Differential Recognition of Target Genes by Nuclear Receptor Monomers, Dimers, and Heterodimers*

The Steroid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor Superfamily

1988 • 7,590 citations

Gene regulation by steroid hormones

1989 • 3,466 citations

Zinc Finger-DNA Recognition: Crystal Structure of a Zif268-DNA Complex at 2.1 Å

1991 • 2,034 citations

9-cis retinoic acid is a high affinity ligand for the retinoid X receptor

1992 • 1,790 citations

Convergence of 9-cis retinoic acid and peroxisome proliferator signalling pathways through heterodimer formation of their receptors

1992 • 1,751 citations

Direct repeats as selective response elements for the thyroid hormone, retinoic acid, and vitamin D3 receptors

1991 • 1,725 citations

Nuclear receptor that identifies a novel retinoic acid response pathway

1990 • 1,529 citations

Retinoid X receptor interacts with nuclear receptors in retinoic acid, thyroid hormone and vitamin D3 signalling

1992 • 1,514 citations

Crystallographic analysis of the interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor with DNA

1991 • 1,501 citations

The two-hybrid system: a method to identify and clone genes for proteins that interact with a protein of interest.

1991 • 1,489 citations

Control of the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway by a novel family of nuclear hormone receptors

1992 • 1,362 citations

Functional domains of the human estrogen receptor

1987 • 1,316 citations

Functional antagonism between oncoprotein c-Jun and the glucocorticoid receptor

1990 • 1,272 citations

9-Cis retinoic acid stereoisomer binds and activates the nuclear receptor RXRα

1992 • 1,252 citations

RXRβ: A coregulator that enhances binding of retinoic acid, thyroid hormone, and vitamin D receptors to their cognate response elements

1991 • 1,241 citations

The estrogen receptor binds tightly to its responsive element as a ligand-induced homodimer

1988 • 1,233 citations

Characterization of three RXR genes that mediate the action of 9-cis retinoic acid.

1992 • 1,200 citations

Identification of a retinoic acid responsive element in the retinoic acid receptor & beta;gene

1990 • 1,018 citations

Retinoid X receptor is an auxiliary protein for thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors

1992 • 966 citations

The drosophila EcR gene encodes an ecdysone receptor, a new member of the steroid receptor superfamily

1991 • 958 citations

Determinants of target gene specificity for steroid/thyroid hormone receptors

1989 • 954 citations

Fatty acids and retinoids control lipid metabolism through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-retinoid X receptor heterodimers.

1993 • 940 citations

The mouse peroxisome proliferator activated receptor recognizes a response element in the 5′ flanking sequence of the rat acyl CoA oxidase gene.

1992 • 903 citations

Drosophila ultraspiracle modulates ecdysone receptor function via heterodimer formation

1992 • 719 citations

The thyroid hormone receptor binds with opposite transcriptional effects to a common sequence motif in thyroid hormone and estrogen response elements

1988 • 679 citations

A direct repeat in the cellular retinol-binding protein type II gene confers differential regulation by RXR and RAR

1991 • 672 citations

Evolution of the nuclear receptor gene superfamily.

1992 • 662 citations

Steroidogenic factor I, a key regulator of steroidogenic enzyme expression, is the mouse homolog of fushi tarazu-factor I.

1992 • 635 citations

Characterization and colocalization of steroid binding and dimerization activities in the mouse estrogen receptor

1990 • 617 citations

A structural taxonomy of DNA-binding domains

1991 • 615 citations

Solution Structure of the Glucocorticoid Receptor DNA-Binding Domain

1990 • 609 citations

The orientation and spacing of core DNA-binding motifs dictate selective transcriptional responses to three nuclear receptors

1991 • 603 citations

Molecular interactions of steroid hormone receptor with its enhancer element: Evidence for receptor dimer formation

1988 • 600 citations

Retinoic acid and thyroid hormone induce gene expression through a common responsive element

1988 • 586 citations

Drosophila tissues with different metamorphic responses to ecdysone express different ecdysone receptor isoforms

1993 • 583 citations

Homodimer formation of retinoid X receptor induced by 9-cis retinoic acid

1992 • 583 citations

Identification of the DNA Binding Site for NGFI-B by Genetic Selection in Yeast

1991 • 566 citations

Two nuclear signalling pathways for vitamin D

1993 • 559 citations

High postnatal lethality and testis degeneration in retinoic acid receptor alpha mutant mice.

