic language

1974 • 155 citations

Distinct brain loci in deductive versus probabilistic reasoning

1998 • 152 citations

Disrupting feedback processing interferes with rule-based but not information-integration category learning

2004 • 148 citations

Generalized similarity judgments: An alternative explanation for choice anomalies

1994 • 148 citations

Connectionist and Memory‐Array Models of Artificial Grammar Learning

1992 • 144 citations

Default generalisation in connectionist networks

1995 • 143 citations

Feature- and rule-based generalization in human associative learning.

1998 • 142 citations

Human reasoning: Some possible effects of availability

1982 • 139 citations

Similarity and categorisation: neuropsychological evidence for a dissociation in explicit categorisation tasks

1999 • 137 citations

Further tests of an exemplar-similarity approach to relating identification and categorization

1989 • 135 citations

Reasoning, Meaning And Mind

1999 • 135 citations

Relations between exemplar-similarity and likelihood models of classification

1990 • 134 citations

A Connectionist Model of the Arabic Plural System

1997 • 132 citations

Investigations of exemplar and decision bound models in large, ill-defined category structures.

1995 • 131 citations

The Neural Basis for Categorization in Semantic Memory

2002 • 126 citations

On the Status of Object Concepts in Aphasia

1997 • 126 citations

On the processing of regular and irregular forms of verbs and nouns: evidence from neuropsychology

2003 • 124 citations

Syntactical learning and judgment, still unconscious and still abstract: Comment on Dulany, Carlson, and Dewey.

1985 • 123 citations

10. Effects of individual differences in intelligence, aptitude and working memory on adult incidental SLA

2002 • 121 citations

Analytical competence and language impairment in aphasia

1980 • 120 citations

Effects of categorization and discrimination training on auditory perceptual space

1999 • 118 citations

Evidence for a procedural-learning-based system in perceptual category learning

2004 • 118 citations

Similarity as an explanatory construct

1998 • 116 citations

Adding Apples and Oranges: Alignment of Semantic and Formal Knowledge

1998 • 115 citations

Effects of background knowledge on category construction.

1996 • 114 citations

Frequency, Picturability and Availability of Nouns in Aphasia

1969 • 113 citations

Prior knowledge and functionally relevant features in concept learning.

1995 • 108 citations

Essentialism, word use, and concepts

1996 • 107 citations

Abstract word anomia

1995 • 106 citations

Necessity and natural categories.

2001 • 106 citations

Principles for implicit learning

1997 • 101 citations

Teaching pigeons an abstract relational rule: Insideness

1989 • 96 citations

Mapping across domains without feedback: A neural network model of transfer of implicit knowledge

1999 • 96 citations

Abstraction Processes in Artificial Grammar Learning

1997 • 93 citations

Categories and resemblance.

1993 • 90 citations

Rule Learning by Seven-Month-Old Infants and Neural Networks

1999 • 88 citations

Category organization in free classification: The organizing effect of an array of stimuli.

1995 • 86 citations

Consciousness, Rules, and Instructed Second Language Acquisition

1996 • 84 citations

Preserved thematic and impaired taxonomic categorisation: A case study

2003 • 81 citations

Lexicalization in an anomic patient

1989 • 81 citations

The role of similarity in artificial grammar learning.

2000 • 81 citations

Missing players: Phonology and the past-tense debate

2002 • 80 citations

Untitled

2000 • 79 citations

PET evidence for multiple strategies of categorization

2001 • 78 citations

Dissociable Processes for Learning the Surface Structure and Abstract Structure of Sensorimotor Sequences

1998 • 75 citations

In Search of Counter-Examples: Deductive Rationality in Human Reasoning

2003 • 74 citations

For the Sake of the Argument: Ramsey Test Conditionals, Inductive Inference, and Nonmonotonic Reasoning.

1998 • 72 citations

Rules and causation

1980 • 70 citations

Précis ofDeduction

1993 • 65 citations

Theories of Human Reasoning: The Fragmented State of the Art

1991 • 64 citations

Category learning with minimal prior knowledge.

2000 • 64 citations

Predicting intermediate and multiple conclusions in propositional logic inference problems: Further evidence for a mental logic.

1995 • 63 citations

The Paradoxes of Allais and Ellsberg

1986 • 61 citations

Similarity and decision making

1989 • 60 citations

Probabilistic constraint satisfaction at the lexical/phonetic interface: evidence for gradient effects of within-category VOT on lexical access.

2003 • 57 citations

Connectionist Models and Linguistic Theory: Investigations of Stress Systems in Language

1994 • 53 citations

Peak Shift on an Artificial Dimension

2010 • 53 citations

An Iterative Strategy for Learning Metrical Stress in Optimality Theory

1996 • 48 citations

Why Double Dissociations Don't Mean Much

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Conceptual and linguistic biases in children's word learning.

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Naming disorders and semantic representations

1992 • 42 citations

Conditioning and Extinction and Their Relation to Drive

1936 • 41 citations

Categorical perception of novel dimensions

1996 • 38 citations

Bayesian Epistemology and Epistemic Conditionals

2001 • 37 citations

Aphasic Disorders in Matching Tasks Involving Conceptual Analysis and Covert Naming

1976 • 34 citations

Single versus multiple systems of category learning: Reply to Nosofsky and Kruschke (2002)

2002 • 34 citations

The Role of Dimensional Distinctiveness in Children's and Adults' Artifact Categorization

2005 • 32 citations

Selective deficit of conceptual structures in aphasia: Class versus thematic relations

1980 • 31 citations

Untitled

1999 • 29 citations

The ?explicit-implicit? distinction

1995 • 28 citations

Prototype based rules-a new way to understand the data

2002 • 27 citations

Belief revision conditionals: basic iterated systems

1999 • 26 citations

So concepts aren't definitions, but do they have necessary or sufficient features?

2000 • 24 citations

Structural alignment, similarity, and the internal structure of category representations

2001 • 23 citations

Probabilistic Reasoning as Information Compression by Multiple Alignment, Unification and Search: An Introduction and Overview

1999 • 20 citations

A Cross- Linguistic Study in Learning Prosodic Rhythms: Rules, Constraints, and Similarity

1999 • 20 citations

Critical reading of words and phrases in aphasia

1976 • 19 citations

Syntax, Parsing and Production of Natural Language in a Framework of Information Compression by Multiple Alignment, Unification and Search

2000 • 18 citations

Epistemic Conditionals, Snakes and Stars

1995 • 17 citations

Simplicity and the mind.

1997 • 17 citations

The correlation of g with attentional and perceptual-motor ability tests

2002 • 14 citations

Modularity and artificial grammar learning

2013 • 13 citations

The Statistical Brain: Reply to Marcus’ The Algebraic Mind

2003 • 11 citations

Unsupervised Grammar Induction in a Framework of Information Compression by Multiple Alignment, Unification and Search

2003 • 10 citations

Semantic field in aphasia: an experimental investigation on comprehension of the relations of class and property.

1976 • 8 citations

The Cognizer's Innards: a Philosophical and Psychological Perspective on the Development of Thought

1993 • 8 citations

How Similarity Affects the Ease of Rule Application

2002 • 5 citations

Consciousness, connectionism, and intentionality

1999 • 2 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations