Glutamate: a role in normal brain function, anaesthesia, analgesia and CNS injury

A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

1993 • 11,303 citations

Long‐lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimulation of the perforant path

1973 • 7,118 citations

Magnesium gates glutamate-activated channels in mouse central neurones

1984 • 3,999 citations

The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System

1991 • 3,239 citations

Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons

1987 • 3,116 citations

Elevation of the Extracellular Concentrations of Glutamate and Aspartate in Rat Hippocampus During Transient Cerebral Ischemia Monitored by Intracerebral Microdialysis

1984 • 2,884 citations

Handbook of Psychopharmacology

1988 • 2,778 citations

A redox-based mechanism for the neuroprotective and neurodestructive effects of nitric oxide and related nitroso-compounds

1993 • 2,423 citations

The metabotropic glutamate receptors: Structure and functions

1995 • 2,269 citations

Contribution of central neuroplasticity to pathological pain: review of clinical and experimental evidence

1993 • 2,006 citations

Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters

1994 • 1,668 citations

Preemptive Analgesia—Treating Postoperative Pain by Preventing the Establishment of Central Sensitization

1993 • 1,661 citations

Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings.

1994 • 1,586 citations

The Role of Excitatory Amino Acids and NMDA Receptors in Traumatic Brain Injury

1989 • 1,505 citations

Ca2 ⁺ Permeability of KA-AMPA—Gated Glutamate Receptor Channels Depends on Subunit Composition

1991 • 1,458 citations

Retrograde amnesia and memory consolidation: a neurobiological perspective

1995 • 1,375 citations

Primary structure and functional characterization of a high-affinity glutamate transporter

1992 • 1,319 citations

Pathological Changes Induced in Cerebrocortical Neurons by Phencyclidine and Related Drugs

1989 • 1,235 citations

Flip and Flop: A Cell-Specific Functional Switch in Glutamate-Operated Channels of the CNS

1990 • 1,234 citations

Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Na(+)-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain.

1992 • 1,185 citations

An excitatory amino-acid transporter with properties of a ligand-gated chloride channel

1995 • 1,124 citations

Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury

1990 • 1,080 citations

Protein kinase C reduces Mg2+ block of NMDA-receptor channels as a mechanism of modulation

1992 • 962 citations

Long-term potentiation and NMDA receptors in rat visual cortex

1987 • 953 citations

Exocytotic Ca2+ channels in mammalian central neurons

1995 • 920 citations

Anatomical organization of excitatory amino acid receptors and their pathways

1987 • 877 citations

NMDA Antagonist Neurotoxicity: Mechanism and Prevention

1991 • 837 citations

Metabotropic glutamate receptors in brain function and pathology

1993 • 799 citations

Effect of nitric oxide production on the redox modulatory site of the NMDA receptor-channel complex

1992 • 737 citations

Open-channel block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) responses by memantine: therapeutic advantage against NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity

1992 • 626 citations

Anesthetic Potency (MAC) Is Independent of Forebrain Structures in the Rat

1993 • 555 citations

Exaggerated Anesthetic Requirements in the Preferentially Anesthetized Brain

1993 • 536 citations

Long-term potentiation and long-term depression of primary afferent neurotransmission in the rat spinal cord

1993 • 521 citations

Evidence for spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor involvement in prolonged chemical nociception in the rat

2016 • 516 citations

Functional Brain Imaging Studies of Cortical Mechanisms for Memory

1995 • 492 citations

Metabotropic glutamate receptors: a new target for the therapy of neurodegenerative disorders?

1996 • 437 citations

The differential expression of 16 NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subunits in the rat spinal cord and in periaqueductal gray

1993 • 435 citations

Glutamate receptor channels in rat DRG neurons: Activation by kainate and quisqualate and blockade of desensitization by con A

1990 • 420 citations

Anesthetic Potency Is Not Altered after Hypothermic Spinal Cord Transection in Rats

1994 • 410 citations

Excitatory amino acid receptors in the brain: membrane binding and receptor autoradiographic approaches

1990 • 397 citations

Excitatory amino acids and synaptic transmission: the evidence for a physiological function

1990 • 370 citations

GYKI 52466, a 2,3-benzodiazepine, is a highly selective, noncompetitive antagonist of AMPA/kainate receptor responses

1993 • 359 citations

The effect of ketamine on phantom pain: a central neuropathic disorder maintained by peripheral input

1996 • 352 citations

The rat paw formalin test: comparison of noxious agents

1990 • 351 citations

Splice variants of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR1 identify domains involved in regulation by polyamines and protein kinase C.