1993 • 541 citations

The function and structure of the metal coordination sites within the glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain

1988 • 522 citations

Heterodimerization of the Drosophila ecdysone receptor with retinoid X receptor and ultraspiracle

1993 • 519 citations

Colocalization of DNA-binding and transcriptional activation functions in the human glucocorticoid receptor

1987 • 512 citations

Positive and negative regulation of gene transcription by a retinoic acid-thyroid hormone receptor heterodimer

1989 • 508 citations

Three amino acids of the oestrogen receptor are essential to its ability to distinguish an oestrogen from a glucocorticoid-responsive element

1989 • 507 citations

Modular structure of a chicken lysozyme silencer: Involvement of an unusual thyroid hormone receptor binding site

1990 • 487 citations

Characterization of an autoregulated response element in the mouse retinoic acid receptor type beta gene.

1990 • 487 citations

H-2RIIBP (RXR beta) heterodimerization provides a mechanism for combinatorial diversity in the regulation of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone responsive genes.

1992 • 480 citations

COUP transcription factor is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily

1989 • 480 citations

Roles of SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 Proteins for Transcriptional Enhancement by Steroid Receptors

1992 • 477 citations

Identification of a DNA sequence responsible for binding of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhancement of mouse secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP-1 or osteopontin) gene expression.

1990 • 467 citations

Mineralocorticoid and Glucocorticoid Receptor Activities Distinguished by Nonreceptor Factors at a Composite Response Element

1993 • 461 citations

Solution structure of the DMA-binding domain of the oestrogen receptor

1990 • 458 citations

RXR alpha, a promiscuous partner of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptors.

1992 • 446 citations

MINIREVIEW: Interactions Among a Subfamily of Nuclear Hormone Receptors: The Regulatory Zipper Model

1990 • 428 citations

Thyroid hormone receptor α isoforms generated by alternative splicing differentially activate myosin HC gene transcription

1988 • 425 citations

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-Responsive Element and Glucocorticoid Repression in the Osteocalcin Gene

1989 • 418 citations

All-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid induction of CRABPII transcription is mediated by RAR-RXR heterodimers bound to DR1 and DR2 repeated motifs

1992 • 417 citations

Ad4BP regulating steroidogenic P-450 gene is a member of steroid hormone receptor superfamily.

1993 • 411 citations

Relationship between the product of the Drosophila ultraspiracle locus and the vertebrate retinoid X receptor

1990 • 403 citations

The human oestrogen receptor functions in yeast

1988 • 402 citations

Interaction of the peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor and retinoid X receptor.

1993 • 394 citations

Retinoid X receptor-COUP-TF interactions modulate retinoic acid signaling.

1992 • 389 citations

Repression of transcription mediated at a thyroid hormone response element by the v-erb-A oncogene product

1989 • 387 citations

Differential orientations of the DNA-binding domain and carboxy-terminal dimerization interface regulate binding site selection by nuclear receptor heterodimers.

1993 • 369 citations

Two amino acids within the knuckle of the first zinc finger specify DNA response element activation by the glucocorticoid receptor

1989 • 358 citations

Oestrogen and glucocorticoid responsive elements are closely related but distinct

1987 • 353 citations

Retinoids Selective for Retinoid X Receptor Response Pathways

1992 • 342 citations

Promoter context- and response element-dependent specificity of the transcriptional activation and modulating functions of retinoic acid receptors

1992 • 341 citations

Mechanisms of nuclear localization of the progesterone receptor: Evidence for interaction between monomers

1989 • 329 citations

Interaction of human thyroid hormone receptor beta with transcription factor TFIIB may mediate target gene derepression and activation by thyroid hormone.

1993 • 328 citations

Participation of Non-Zinc Finger Residues in DNA Binding by Two Nuclear Orphan Receptors

1992 • 323 citations

Mammalian Glucocorticoid Receptor Derivatives Enhance Transcription in Yeast

1988 • 315 citations

The vitamin D-responsive element in the human osteocalcin gene. Association with a nuclear proto-oncogene enhancer.

1990 • 313 citations

Structure of the Retinoid X Receptor α DNA Binding Domain: a Helix Required for Homodimeric DNA Binding

1993 • 296 citations

A Domain Containing Leucine-Zipper-Like Motifs Mediate Novelin VivoInteractions between the Thyroid Hormone and Retinoic Acid Receptors

1989 • 293 citations

The estrogen-responsive element as an inducible enhancer: DNA sequence requirements and conversion to a glucocorticoid-responsive element.

1987 • 268 citations

Identification of a retinoic acid responsive enhancer 3′ of the murine homeobox gene Hox-1.6

1992 • 268 citations

PPAR-RXR Heterodimer Activates a Peroxisome Proliferator Response Element Upstream of the Bifunctional Enzyme Gene

1993 • 265 citations

The N-terminal DNA-binding ‘zinc finger’ of the oestrogen and glucocorticoid receptors determines target gene specificity.

1988 • 265 citations

Unliganded thyroid hormone receptor inhibits formation of a functional preinitiation complex: implications for active repression.

1993 • 262 citations

The dimerization interfaces formed between the DNA binding domains of RXR, RAR and TR determine the binding specificity and polarity of the full-length receptors to direct repeats.

1994 • 251 citations

Multiple mechanisms of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor-dependent repression of transactivation by the vitamin D, thyroid hormone, and retinoic acid receptors.

1993 • 245 citations

A tissue-specific enhancer confers Pit-1-dependent morphogen inducibility and autoregulation on the pit-1 gene.

1993 • 242 citations

A retinoic acid response element is present in the mouse cellular retinol binding protein I (mCRBPI) promoter.

1991 • 240 citations

Mutations in the glucocorticoid receptor zinc finger region that distinguish interdigitated DNA binding and transcriptional enhancement activities.

1989 • 240 citations

Mutations of the Rat Growth Hormone Promoter which Increase and Decrease Response to Thyroid Hormone Define a Consensus Thyroid Hormone Response Element

1989 • 240 citations

A Retinoic Acid Receptor-Specific Element Controls the Retinoic Acid Receptor-β Promoter

1990 • 235 citations

Identification of a peroxisome proliferator-responsive element upstream of the gene encoding rat peroxisomal enoyl-CoA hydratase/3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.

1992 • 233 citations

Interaction of the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain with DNA as a dimer is mediated by a short segment of five amino acids.

1991 • 225 citations

Identification of Nuclear Factors that Enhance Binding of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor to a Thyroid Hormone Response Element

1989 • 219 citations

The patterns of binding of RAR, RXR and TR homo- and heterodimers to direct repeats are dictated by the binding specificites of the DNA binding domains.

1993 • 218 citations

A retinoic acid-responsive element in the apolipoprotein AI gene distinguishes between two different retinoic acid response pathways.

1991 • 217 citations

COUP Orphan Receptors Are Negative Regulators of Retinoic Acid Response Pathways

1992 • 216 citations

Mouse retinoic acid receptor alpha 2 isoform is transcribed from a promoter that contains a retinoic acid response element.

1991 • 212 citations

Multiple cell type-specific proteins differentially regulate target sequence recognition by the α retinoic acid receptor

1990 • 211 citations

Dimerization interfaces formed between the DNA binding domains determine the cooperative binding of RXR/RAR and RXR/TR heterodimers to DR5 and DR4 elements.

