Has the mortality of septic shock changed with time?

APACHE II-A Severity of Disease Classification System

1986 • 12,607 citations

APACHE II

1985 • 12,347 citations

The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure

1996 • 9,565 citations

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score

1995 • 2,453 citations

The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. EPIC International Advisory Committee

1995 • 2,104 citations

The Natural History of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

1995 • 2,007 citations

Treatment of Gram-Negative Bacteremia and Septic Shock with HA-1A Human Monoclonal Antibody against Endotoxin

1991 • 1,611 citations

A Trial of Goal-Oriented Hemodynamic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients

1995 • 1,526 citations

The Prevalence of Nosocomial Infection in Intensive Care Units in Europe

1995 • 1,469 citations

A Controlled Clinical Trial of High-Dose Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock

1987 • 1,434 citations

Gram-negative bacteremia

1980 • 1,341 citations

Treatment of Septic Shock with the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor:Fc Fusion Protein

1996 • 1,217 citations

Septic Shock in Humans

1990 • 1,170 citations

Major trends in the microbial etiology of nosocomial infection

1991 • 1,131 citations

Treatment of Gram-Negative Bacteremia and Shock with Human Antiserum to a MutantEscherichia coli

1982 • 1,062 citations

Recombinant human interleukin 1 receptor antagonist in the treatment of patients with sepsis syndrome. Results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phase III rhIL-1ra Sepsis Syndrome Study Group

1994 • 920 citations

Serum Cytokine Levels in Human Septic Shock

1993 • 882 citations

A look into the nature and causes of human errors in the intensive care unit

1995 • 841 citations

Efficacy and Safety of Monoclonal Antibody to Human Tumor Necrosis Factor α in Patients With Sepsis Syndrome

1995 • 805 citations

The Effects of High-Dose Corticosteroids in Patients with Septic Shock

1984 • 761 citations

A Controlled Clinical Trial of E5 Murine Monoclonal IgM Antibody to Endotoxin in the Treatment of Gram-Negative Sepsis

1991 • 741 citations

Blood Lactate Levels Are Superior to Oxygen-Derived Variables in Predicting Outcome in Human Septic Shock

1991 • 717 citations

Recombinant Human Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist in the Treatment of Patients With Sepsis Syndrome

1994 • 714 citations

Sepsis syndrome: a valid clinical entity. Methylprednisolone Severe Sepsis Study Group.

1989 • 709 citations

Septic Shock, Multiple Organ Failure, and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation

1992 • 708 citations

Improved Survival of Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): 1983-1993

1995 • 700 citations

Endotoxemia in Human Septic Shock

1991 • 656 citations

Elevation of Cardiac Output and Oxygen Delivery Improves Outcome in Septic Shock

1992 • 555 citations

Steroids in the Treatment of Clinical Septic Shock

1976 • 540 citations

Sepsis syndrome

1989 • 523 citations

Ineffectiveness of High-dose Methylprednisolone in Preventing Parenchymal Lung Injury and Improving Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock

1988 • 511 citations

Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock

1987 • 502 citations

INTERSEPT

1996 • 492 citations

Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 serum levels during severe sepsis in humans

1989 • 485 citations

The Clinical Significance of Positive Blood Cultures: A Comprehensive Analysis of 500 Episodes of Bacteremia and Fungemia in Adults. II. Clinical Observations, with Special Reference to Factors Influencing Prognosis

1983 • 483 citations

Treatment of Septic Shock with Human Monoclonal Antibody HA-1A

1994 • 474 citations

Norepinephrine or Dopamine for the Treatment of Hyperdynamic Septic Shock?

1993 • 454 citations

High circulating levels of interleukin-6 in patients with septic shock: Evolution during sepsis, prognostic value, and interplay with other cytokines

1991 • 446 citations

Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: a prospective, randomized study

1997 • 442 citations

Patterns Of Septic Shock In Man—a Detailed Study Of 56 Patients

1967 • 384 citations

Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Dilatation, Similar to Left Ventricular Changes, Characterize the Cardiac Depression of Septic Shock in Humans

1990 • 380 citations

The Effect of Fluid Loading, Blood Transfusion, and Catecholamine Infusion on Oxygen Delivery and Consumption in Patients with Sepsis^1,2

1986 • 367 citations

Plasma Tumor Necrosis Factor in Patients with Septic Shock: Mortality Rate, Incidence of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome, and Effects of Methylprednisolone Administration