1993 • 347 citations

Spinal cord pharmacology of pain

1995 • 342 citations

NMDA receptors: from genes to channels

1996 • 319 citations

Therapeutic potential of excitatory amino acid antagonists: channel blockers and 2,3-benzodiazepines

1993 • 318 citations

Response of chronic neuropathic pain syndromes to ketamine: a preliminary study

1994 • 312 citations

Mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors

1993 • 312 citations

Excitatory amino acids rise to toxic levels upon impact injury to the rat spinal cord

1991 • 296 citations

The Effect of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Antagonist (Ketamine) on Single and Repeated Nociceptive Stimuli

1995 • 279 citations

Preemptive Effect of Fentanyl and Ketamine on Postoperative Pain and Wound Hyperalgesia

1994 • 275 citations

Modulation of excitatory amino acid receptors by group IIB metal cations in cultured mouse hippocampal neurones.

1989 • 275 citations

Modulation of spinal excitability: co-operation between neurokinin and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitters

1994 • 266 citations

Prospects for clinically tolerated NMDA antagonists: open-channel blockers and alternative redox states of nitric oxide

1993 • 261 citations

Postoperative Pain

1993 • 247 citations

Effects of Isoflurane and Nitrous Oxide in Subanesthetic Concentrations on Memory and Responsiveness in Volunteers

1992 • 239 citations

Pharmacology of chronic pain

1994 • 235 citations

The TIPS/TINS Lecture: The molecular biology of mammalian glutamate receptor channels

1993 • 233 citations

Pharmacological strategies in CNS trauma

1992 • 230 citations

Learning and Consciousness during General Anesthesia

1992 • 228 citations

Excitatory amino acids in cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury in humans

1993 • 208 citations

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF MAMMALIAN AMINO ACID TRANSPORTERS

1996 • 205 citations

Volatile Anesthetics Depress Glutamate Transmission Via Presynaptic Actions

1996 • 198 citations

Mild hypothermia and Mg++ protect against irreversible damage during CNS ischemia.

1984 • 196 citations

Ketamine

1985 • 193 citations

Central pharmacology of nociceptive transmission

2006 • 188 citations

Dextromethorphan for the treatment of neuropathic pain: a double-blind randomised controlled crossover trial with integral n-of-1 design

1994 • 185 citations

Changing concepts in pain control during surgery: dissociative anesthesia with CI-581. A progress report.

1968 • 176 citations

Uptake Processes for Biogenic Amines

1975 • 173 citations

Postsynaptic control of the induction of long-term changes in efficacy of transmission at neocortical synapses in slices of rat brain

1988 • 166 citations

Dextrorphan and dextromethorphan attenuate glutamate neurotoxicity

1987 • 163 citations

Secondary mechanisms in neuronal trauma

1994 • 161 citations

Antinociceptive Interaction Between Opioids and Medetomidine

1990 • 154 citations

Molecular Mechanisms of Anesthesia

1984 • 154 citations

Local Changes in Cerebral Glucose Utilization during Ketamine Anesthesia

1982 • 153 citations

Neuroprotective actions of riluzole in rodent models of global and focal cerebral ischaemia

1992 • 153 citations

Cerebroprotective Effect of Lamotrigine After Focal Ischemia in Rats

1995 • 148 citations

Mechanisms of the analgesic actions of opiates and opioids

1991 • 148 citations

Ketamine hydrochloride in the treatment of phantom limb pain

1993 • 144 citations

LTP — a structural model to explain the inconsistencies

1995 • 143 citations

ANAESTHETICS DEPRESS THE SENSITIVITY OF CORTICAL NEURONES TO <scp>l</scp>‐GLUTAMATE

1976 • 139 citations

Isoflurane Inhibits Multiple Voltage-gated Calcium Currents in Hippocampal Pyramidal Neurons

1994 • 137 citations

Does the Brain Influence Somatic Responses to Noxious Stimuli during Isoflurane Anesthesia?

