Potential Vulnerabilities of Neuronal Reward, Risk, and Decision Mechanisms to Addictive Drugs

Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk

1979 • 41,742 citations

Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk

1988 • 34,484 citations

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

A theory of Pavlovian conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement

1972 • 6,687 citations

Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting

1997 • 6,007 citations

Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats.

1988 • 4,617 citations

Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory.

1972 • 4,453 citations

Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons

1998 • 4,446 citations

The Neural Basis of Decision Making

2007 • 3,662 citations

Reinforcement Learning

1998 • 3,070 citations

Separate Neural Systems Value Immediate and Delayed Monetary Rewards

2004 • 3,052 citations

A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli.

1980 • 2,919 citations

A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement.

1975 • 2,731 citations

A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.

1987 • 2,704 citations

Specious reward: A behavioral theory of impulsiveness and impulse control.

1975 • 2,670 citations

The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice

2005 • 2,660 citations

The Psychology of Animal Learning

1976 • 2,451 citations

Discrete Coding of Reward Probability and Uncertainty by Dopamine Neurons

2003 • 2,034 citations

The psychology of animal learning

1975 • 1,995 citations

Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective

2005 • 1,989 citations

Learning the value of information in an uncertain world

2007 • 1,964 citations

The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice

2007 • 1,873 citations

Phasic versus tonic dopamine release and the modulation of dopamine system responsivity: A hypothesis for the etiology of schizophrenia

1991 • 1,819 citations

Developmental Neurocircuitry of Motivation in Adolescence: A Critical Period of Addiction Vulnerability

2003 • 1,634 citations

Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex encode economic value

2006 • 1,563 citations

Dopamine-dependent prediction errors underpin reward-seeking behaviour in humans

2006 • 1,560 citations

Impulsivity and cigarette smoking: delay discounting in current, never, and ex-smokers

1999 • 1,426 citations

Functional Imaging of Neural Responses to Expectancy and Experience of Monetary Gains and Losses

2001 • 1,419 citations

Toward a modern theory of adaptive networks: Expectation and prediction.

1981 • 1,416 citations

On Second-Best National Saving and Game-Equilibrium Growth

1968 • 1,390 citations

Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures.

1967 • 1,363 citations

Relative reward preference in primate orbitofrontal cortex

1999 • 1,344 citations

Multiple Dopamine Functions at Different Time Courses

2007 • 1,333 citations

Two types of dopamine neuron distinctly convey positive and negative motivational signals

2009 • 1,331 citations

Responses of monkey dopamine neurons to reward and conditioned stimuli during successive steps of learning a delayed response task

1993 • 1,279 citations

Dopaminergic neurons: effect of antipsychotic drugs and amphetamine on single cell activity.

1973 • 1,272 citations

Adaptive Coding of Reward Value by Dopamine Neurons

2005 • 1,259 citations

Phasic Firing in Dopaminergic Neurons Is Sufficient for Behavioral Conditioning

2009 • 1,220 citations

Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia

1994 • 1,152 citations

Dichotomous Dopaminergic Control of Striatal Synaptic Plasticity

2008 • 1,152 citations

Drugs of Abuse and Stress Trigger a Common Synaptic Adaptation in Dopamine Neurons

2003 • 1,133 citations

Dopamine neurons report an error in the temporal prediction of reward during learning

1998 • 1,115 citations

Toward a behavioral economic understanding of drug dependence: delay discounting processes

2001 • 1,101 citations

Dissociable Deficits in the Decision-Making Cognition of Chronic Amphetamine Abusers, Opiate Abusers, Patients with Focal Damage to Prefrontal Cortex, and Tryptophan-Depleted Normal Volunteers Evidence for Monoaminergic Mechanisms

1999 • 1,094 citations

Single cocaine exposure in vivo induces long-term potentiation in dopamine neurons

2001 • 1,084 citations

Dopamine responses comply with basic assumptions of formal learning theory

2001 • 1,034 citations

The neural network of the basal ganglia as revealed by the study of synaptic connections of identified neurones

1990 • 1,021 citations

Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions

1992 • 986 citations

Representation of Action-Specific Reward Values in the Striatum

2005 • 932 citations

Quantitative Variation of Incentive and Performance in the White Rat

1942 • 881 citations

Delay-discounting probabilistic rewards: Rates decrease as amounts increase

1996 • 879 citations

Brain Reward Circuitry

2002 • 875 citations

Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive boutons in synaptic contact with identified striatonigral neurons, with particular reference to dendritic spines

1984 • 866 citations

A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning

2001 • 863 citations

Preferential activation of midbrain dopamine neurons by appetitive rather than aversive stimuli

1996 • 826 citations

Nicotine activates and desensitizes midbrain dopamine neurons

1997 • 762 citations

Impulsive and self-control choices in opioid-dependent patients and non-drug-using control patients: Drug and monetary rewards.

