Children’s Use of Cognitive Strategies, How to Teach Strategies, and What to Do If They Can’t Be Taught

Levels of processing: A framework for memory research

1972 • 9,205 citations

Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive–developmental inquiry.

1979 • 8,290 citations

Handbook of reading research

1991 • 7,293 citations

Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory.

1977 • 7,025 citations

Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.

1977 • 5,510 citations

Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring Activities

1984 • 5,139 citations

Plans and the structure of behavior.

1960 • 4,403 citations

Attention to Action

1986 • 4,309 citations

Verbal reports as data.

1980 • 4,213 citations

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1955

1957 • 4,104 citations

Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading

1974 • 3,715 citations

Depth of processing and the retention of words in episodic memory.

1975 • 3,647 citations

Plans and the Structure of Behavior

1960 • 3,598 citations

A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension.

1980 • 3,471 citations

Cognitive-Behavior Modification

1977 • 3,146 citations

The conditions of learning

1977 • 2,946 citations

Schema induction and analogical transfer

1983 • 2,853 citations

Schemata: The Building Blocks of Cognition

2017 • 2,586 citations

Advances in Instructional Psychology

2019 • 2,540 citations

Controlled and automatic human information processing: I

1977 • 2,264 citations

The concept of activity in Soviet psychology

2002 • 2,235 citations

Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension

2017 • 2,200 citations

New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies

2012 • 1,705 citations

Identifying the organization of writing processes

1980 • 1,620 citations

Monitoring and self-repair in speech

1983 • 1,593 citations

Learning, Remembering, and Understanding

2017 • 1,477 citations

Becoming a strategic reader

1983 • 1,368 citations

Handbook of Human Intelligence

1984 • 1,282 citations

Advances in Child Development and Behavior

2008 • 1,276 citations

The influence of improvement in one mental function upon the efficiency of other functions. (I).

1901 • 1,190 citations

Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition

1978 • 1,141 citations

The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading.

1908 • 1,040 citations

Cognition, social behavior, and the environment

1981 • 1,013 citations

Psychology and language

2009 • 992 citations

The development of mathematical thinking

1983 • 965 citations

Cognitive Processes in Writing

2016 • 959 citations

Perspectives on the Development of Memory and Cognition

1977 • 932 citations

Origins of cognitive skills

1986 • 876 citations

The acquisition of mental verbs: A systematic investigation of the first reference to mental state

1983 • 741 citations

Macrorules for summarizing texts: the development of expertise

1983 • 708 citations

Theories in Cognitive Psychology: The Loyola Symposium

1975 • 694 citations

Children's Thinking

2013 • 682 citations

Children's oral communication skills

1981 • 674 citations

Knowledge structures and memory development.

1978 • 659 citations

Developmental Studies of Mediated Memory

1970 • 647 citations

Acquisition of domain-related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge

1979 • 634 citations

Metacognition, cognition, and human performance

1985 • 613 citations

The Development of Memory: Knowing, Knowing About Knowing, and Knowing How to Know

1975 • 612 citations

Realizing That You Don't Understand: Elementary School Children's Awareness of Inconsistencies

1979 • 530 citations

Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings

1979 • 489 citations

Cognitive Development

1986 • 416 citations

Stage-related properties of cognitive development

1971 • 407 citations

Reading as reasoning: A study of mistakes in paragraph reading.

1917 • 406 citations

Skills, plans, and self-regulation

1978 • 400 citations

Problem Solving and Education: Issues in Teaching and Research

1980 • 389 citations

Success and Understanding

1979 • 378 citations

Relizing That You Don't Understand: A Preliminary Investigation

1977 • 376 citations

What writers know : the language, process, and structure of written discourse

1982 • 376 citations

Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing

1983 • 371 citations

Problem solving and education.