1994 • 210 citations

Multiple parameters control the selectivity of nuclear receptors for their response elements. Selectivity and promiscuity in response element recognition by retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors.

1993 • 207 citations

Both Pit-1 and the Estrogen Receptor Are Required for Estrogen Responsiveness of the Rat Prolactin Gene

1990 • 200 citations

The Orphan Receptor Rev-ErbAα Activates Transcription via a Novel Response element

1993 • 199 citations

Metal binding ‘finger’ structures in the glucocorticoid receptor defined by site-directed mutagenesis.

1988 • 199 citations

Two -acting regulatory sequences in the peroxisome proliferator-responsive enhancer region of rat acyl-CoA oxidase gene

1991 • 198 citations

Vitamin D receptor interaction with specific DNA requires a nuclear protein and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.

1990 • 197 citations

Functional inhibition of retinoic acid response by dominant negative retinoic acid receptor mutants.

1993 • 193 citations

Normal development and growth of mice carrying a targeted disruption of the alpha 1 retinoic acid receptor gene.

1993 • 192 citations

A nuclear factor that enhances binding of thyroid hormone receptors to thyroid hormone response elements.

1990 • 192 citations

A novel DNA-binding motif abuts the zinc finger domain of insect nuclear hormone receptor FTZ-F1 and mouse embryonal long terminal repeat-binding protein.

1992 • 191 citations

Retinoic acid response element in the human alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH3: implications for regulation of retinoic acid synthesis.

1991 • 189 citations

Identification of a thyroid hormone response element in the malic enzyme gene.

1990 • 182 citations

Functional characterization of the rat growth hormone promoter elements required for induction by thyroid hormone with and without a co-transfected β type thyroid hormone receptor

1989 • 177 citations

Interaction between retinoic acid and vitamin D signaling pathways.

1993 • 171 citations

Characterization of myelin basic protein thyroid hormone response element and its function in the context of native and heterologous promoter.

1992 • 167 citations

A mutated retinoic acid receptor-alpha exhibiting dominant-negative activity alters the lineage development of a multipotent hematopoietic cell line.

1992 • 160 citations

An everted repeat mediates retinoic acid induction of the gamma F-crystallin gene: evidence of a direct role for retinoids in lens development.

1993 • 157 citations

Ligand-activated thyroid hormone and retinoic acid receptors inhibit growth factor receptor promoter expression

1990 • 139 citations

Heterodimerization among thyroid hormone receptor, retinoic acid receptor, retinoid X receptor, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor, and an endogenous liver protein.

1992 • 137 citations

The Conserved Ninth C-Terminal Heptad in Thyroid Hormone and Retinoic Acid Receptors Mediates Diverse Responses by Affecting Heterodimer but Not Homodimer Formation

1993 • 132 citations

DNA binding and heteromerization of the Drosophila transcription factor chorion factor 1/ultraspiracle.

1992 • 130 citations

Embryonal long terminal repeat-binding protein is a murine homolog of FTZ-F1, a member of the steroid receptor superfamily.

1992 • 130 citations

Baculovirus-mediated expression of the human vitamin D receptor. Functional characterization, vitamin D response element interactions, and evidence for a receptor auxiliary factor.

1991 • 128 citations

Human estrogen receptor forms multiple protein-DNA complexes.

1990 • 126 citations

A novel cis element mediating ligand-independent activation by c-ErbA: Implications for hormonal regulation

1993 • 119 citations

RAR gamma 2 expression is regulated through a retinoic acid response element embedded in Sp1 sites.

1992 • 115 citations

In contrast to the glucocorticoid receptor, the thyroid hormone receptor is translated in the DNA binding state and is not associated with hsp90.

1990 • 112 citations

DNA target selectivity by the vitamin D3 receptor: mechanism of dimer binding to an asymmetric repeat element.