1997 • 707 citations

Reward expectancy in primate prefrental neurons

1996 • 694 citations

Associative learning mediates dynamic shifts in dopamine signaling in the nucleus accumbens

2007 • 686 citations

Neural Differentiation of Expected Reward and Risk in Human Subcortical Structures

2006 • 686 citations

Two types of neurone in the rat ventral tegmental area and their synaptic inputs.

1992 • 682 citations

Solving the Distal Reward Problem through Linkage of STDP and Dopamine Signaling

2007 • 603 citations

Probabilistic reasoning by neurons

2007 • 602 citations

Increased dopamine turnover in the prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance in rats and monkeys.

1996 • 599 citations

Dopamine neurons encode the better option in rats deciding between differently delayed or sized rewards

2007 • 589 citations

Presynaptic regulation of neurotransmitter release in the brain: Facts and hypothesis

1984 • 576 citations

Connectionist and diffusion models of reaction time.

1999 • 575 citations

An experimental study of representative factors in monkeys.

1928 • 569 citations

Functional properties of monkey caudate neurons. I. Activities related to saccadic eye movements

1989 • 533 citations

Learning and Behavior

1969 • 523 citations

Addiction as a Computational Process Gone Awry

2004 • 505 citations

An Approximately Bayesian Delta-Rule Model Explains the Dynamics of Belief Updating in a Changing Environment

2010 • 503 citations

Cortico–basal ganglia circuit mechanism for a decision threshold in reaction time tasks

2006 • 502 citations

Dopaminergic Control of Corticostriatal Long-Term Synaptic Depression in Medium Spiny Neurons Is Mediated by Cholinergic Interneurons

2006 • 498 citations

D₁Receptor Activation Enhances Evoked Discharge in Neostriatal Medium Spiny Neurons by Modulating an L-Type Ca²⁺Conductance

1997 • 492 citations

Reward Value Coding Distinct From Risk Attitude-Related Uncertainty Coding in Human Reward Systems

2006 • 463 citations

Dopamine synaptic complex with pyramidal neurons in primate cerebral cortex.

1989 • 435 citations

Influence of Reward Delays on Responses of Dopamine Neurons

2008 • 431 citations

Electrophysiological evidence for excitation of rat ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons by morphine

1984 • 424 citations

Profiles of Cognitive Dysfunction in Chronic Amphetamine and Heroin Abusers

2000 • 421 citations

Disruption of NMDAR-dependent burst firing by dopamine neurons provides selective assessment of phasic dopamine-dependent behavior

2009 • 414 citations

A role for the prefrontal cortex in stress- and cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats

2002 • 414 citations

Value Representations in the Primate Striatum during Matching Behavior

2008 • 407 citations

Dopamine Receptor Activation Is Required for Corticostriatal Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity

2008 • 396 citations

Effects of methylphenidate on spatial working memory and planning in healthy young adults

1997 • 394 citations

Risk-sensitive neurons in macaque posterior cingulate cortex

2005 • 382 citations

Essential Role of D1 But Not D2 Receptors in the NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation at Hippocampal-Prefrontal Cortex SynapsesIn Vivo

2000 • 369 citations

Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions

1990 • 326 citations

Properties and Plasticity of Excitatory Synapses on Dopaminergic and GABAergic Cells in the Ventral Tegmental Area

1999 • 317 citations

Coding of Predicted Reward Omission by Dopamine Neurons in a Conditioned Inhibition Paradigm

2003 • 306 citations

Prolonged and Extrasynaptic Excitatory Action of Dopamine Mediated by D1 Receptors in the Rat StriatumIn Vivo

1997 • 303 citations

Models of information processing in the basal ganglia

1996 • 292 citations

Activity in human reward-sensitive brain areas is strongly context dependent

2005 • 289 citations

Neural Response to Reward Anticipation under Risk Is Nonlinear in Probabilities

2009 • 286 citations

Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons and Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons Encode the Difference between Reward and Aversive Events at Different Epochs of Probabilistic Classical Conditioning Trials