1980 • 367 citations

The understanding process: Problem isomorphs

1976 • 366 citations

Memory Development in Children

2001 • 349 citations

Use of Thinking Aloud in Identification and Teaching of Reading Comprehension Strategies

1985 • 349 citations

Infant pattern vision: A new approach based on the contrast sensitivity function

1981 • 341 citations

The Grasp of Consciousness. Action and Concept in the Young Child

1978 • 339 citations

Spontaneous and Induced Verbal Rehearsal in a Recall Task

1967 • 317 citations

How and How Much Can Intelligence Be Increased

1982 • 309 citations

On educational technology

1979 • 297 citations

An application of the mnemonic keyword method to the acquisition of a Russian vocabulary.

1975 • 294 citations

The Mnemonic Keyword Method

1982 • 285 citations

Reading as Problem Solving: An Investigation of Strategies

1976 • 253 citations

The Development of Strategies for Studying Texts

1978 • 252 citations

Rehearsal processes in children's memory

2014 • 249 citations

Imagery and Children’s Learning: Putting the Picture in Developmental Perspective

1977 • 219 citations

Active Comprehension: Problem-Solving Schema with Question Generation for Comprehension of Complex Short Stories

1982 • 207 citations

Elaboration and Learning in Childhood and Adolescence

1974 • 195 citations

Components of skill in bridge.

1979 • 195 citations

Monitoring and Resolving Comprehension Obstacles: An Investigation of Spontaneous Text Lookbacks among Upper-Grade Good and Poor Comprehenders

1981 • 191 citations

Children's Developing Understanding of Mental Verbs: Remember, Know, and Guess

1980 • 185 citations

Memory strategy monitoring in adults and children

1984 • 184 citations

Developmental trends in the metamemory-memory behavior relationship: An integrative review

1985 • 181 citations

Goal-guided learning from text: Inferring a descriptive processing model from inspection times and eye movements.

1979 • 180 citations

Comprehension Monitoring: What It Is and What We Know about It

1983 • 176 citations

Training Self-checking Routines for Estimating Test Readiness: Generalization from List Learning to Prose Recall

1979 • 169 citations

Cognitive strategy research : educational applications

1983 • 162 citations

Effects of Inconsistent Information on Text Processing: Evidence for Comprehension Monitoring

1982 • 158 citations

Elaboration and Memory Development

1982 • 157 citations

A Mnemonic Method for Learning a Second-Language Vocabulary.

1975 • 145 citations

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for impulsivity: Concrete versus conceptual training in non-self-controlled problem children.

1980 • 138 citations

Memory strategy instruction is made of this: Metamemory and durable strategy use

1984 • 137 citations

On pictures in prose

1978 • 136 citations

Mental imagery helps eight-year-olds remember what they read.

1976 • 135 citations

Increasing Children’s Self-Control Through Cognitive Interventions

1979 • 127 citations

Cognitive strategy research : psychological foundations

1983 • 126 citations

Cognition, Metacognition, and Reading

1984 • 124 citations

Persistent Use of Verbal Rehearsal as a Function of Information about Its Value

1976 • 123 citations

Cognitive learning in children : theories and strategies

1976 • 121 citations

Training Impulsive Children in the Use of More Efficient Scanning Techniques

1974 • 113 citations

The keyword method compared to alternative vocabulary-learning strategies

1982 • 111 citations

Completeness of instruction and strategy transfer

1984 • 110 citations

Cognitive–behavioral treatment for impulsivity: Concrete versus conceptual training in non-self-controlled problem children.

1980 • 110 citations

The relationship between cognitive processes and the development of communication skills.

1977 • 110 citations

Training Self-Checking Routines for Estimating Test Readiness: Generalization from List Learning to Prose Recall

1979 • 107 citations

On knowing how well one is remembering: The persistence of strategy use during transfer

1980 • 106 citations

Developmental constraints associated with children's use of the keyword method of foreign language vocabulary learning

1978 • 105 citations

Understanding of Mental Processes: A Developmental Study of "Remember" and "Forget"

1979 • 104 citations

Understanding of Mental Processes: A Developmental Study of "Remember" and "Forget"

1979 • 102 citations

Verbal Processes in Children

1982 • 102 citations

Nonverbal indicants of comprehension and noncomprehension in children.