1993 • 110 citations

A 55-Kilodalton Accessory Factor Facilitates Vitamin D Receptor DNA Binding

1991 • 109 citations

Nonbiased identification of DNA sequences that bind thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 with high affinity.

1993 • 109 citations

DNA recognition by the oestrogen receptor: from solution to the crystal

1993 • 108 citations

Triiodothyronine (T3) differentially affects T3-receptor/retinoic acid receptor and T3-receptor/retinoid X receptor heterodimer binding to DNA

1992 • 102 citations

Reconstitution of the vitamin D-responsive osteocalcin transcription unit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1989 • 101 citations

Thyroid hormone alters in vitro DNA binding of monomers and dimers of thyroid hormone receptors.

1992 • 95 citations

Binding characteristics of the thyroid hormone receptor homo- and heterodimers to consensus AGGTCA repeat motifs.

1992 • 94 citations

A nuclear protein essential for binding of rat 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor to its response elements.

1992 • 94 citations

Thyroid Hormone Receptor Mutations that Interfere with Transcriptional Activation also Interfere with Receptor Interaction with a Nuclear Protein

1991 • 93 citations

Thyroid hormone nuclear receptor. Evidence for multimeric organization in chromatin.

1982 • 91 citations

Retinoic acid receptor belongs to a subclass of nuclear receptors that do not form "docking" complexes with hsp90

1991 • 91 citations

Activation of the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene retinoic acid response element is dependent on a retinoic acid receptor/coregulator complex.

1992 • 88 citations

Thyroid hormone alters the DNA binding properties of chicken thyroid hormone receptors α and β

1992 • 87 citations

Unliganded T3R, but not its oncogenic variant, v-erbA, suppresses RAR-dependent transactivation by titrating out RXR.

1993 • 86 citations

Efficient transactivation by retinoic acid receptors in yeast requires retinoid X receptors.

1993 • 84 citations

The viral erbA oncogene protein, a constitutive repressor in animal cells, is a hormone-regulated activator in yeast

1990 • 80 citations

Heterodimeric receptor complexes determine 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and retinoid signaling specificities.

1992 • 76 citations

Ordered binding of retinoic acid and retinoid-X receptors to asymmetric response elements involves determinants adjacent to the DNA-binding domain.

1994 • 72 citations

High affinity and specificity of dimeric binding of thyroid hormone receptors to DNA and their ligand-dependent dissociation.

1993 • 71 citations

Characterization and tissue expression of multiple triiodothyronine receptor-auxiliary proteins and their relationship to the retinoid X-receptors.

1993 • 69 citations

Reconstitution of retinoid X receptor function and combinatorial regulation of other nuclear hormone receptors in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

1993 • 67 citations

DNA Binding Properties of the Vitamin D₃Receptor Zinc Finger Region

1991 • 65 citations

Divergent effects of 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor on positive and negative thyroid hormone receptor-dependent gene expression.

1993 • 61 citations

Functional interaction of hybrid response elements with wild-type and mutant steroid hormone receptors.

1991 • 60 citations

Identification of a novel retinoid-responsive element in the promoter region of the medium chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase gene.

1992 • 60 citations

The solution structure of the human retinoic acid receptor-β DNA-binding domain

1993 • 53 citations

Ligand-dependent synergy of thyroid hormone and retinoid X receptors.

1992 • 53 citations

The herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene promoter contains a novel thyroid hormone response element.

1993 • 46 citations

Ligand-dependent, Pit-1/growth hormone factor-1 (GHF-1)-independent transcriptional stimulation of rat growth hormone gene expression by thyroid hormone receptors in vitro.

1993 • 43 citations

The unique C-termini of the thyroid hormone receptor variant, c-erbA alpha 2, and thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 mediate different DNA-binding and heterodimerization properties.

1992 • 39 citations

Selective antagonism of thyroid hormone action by retinoic acid.

1992 • 38 citations

Thyroid hormone receptor dimerization function maps to a conserved subregion of the ligand binding domain.

1992 • 37 citations