2008 • 276 citations

Real‐time decoding of dopamine concentration changes in the caudate–putamen during tonic and phasic firing

2003 • 276 citations

Range-Adapting Representation of Economic Value in the Orbitofrontal Cortex

2009 • 274 citations

Role of primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex in the internal generation of movements

1992 • 264 citations

Role of primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex in the internal generation of movements

1992 • 261 citations

Intracranial self-stimulation in relation to the ascending dopaminergic systems of the midbrain: A moveable electrode mapping study

1980 • 258 citations

Influence of Expectation of Different Rewards on Behavior-Related Neuronal Activity in the Striatum

2001 • 256 citations

Neural signals in the monkey ventral striatum related to motivation for juice and cocaine rewards

1996 • 248 citations

Synaptic plasticity and drug addiction

2004 • 244 citations

Coding of Reward Risk by Orbitofrontal Neurons Is Mostly Distinct from Coding of Reward Value

2010 • 240 citations

Prefrontal Coding of Temporally Discounted Values during Intertemporal Choice

2008 • 233 citations

Stimulation of nigrostriatal dopamine neurones by nicotine

1982 • 232 citations

Mechanism and Time Course of Cocaine-Induced Long-Term Potentiation in the Ventral Tegmental Area

2008 • 224 citations

Quantification of the dopamine innervation in adult rat neostriatum

1986 • 216 citations

Adaptation of Reward Sensitivity in Orbitofrontal Neurons

2010 • 200 citations

Ventral Striatal Neurons Encode the Value of the Chosen Action in Rats Deciding between Differently Delayed or Sized Rewards

2009 • 194 citations

Differential Involvement of the Basolateral Amygdala and Mediodorsal Thalamus in Instrumental Action Selection

2008 • 189 citations

Risk-dependent reward value signal in human prefrontal cortex

2009 • 186 citations

Separating Value from Choice: Delay Discounting Activity in the Lateral Intraparietal Area

2010 • 185 citations

A comparison of nucleus accumbens neuronal firing patterns during cocaine self-administration and water reinforcement in rats

1994 • 184 citations

Shifts in magnitude of reward and contrast effects in instrumental and selective learning: A reinterpretation.

1968 • 180 citations

Role of primate basal ganglia and frontal cortex in the internal generation of movements

1992 • 167 citations

Different effects of cocaine and nomifensine on dopamine uptake in the caudate-putamen and nucleus accumbens.

1995 • 164 citations

Reinforcement Learning

1997 • 161 citations

Neuronal Activity in Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Reflects the Value of Time

2005 • 153 citations

Amphetamine Blocks Long-Term Synaptic Depression in the Ventral Tegmental Area

2000 • 151 citations

Comparison of Mesocorticolimbic Neuronal Responses During Cocaine and Heroin Self-Administration in Freely Moving Rats

1998 • 149 citations

Relative reward processing in primate striatum

2005 • 131 citations

Short-Term Temporal Discounting of Reward Value in Human Ventral Striatum

2009 • 98 citations

Neuronal Distortions of Reward Probability without Choice

2008 • 92 citations

Reward Magnitude Coding in Primate Amygdala Neurons

2010 • 86 citations

Neurons in the macaque orbitofrontal cortex code relative preference of both rewarding and aversive outcomes

2007 • 80 citations

Lesions of nucleus accumbens reduce instrumental but not consummatory negative contrast in rats

2000 • 77 citations

Pseudoconditioned jaw movements of the rabbit reflect associations conditioned to contextual background cues.

1975 • 66 citations

Learning in a changing environment.

2010 • 63 citations

Elements of the Intrinsic Organization and Information Processing in the Neostriatum

1994 • 57 citations

Responses of Amygdala Neurons to Positive Reward-Predicting Stimuli Depend on Background Reward (Contingency) Rather Than Stimulus-Reward Pairing (Contiguity)

2009 • 51 citations

Pseudoconditioned jaw movements of the rabbit reflect associations conditioned to contextual background cues.

1975 • 37 citations

Qualitative Differences between Binocular and Uniocular Impressions

1928 • 35 citations

Embodied Technology and the Existence of Labour and Output Aggregates

1968 • 35 citations

Evidence of Temporal Cortical Dysfunction in Rhesus Monkeys following Chronic Cocaine Self-Administration

2007 • 26 citations