1980 • 100 citations

The Effects of Training Specific Mnemonics on the Metamnemonic Efficiency of Retarded Children

1976 • 99 citations

Mnemonic versus nonmnemonic vocabulary-learning strategies: Additional comparisons.

1982 • 98 citations

Children's ability to adjust their standards for evaluating comprehension.

1981 • 97 citations

Spontaneous monitoring and regulation of learning: A comparison of successful and less successful fifth graders.

1980 • 97 citations

A theoretical taxonomy of the differences between oral and written language

1978 • 91 citations

The effects of strategy—Monitoring training on children's selection of effective memory strategies

1983 • 91 citations

Training Impulsive Children in the Use of More Efficient Scanning Techniques

1974 • 90 citations

Changes in associative strategies and paired-associate learning over trials as a function of work imagery and type of learning set.

1969 • 89 citations

The Effects of Training Specific Mnemonics on the Metamnemonic Efficiency of Retarded Children

1976 • 88 citations

Mnemonic Versus Nonmnemonic Vocabulary-learning Strategies for Children

1982 • 87 citations

Transfer of a mnemonic keyword strategy at two age levels.

1980 • 87 citations

Children's prose comprehension : research and practice

1981 • 86 citations

An Exploratory Study of the Relationships between Reported Imagery and the Comprehension and Recall of a Story

1983 • 84 citations

The mnemonic ‘80s: Keywords in the classroom

1981 • 80 citations

Assessing the classroom potential of the keyword method.

1979 • 79 citations

An investigation of lookbacks during studying∗

1979 • 77 citations

Learning in children.

2005 • 76 citations

The Psychology of questions

1985 • 73 citations

Putting the keyword method in context.

1984 • 73 citations

Effects of differential self-monitoring and level of mastery on sports performance: Brain power bowling

1982 • 72 citations

The role of strategy utility knowledge in children's strategy decision making

1984 • 72 citations

Developmental differences in subjects' associative-learning strategies and performance: Assessing a hypothesis

1977 • 70 citations

Effect of increasing the salience of message ambiguities on kindergartners' evaluations of communicative success and message adequacy.

1982 • 69 citations

Ordinary Learning: Pragmatic Connections Among Children’s Beliefs, Motives, and Actions

1983 • 66 citations

Training Cognitive Strategy-Monitoring in Children

1985 • 65 citations

Transfer of Mediational Strategies in Children: The Role of Activity and Awareness during Strategy Acquisition

1976 • 65 citations

The Development of Knowledge concerning the Effect of Categorization upon Free Recall

1973 • 65 citations

How Does the Keyword Method Affect Vocabulary Comprehension and Usage?

1981 • 64 citations

Problems of the Psychology of Memory

1974 • 60 citations

Learning about "famous" people via the keyword method.

1982 • 59 citations

Sentence effects and noun-pair learning: A developmental interaction during adolescence

1973 • 58 citations

Transfer of Mediational Strategies in Children: The Role of Activity and Awareness during Strategy Acquisition

1976 • 58 citations

Teaching Summarization Skills: A Comparison of Training Methods

1980 • 57 citations

Longitudinal tracking of difficult memory retrievals

1982 • 55 citations

The effects of instructional variables on young children's organization and free recall

1982 • 54 citations

The Keyword Method in the Classroom: How to Remember the States and Their Capitals

1980 • 52 citations

The keyword method and recall of vocabulary words from definitions.

1981 • 50 citations

The Development of Knowledge concerning the Effect of Categorization upon Free Recall

1973 • 50 citations

The development of elaborative propensity in adolescence

1977 • 49 citations

Task parameters affecting the efficacy of a visual imagery learning strategy in younger and older children

1977 • 49 citations

On the Road to Computer Assisted Compositions

1981 • 48 citations

The Metamemory-Memory “Connection”: Effects of Strategy Training and Maintenance

1979 • 47 citations

Verbal Rehearsal and Serial Recall: The Mediational Training of Kindergarten Children

1979 • 46 citations

Memory Strategy Instruction with Children

1982 • 45 citations

Verbal Rehearsal and Serial Recall: The Mediational Training of Kindergarten Children

1979 • 40 citations

Reading strategies and practices: A guide for improving instruction

1980 • 40 citations

The feeling of knowing experience in educable retarded children.