1994 • 136 citations

Outflow of endogenous aspartate and glutamate from the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro by activation of low- and high-threshold primary afferent fibers. Modulation by μ-opioids

1991 • 135 citations

The utility of excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists as analgesic agents. I. Comparison of the antinociceptive activity of various classes of EAA antagonists in mechanical, thermal and chemical nociceptive tests

1994 • 135 citations

Intrathecal ketamine for war surgery. A preliminary study under field conditions

1984 • 133 citations

Morphine, But Not Inhalation Anesthesia, Blocks Post-injury Facilitation The Role of Preemptive Suppression of Afferent Transmission

1993 • 133 citations

Neuroprotective Properties of the Novel Antiepileptic Lamotrigine in a Gerbil Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia

1995 • 132 citations

Effects of lsoflurane and Hypothermia on Glutamate Receptor-mediated Calcium Influx in Brain Slices

1994 • 132 citations

Biexponential kinetics of [3H]MK-801 binding: evidence for access to closed and open N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channels.

1989 • 131 citations

Volatile Anesthetics Depress Calcium sup 2+ Transients and Glutamate Release in Isolated Cerebral Synaptosomes

1995 • 130 citations

Antagonism at the glycine site on the NMDA receptor reduces spinal nociception in the rat

1991 • 126 citations

Noxious thermal and chemical stimulation induce increases in 3H-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding in spinal cord dorsal horn as well as persistent pain and hyperalgesia, which is reduced by inhibition of protein kinase C

1995 • 125 citations

Inhibition by Volatile Anesthetics of Endogenous Glutamate Release from Synaptosomes by a Presynaptic Mechanism

1995 • 124 citations

A MEASURE OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND MEMORY DURING ISOFLURANE ADMINISTRATION: THE COHERENT FREQUENCY †

1993 • 123 citations

The actions of volatile anaesthetics on synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus.

1975 • 121 citations

Epidural Ketamine for Control of Postoperative Pain

1985 • 121 citations

EXCITATORY AND INHIBITORY SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS IN ANAESTHESIA

1993 • 120 citations

Nitrous Oxide Induces Preemptive Analgesia in the Rat That is Antagonized by Halothane

1994 • 113 citations

Histopathology After Repeated Intrathecal Injections of Preservative-Free Ketamine in the Rabbit

1994 • 108 citations

Antinociceptive Response to Nitrous Oxide Is Mediated by Supraspinal Opiate and Spinal α2Adrenergic Receptors in the Rat

1996 • 106 citations

Presynaptic α₂ Adrenoceptors Inhibit Glutamate Release from Rat Spinal Cord Synaptosomes

1993 • 105 citations

Effects of Halothane on Glutamate Receptor-mediated Excitatory Postsynaptic Currents

1995 • 104 citations

Effects of Hypothermic Metabolic Suppression on Hippocampal Glutamate Concentrations After Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia

1994 • 102 citations

The NMDA antagonist memantine blocks pain behavior in a rat model of formalin-induced facial pain

1993 • 101 citations

Arcaine uncovers dual interactions of polyamines with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

1990 • 100 citations

Monitoring depth of anaesthesia

1997 • 100 citations

Role of NMDA receptors in memory

1991 • 96 citations

Intrathecal Magnesium Sulfate Protects the Spinal Cord from Ischemic Injury during Thoracic Aortic Cross-clamping

1994 • 96 citations

Anesthetics produce subunit-selective actions on glutamate receptors.

1996 • 95 citations

Volatile anesthetics and glutamate activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors

1995 • 90 citations

Effect of Volatile Anesthetics on Synaptic Transmission in the Rat Hippocampus

1989 • 89 citations

Concurrent Spinal Infusion of MK801 Blocks Spinal Tolerance and Dependence Induced by Chronic Intrathecal Morphine in the Rat

1996 • 86 citations

The G. L. Brown lecture. Adventures in anaesthesia

1991 • 86 citations

Recent advances in the physiology and pharmacology of pain: plasticity and its implications for clinical analgesia

1991 • 83 citations

General anaesthetics inhibit the responses induced by glutamate receptor agonists in the mouse cortex

1992 • 82 citations

Interaction of intrathecal morphine and ST-91 on antinociception in the rat: dose-response analysis, antagonism and clearance.

1990 • 82 citations

Effects of Isoflurane on N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Gated Ion Channels in Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons^a

1991 • 79 citations

Isoflurane Reduces Ischemia-induced Glutamate Release in Rats Subjected to Forebrain Ischemia

1995 • 77 citations

Ketamine in cancer pain: an update.

1996 • 75 citations

The noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, MK-801, phencyclidine and ketamine, increase the potency of general anesthetics

1990 • 75 citations

The quantitative autoradiographic distribution of [3H]MK-801 binding sites in the normal human spinal cord

1991 • 74 citations

Effects of Isoflurane Anesthesia on Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization in the Rat

1986 • 73 citations

Nitrous Oxide Selectively Releases Met5-Enkephalin and Met5-Enkephalin-Arg (6-Phe)7 into Canine Third Ventricular Cerebrospinal Fluid

1995 • 73 citations

The action of ether and methoxyflurane on synaptic transmission in isolated preparations of the mammalian cortex.

1975 • 71 citations

Spinal antinociceptive synergy between clonidine and morphine, U69593, and DPDPE: Isobolographic analysis

1990 • 71 citations

Epidural Ketamine or Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia

1987 • 69 citations

Release of endogenous amino acid neurotransmitter candidates from rat olfactory cortex slices: Possible regulatory mechanisms and the effects of pentobarbitone

1980 • 68 citations

Blocking action of pentobarbital on receptors for excitatory amino acids in the guinea pig hippocampus

1985 • 68 citations

The role of NMDA receptors in learning and memory

1995 • 68 citations

Epidural ketamine for postoperative pain relief after gynecologic operations: a double-blind study and comparison with epidural morphine.

1987 • 67 citations

The effect of isoflurane on excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus

1992 • 66 citations

MID-LATENCY AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIALS DURING KETAMINE ANAESTHESIA IN HUMANS

1993 • 66 citations

The NMDA antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) has antinociceptive effect after intrathecal injection in the rat

1994 • 66 citations

Anesthetic Properties of Riluzole (54274 RP), a New Inhibitor of Glutamate Neurotransmission

1992 • 63 citations

Anesthetic effects on glutamate-stimulated increase in intraneuronal calcium.

1990 • 63 citations

Anaesthetic suppression of transmitter actions in neocortex

1990 • 63 citations

The noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801 profoundly reduces volatile anesthetic requirements in rabbits

1989 • 61 citations

Inhibition of noxious stimulus-evoked pain behaviors and neuronal fos-like immunoreactiivity in the spinal cord of the rat by supraspinal morphine

1996 • 61 citations

Insensitivity of P- Type Calcium Channels to Inhalational and Intravenous General Anesthetics

1994 • 61 citations

THE EFFECT OF ANAESTHETICS ON THE UPTAKE AND RELEASE OF γ‐AMINOBUTYRATE AND D‐ASPARTATE IN RAT BRAIN SLICES

1981 • 60 citations

The effect of the volatile anesthetic isoflurane on Ca2+-dependent glutamate release from rat cerebral cortex

1994 • 59 citations

Effects of Hypothermia, Pentobarbital, and Isoflurane on Postdepolarization Amino Acid Release during Complete Global Cerebral Ischemia

1996 • 57 citations

Alcohol and Anesthetic Actions on Excitatory Amino Acid—Activated Ion Channels

1991 • 56 citations

Riluzole Anesthesia

1996 • 52 citations

Nitrous oxide or halothane, or both, fail to suppress c-fos expression in rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurones after subcutaneous formalin

1996 • 51 citations

The Effect of Isoflurane on Neuronal Necrosis Following Near-complete Forebrain Ischemia in the Rat

1986 • 50 citations

Ketamine Injection Used Orally

1996 • 50 citations

GENERAL ANAESTHETIC MODIFICATION OF SYNAPTIC FACILITATION AND LONG-TERM POTENTIATION IN HIPPOCAMPUS

1989 • 48 citations

Hypothermia and Isoflurane Similarly Inhibit Glutamate Release Evoked by Chemical Anoxia in Rat Cortical Brain Slices

1996 • 48 citations

Long-term potentiation and depression in the intermediate gray matter of rat spinal cord In vitro

1995 • 48 citations

Enflurane inhibits NMDA, AMPA, and kainate‐induced currents in Xenopus oocytes expressing mouse and human brain mRNA

1993 • 48 citations

Role of Magnesium Sulfate in Postoperative Analgesia

1997 • 48 citations

An information processing theory of anaesthesia

1995 • 46 citations

Selective Changes in Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization Induced by Phenobarbital in the Rat

1985 • 46 citations

The utility of excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists as analgesic agents. II. Assessment of the antinociceptive activity of combinations of competitive and non-competitive NMDA antagonists with agents acting at allosteric-glycine and polyamine receptor sites

1994 • 44 citations

Modulation of NMDA-induced currents by μ-opioid receptor agonist DAGO in acutely isolated rat spinal dorsal horn neurons

1991 • 44 citations

Mapping memory with positron emission tomography.