1990 • 335 citations

Gastric Intramucosal pH

1993 • 322 citations

Gram-positive Organisms and Sepsis

1994 • 314 citations

Prognostic factors in acute renal failure due to sepsis. Results of a prospective multicentre study

1996 • 306 citations

Adrenal insufficiency occurring during septic shock: incidence, outcome, and relationship to peripheral cytokine levels

1995 • 279 citations

Impact of Critical Care Physician Staffing on Patients With Septic Shock in a University Hospital Medical Intensive Care Unit

1988 • 273 citations

Treatment of Gram-Negative Septic Shock with Human IgG Antibody to Escherichia coli J5: A Prospective, Double-Blind, Randomized Trial

1988 • 266 citations

Prognostic factors in acute renal failure due to sepsis. Results of a prospective multicentre study

1996 • 264 citations

Prognosis in Generalized Peritonitis

1983 • 251 citations

An overview of mortality risk prediction in sepsis

1995 • 251 citations

Sepsis and serum cytokine concentrations

1997 • 247 citations

Hemodynamic studies and results of therapy in 50 patients with bacteremic shock

1973 • 244 citations

Hemodynamic determinants of mortality in human septic shock

1986 • 243 citations

L-arginine pathway in the sepsis syndrome

1993 • 242 citations

Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist BN 52021 in the treatment of severe sepsis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial

1994 • 238 citations

Veno-arterial Carbon Dioxide Gradient in Human Septic Shock

1992 • 218 citations

Elevated plasma levels of the anaphylatoxins C3a and C4a are associated with a fatal outcome in sepsis

1989 • 218 citations

Determinants of Organ Malfunction or Death in Patients With Intra-abdominal Sepsis

1983 • 216 citations

Use of survivorsʼ cardiorespiratory values as therapeutic goals in septic shock

1989 • 214 citations

Left ventricular performance in septic shock: Reversible segmental and global abnormalities

1985 • 212 citations

Norepinephrine therapy has no deleterious renal effects in human septic shock

1989 • 210 citations

The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock states

1993 • 205 citations

Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist BN 52021 in the treatment of severe sepsis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial

1994 • 204 citations

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1: A New Prognostic Marker in Septic Shock

1989 • 202 citations

Plasma cortisol levels in patients with septic shock

1990 • 193 citations

Patterns of cytokines, plasma endotoxin, plasminogen activator inhibitor, and acute-phase proteins during the treatment of severe sepsis in humans

1992 • 190 citations

Effect of ibuprofen in patients with severe sepsis

1991 • 180 citations

Myocardial depression during sepsis

1977 • 178 citations

Shock Caused by Gram-negative Microorganisms

1964 • 174 citations

Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Dopamine in Patients with Shock

1971 • 168 citations

Adrenocortical function during septic shock

1995 • 166 citations

Serum Complement Levels in Bacteremia Due to Gram-Negative Organisms

1973 • 159 citations

CDP571, a humanized antibody to human tumor necrosis factor-alpha

1995 • 152 citations

Influence of N-acetylcysteine on indirect indicators of tissue oxygenation in septic shock patients: Results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study

1994 • 152 citations

Hemodynamic Measurements in Septic Shock

1965 • 148 citations

Influence of N-acetylcysteine on indirect indicators of tissue oxygenation in septic shock patients: Results from a prospective, randomized, double-blind study

1994 • 133 citations

Septic shock in patients with cirrhosis

1992 • 132 citations

Effectiveness of Nitric Oxide Inhalation in Septic ARDS

1996 • 131 citations

Venous hypercarbia associated with severe sepsis and systemic hypoperfusion

1990 • 129 citations

Serum tumor necrosis factor levels in patients with infectious disease and septic shock.

1990 • 128 citations

HEMODYNAMIC AND METABOLIC STUDIES ON SHOCK ASSOCIATED WITH GRAM NEGATIVE BACTEREMIA

1973 • 127 citations

ANTI-LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE IMMUNOTHERAPY IN MANAGEMENT OF SEPTIC SHOCK OF OBSTETRIC AND GYNAECOLOGICAL ORIGIN

1984 • 126 citations

Relationship of oxygen delivery and mixed venous oxygenation to lactic acidosis in patients with sepsis and acute myocardial infarction

1988 • 122 citations

Peripheral vascular resistance in septic shock: its relation to outcome

1988 • 120 citations

The Shock Syndrome Associated with Bacteremia Due to Gram-Negative Bacilli

1958 • 117 citations

Myocardial depression characterizes the fatal course of septic shock.

1992 • 117 citations

Septic shock and multiple organ failure

1991 • 114 citations

Right ventricular dysfunction in septic shock: assessment by measurements of right ventricular ejection fraction using the thermodilution technique

1989 • 113 citations

Early hemodynamic correlates of survival in patients with septic shock

1989 • 112 citations

N-acetyl-L-cysteine depresses cardiac performance in patients with septic shock

1996 • 109 citations

Sequential Cardiorespiratory Patterns Associated with Outcome in Septic Shock

1984 • 107 citations

Prognostic values of serum cytokines in septic shock

1994 • 103 citations

The Sepsis Syndrome in a Dutch University Hospital

1993 • 100 citations

Clinical trial of an algorithm for outcome prediction in acute circulatory failure

1982 • 98 citations

Round table conference on clinical trials for the treatment of sepsis

1995 • 98 citations

Septic shock: a goal‐directed therapy using volume loading, dobutamine and/or norepinephrine

1990 • 92 citations

Plasma endothelin levels are increased during septic shock

1992 • 91 citations

Comparison of dopamine to dobutamine and norepinephrine for oxygen delivery and uptake in septic shock

1995 • 90 citations

Increased plasma concentrations of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors in sepsis syndrome

1994 • 81 citations

Liver function in septic shock.

1982 • 79 citations

Septicemia in a Community Hospital 1970 Through 1973

1977 • 77 citations

Urine Hydrogen Peroxide During Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Patients With and Without Sepsis

1994 • 76 citations

Endotoxemia and Bacteremia in Patients With Sepsis Syndrome in the Intensive Care Unit

1994 • 73 citations

Influence of continuous haemofiltration-related hypothermia on haemodynamic variables and gas exchange in septic patients

1994 • 67 citations

Early hemodynamic course of septic shock

1995 • 66 citations

Laparotomy for Intra-abdominal Sepsis in Patients in an Intensive Care Unit

1984 • 65 citations

Ultimate survival from septic shock

1986 • 61 citations

Endotoxin Shock

1962 • 61 citations

Hemodynamic responses to Gram-positive versus Gram-negative sepsis in critically ill patients with and without circulatory shock

1991 • 60 citations

Circulatory shock associated with purulent peritonitis

1981 • 55 citations

Plasmapheresis in Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock

1996 • 54 citations

Temporal Hemodynamic and Oxygen Transport Patterns in Medical Patients

1993 • 54 citations

Sequence of physiologic patterns in surgical septic shock

1993 • 47 citations

Community-acquired Bacteraemia; A Prospective Survey of 239 Cases

1988 • 47 citations

Influence of pentoxifylline on cytokine levels and inflammatory parameters in septic shock

1996 • 46 citations

An extreme form of the hyperdynamic syndrome in septic shock

1984 • 44 citations

A novel score for predicting the mortality of septic shock patients

1992 • 39 citations

Haemodynamic studies in shock associated with infection.

1967 • 36 citations

Accuracy in early prediction of prognosis of patients with septic shock by analysis of simple indices

1990 • 35 citations

Comparison of disease severity scoring systems in septic shock

1991 • 34 citations

The French National Registry of HA-1A (Centoxin) in Septic Shock

1994 • 33 citations

Nature and Treatment of Septic Shock

1958 • 31 citations

Prospective, controlled, randomized trial of naloxone infusion in early hyperdynamic septic shock

1989 • 25 citations

The relationship of blood lactate concentrations, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption in septic shock and the adult respiratory distress syndrome

1992 • 22 citations

Effects of Treatment on the Mortality Rate in Septicaemia

1969 • 18 citations

Septic shock of endotoxin type

1968 • 17 citations

Pulmonary Gas Exchange in Shock in Humans

1969 • 15 citations

Hemodynamic Changes, Treatment, and Prognosis in Clinical Shock

1971 • 14 citations

A Three Year Retrospective Analysis of Septic Shock in a General Hospital

1975 • 11 citations

The use of arterial--central venous oxygen differences to calculate cardiac output and oxygen consumption in critically ill surgical patients.

1978 • 8 citations

Septic shock associated with operations for colorectal disease

1978 • 8 citations

Platelet count and other haematological measurements in septic shock.

1980 • 5 citations

Treatment of bacteremic shock. An analysis of 83 patients.

1969 • 1 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations