Protein evolution by molecular breeding

Adaptation in natural and artificial systems

1975 • 36,178 citations

Somatic generation of antibody diversity

1983 • 3,275 citations

Catalysis in chemistry and enzymology

1969 • 3,236 citations

Rapid evolution of a protein in vitro by DNA shuffling

1994 • 1,901 citations

DNA shuffling by random fragmentation and reassembly: in vitro recombination for molecular evolution.

1994 • 1,274 citations

A new logic for DNA engineering using recombination in Escherichia coli

1998 • 1,199 citations

Man-made cell-like compartments for molecular evolution

1998 • 928 citations

Genetic Algorithms: Principles of Natural Selection Applied to Computation

1993 • 856 citations

Molecular Architecture and Biological Reactions

1946 • 835 citations

DNA shuffling of a family of genes from diverse species accelerates directed evolution

1998 • 821 citations

Molecular evolution by staggered extension process (StEP) in vitro recombination

1998 • 742 citations

Improved properties of FLP recombinase evolved by cycling mutagenesis

1998 • 406 citations

Creation of Enantioselective Biocatalysts for Organic Chemistry by In Vitro Evolution

1997 • 372 citations

Directed evolution converts subtilisin E into a functional equivalent of thermitase

1999 • 320 citations

Out of control: the rise of neo-biological civilization

1994 • 309 citations

Catalytic Plasticity of Fatty Acid Modification Enzymes Underlying Chemical Diversity of Plant Lipids

1998 • 259 citations

Enhanced degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by directed evolution of biphenyl dioxygenase

1998 • 232 citations

Preserving the Internet

1997 • 218 citations

Enhanced biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls after site-directed mutagenesis of a biphenyl dioxygenase gene

1993 • 182 citations

Engineering a tRNA and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase for the site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo

1997 • 182 citations

Random-priming in vitro recombination: An effective tool for directed evolution

1998 • 179 citations

Strategies for the in vitro evolution of protein function: enzyme evolution by random recombination of improved sequences 1 1Edited by J. Wells

1997 • 159 citations

Functional analyses of a variety of chimeric dioxygenases constructed from two biphenyl dioxygenases that are similar structurally but different functionally

1997 • 147 citations

Directed evolution of an esterase for the stereoselective resolution of a key intermediate in the synthesis of epothilones

1998 • 145 citations

A method for directed evolution and functional cloning of enzymes

1998 • 139 citations

Extremophiles

1997 • 131 citations

Directed evolution of thymidine kinase for AZT phosphorylation using DNA family shuffling

1999 • 126 citations

Engineering new functions and altering existing functions

1996 • 116 citations

Sequential Interchange of Four Amino Acids from Blood Group B to Blood Group A Glycosyltransferase Boosts Catalytic Activity and Progressively Modifies Substrate Recognition in Human Recombinant Enzymes

1997 • 107 citations

Mechanistically diverse enzyme superfamilies: the importance of chemistry in the evolution of catalysis

1998 • 94 citations

Rational protein design: Combining theory and experiment

1997 • 86 citations

Serial increase in the thermal stability of 3‐isopropylmalate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis by experimental evolution

1998 • 78 citations

Artificial evolution by DNA shuffling

1998 • 78 citations

Protein engineering from a bioindustrial point of view

1997 • 68 citations

Searching Sequence Space

1995 • 65 citations

Making chemistry selectable by linking it to infectivity

1997 • 63 citations

Effect of mutations in Candida antarctica B lipase

1998 • 58 citations

Combinatorial protein design by in vitro recombination

1998 • 49 citations

New enzyme lineages by subdomain shuffling

1998 • 44 citations

Selection of a subtilisin-hyperproducing Bacillus in a highly structured environment

1998 • 33 citations

Substrate Specificity of Staphylococcus hyicus Lipase and Staphylococcus aureus Lipase As Studied by in Vivo Chimeragenesis

1998 • 25 citations

Simulated evolution and artificial selection

1989 • 4 citations