1994 • 44 citations

AMPA Receptor Competitive Antagonism Reduces Halothane MAC in Rats

1992 • 43 citations

Problems of learning and memory: one or multiple memory systems?

1990 • 43 citations

Halothane suppresses slow inward currents in hippocampal slices

1988 • 42 citations

Volatile anaesthetics: cellular mechanisms of action.

1995 • 40 citations

Neuroprotective Doses of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonists Profoundly Reduce the Minimum Alveolar Anesthetic Concentration (MAC) for Isoflurane in Rats

1993 • 39 citations

2,6-Diisopropylphenol, a general anesthetic, inhibits glutamate action on rat synaptosomes

1991 • 39 citations

Systemic excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor and of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor relieve mechanical hypersensitivity after transient spinal cord ischemia in rats.

1993 • 38 citations

The Influence of Ketamine on Regional Brain Glucose Use

1988 • 38 citations

Glutamate uptake is not a major target site for anaesthetic agents

1995 • 37 citations

The synaptic basis of general anaesthesia.

1995 • 36 citations

Volatile anesthetics inhibit NMDA-stimulated45Ca uptake by rat brain microvesicles

1994 • 34 citations

LTP in hippocampal CA1 of urethane-narcotized rats requires stronger tetanization parameters

1994 • 34 citations

Therapeutic approaches for the prevention of secondary brain injury

1996 • 33 citations

Regional Brain Glucose Utilization in Rats during Etomidate Anesthesia

1986 • 32 citations

In vitro studies of multiple impact injury to mammalian CNS neurons: prevention of perikaryal damage and death by ketamine

1991 • 31 citations

Peri‐operative effect of major gastrointestinal surgery on serum magnesium

1994 • 30 citations

Anesthetic Actions in the Hippocampal Formation

1991 • 30 citations

Brain Function and Psychotropic Drugs

1992 • 29 citations

Isoflurane in labour

1993 • 27 citations

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and pain

1995 • 26 citations

Potent Analgesia Induced in Rats by Combined Action at PCP and Polyamine Recognition Sites of the NMDA Receptor Complex

1993 • 26 citations

Enflurane-induced Release of an Excitatory Amino Acid, Glutamate, from Mouse Brain Synaptosomes

1992 • 25 citations

Volatile Anesthetic-induced Efflux of Calcium from IP3-gated Stores in Clonal (GH3) Pituitary Cells

1994 • 25 citations

Barbiturate effects on hippocampal excitatory synaptic responses are selective and pathway specific

1987 • 24 citations

Glycine Receptor Antagonism

1995 • 23 citations

Regional Cerebral Glucose Utilization during Althesin® Anesthesia

1984 • 22 citations

MONITORING THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

1994 • 20 citations

A Comparison of the Effect of Halothane on N-Methyl-D-Aspartate and Non-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-Mediated Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Hippocampus

1996 • 19 citations

Effects of general anaesthetics on second messenger systems.

1995 • 18 citations

Metabolic Activation of Intercortical and Corticothalamic Pathways during Enflurane Anesthesia in Rats

1988 • 17 citations

Lipid alterations correlate with tissue magnesium decrease following impact trauma in rabbit spinal cord

1990 • 17 citations

Alteration of general anesthetic potency by agonists and antagonists of the polyamine binding site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.

1992 • 17 citations

Competitive NMDA antagonists as drugs

1995 • 16 citations

Non-competitive NMDA antagonists as drugs

1995 • 16 citations

Inhibition by glutamate antagonists, MK-801 and NBQX, of cutaneo-cardiovascular pain reflex in rats

1991 • 13 citations

Laser-Doppler Evaluation of Spinal Cord Blood Flow After Intrathecal Administration of an N???Methyl???D???Aspartate Antagonist in Rats

1994 • 13 citations

G-protein linked glutamate receptors

1994 • 11 citations

Isoflurane Depresses Both Glutamate‐ and Peptide‐Mediated Slow Synaptic Transmission in Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord

1991 • 10 citations

Effects of halothane on the efflux of [³H]D asprtate from rat brain slices

1990 • 9 citations

After thiopentone: a review of recent history

1991 • 3 citations

Effects of halothane on the efflux of [[3]H]D-aspartate from rat brain slices

1990 • 1 citations