1977 • 37 citations

Young children's learning of foreign language vocabulary: A sentence variation of the keyword method

1980 • 36 citations

A Concrete Strategy for Remembering Abstract Prose

1983 • 36 citations

Learning via mnemonic pictures: Analysis of the presidential process

1983 • 35 citations

Children’s Use of Memory Strategies Under Instruction

1983 • 35 citations

Problems of the Psychology of Memory

1973 • 34 citations

Stimulating Invention in English Composition through Computer-Assisted Instruction.

1980 • 34 citations

Validating Theories of Intelligence

1980 • 34 citations

Use of a mnemonic technique to teach young children foreign language vocabulary

1981 • 33 citations

Motor Activity, Anticipated Motor Activity, and Young Children's Associative Learning

1976 • 33 citations

The Development of Mental Imagery Retrieval

1980 • 32 citations

Children’s Flexible Use of Strategies During Reading

1983 • 32 citations

A COMPARISON OF SEMANTIC‐ AND MNEMONIC‐BASED VOCABULARY‐LEARNING STRATEGIES

1984 • 31 citations

A two-factor model of the effect of goal-descriptive directions on learning from text.

1975 • 30 citations

Memory Strategy Instruction During Adolescence: When is Explicit Instruction Needed?

1983 • 29 citations

School applications of the mnemonic keyword method as a study strategy by eighth graders.

1982 • 28 citations

Event knowledge, elaborative propensity, and the development of learning proficiency

1982 • 27 citations

Pictures, imagery, and retarded children's prose learning.

1978 • 26 citations

The Development of Mental Imagery Retrieval

1980 • 25 citations

Pictures, imagery, and retarded children's prose learning.

1978 • 23 citations

Making Meaningful Materials Easier to Learn: Lessons from Cognitive Strategy Research

1983 • 22 citations

Young editors: Preschoolers' evaluation and production of ambiguous messages.

1982 • 22 citations

Semantic Processing in Children's Free Recall: The Effects of Context and Meaningfulness on Encoding Variability

1979 • 21 citations

The SQ3R Study Technique: A Forgotten Research Target.

1980 • 21 citations

Towards maintenance and generalization of behavior change: Teaching children self-regulation and self-instructional skills

1981 • 21 citations

A combined pictorial mnemonic strategy for ordered information

1981 • 19 citations

Semantic Processing in Children's Free Recall: The Effects of Context and Meaningfulness on Encoding Variability

1979 • 18 citations

An Error Analysis of an Advanced Learner of ESL: The Importance of the Monitor. Working Papers on Bilingualism, No. 7.

1975 • 18 citations

UNDERSTANDING THE PURPOSE OF STRATEGY TRAINING

1980 • 17 citations

Psychological development in the elementary years

1982 • 17 citations

The Distinction between Perceiving and Memorizing in Elementary School Children

1974 • 16 citations

The use of cognitive psychology in the development and evaluation of textbooks

1981 • 15 citations

Measurement of the effects of purpose and passage difficulty on reading flexibility.

1981 • 15 citations

More on How (And How Not) to Remember the States and Their Capitals

1982 • 14 citations

The Distinction between Perceiving and Memorizing in the Presence of Category Cues

1975 • 14 citations

In search of the keyword method/vocabulary comprehension link

1985 • 11 citations

The Distinction between Perceiving and Memorizing in Elementary School Children

1974 • 11 citations

Does Answering Questions Really Promote Associative Learning?

1982 • 11 citations

The Distinction between Perceiving and Memorizing in the Presence of Category Cues

1975 • 10 citations

Does Answering Questions Really Promote Associative Learning?

1982 • 9 citations

The development of understanding as an indirect memory strategy

1979 • 8 citations

Putting the keyword method in context.

1984 • 8 citations

Metacognitive Variables in the Learning of Written Text

1982 • 4 citations

Questions and Children’s Cognitive Processing

2017 • 3 citations

Learning processes: developmental trends

1982 • 3 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations