Recent Advances in Token Economy Research

Science and Human Behavior

1953 • 9,622 citations

SOME CURRENT DIMENSIONS OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS¹

1968 • 3,715 citations

Operant Behavior: Areas of Research and Application,

1966 • 2,659 citations

Training impulsive children to talk to themselves: A means of developing self-control.

1971 • 1,352 citations

Behavior therapy: Appraisal and status.

1969 • 1,084 citations

Behavior modification in applied settings

1975 • 1,058 citations

Case Studies in Behavior Modification.

1966 • 945 citations

SOME GENERALIZATION AND FOLLOW‐UP MEASURES ON AUTISTIC CHILDREN IN BEHAVIOR THERAPY¹

1973 • 786 citations

Relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes.

1969 • 566 citations

The Token Economy: A Motivational System for Therapy and Rehabilitation.

1969 • 537 citations

MANIPULATION OF SELF‐DESTRUCTION IN THREE RETARDED CHILDREN¹

1969 • 522 citations

Behavior modification in clinical psychology

1971 • 516 citations

Self-control; Power to the person

1975 • 501 citations

THE PSYCHIATRIC NURSE AS A BEHAVIORAL ENGINEER¹

1959 • 498 citations

THE TOKEN ECONOMY: AN EVALUATIVE REVIEW¹

1972 • 497 citations

Advances in behavior therapy

1970 • 468 citations

A REVIEW OF POSITIVE CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT¹

1962 • 418 citations

THE MEASUREMENT AND REINFORCEMENT OF BEHAVIOR OF PSYCHOTICS¹

1965 • 376 citations

Token reinforcement programs in the classroom: A review.

1971 • 359 citations

Behavior therapy in the home: Amelioration of problem parent-child relations with the parent in a therapeutic role

1966 • 275 citations

ACHIEVEMENT PLACE: MODIFICATION OF THE BEHAVIORS OF PRE‐DELINQUENT BOYS WITHIN A TOKEN ECONOMY^1,2

1971 • 259 citations

Training schizophrenics to talk to themselves: A means of developing attentional controls

1973 • 247 citations

Mothers as behavior therapists for their own children

1965 • 243 citations

The reinforcement of cooperation between children.

1956 • 232 citations

Advances in behavior therapy

1973 • 229 citations

The development of performances in autistic children in an automatically controlled environment

1961 • 213 citations

Teaching self-control to disruptive children.

1973 • 210 citations

Covert modeling, model similarity, and reduction of avoidance behavior

1974 • 197 citations

SELF‐REGULATION IN THE MODIFICATION OF DISRUPTIVE CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR¹

1972 • 196 citations

Preliminary report on the application of contingent reinforcement procedures (token economy) on a "chronic" psychiatric ward.

1968 • 193 citations

Experiments with token reinforcement in a remedial classroom

1968 • 193 citations

ACADEMIC RESPONSE RATE AS A FUNCTION OF TEACHER‐ AND SELF‐IMPOSED CONTINGENCIES

1969 • 190 citations

BEHAVIORAL SELF‐CONTROL OF ON‐TASK BEHAVIOR IN AN ELEMENTARY CLASSROOM¹

1973 • 186 citations

Intensive treatment of psychotic behaviour by stimulus satiation and food reinforcement

1963 • 176 citations

Chronic mental patient: Current status future directions.

1969 • 171 citations

Is time-out from positive reinforcement an aversive event? A review of the experimental evidence.

1965 • 170 citations

A method for the experimental analysis of the behavior of autistic children.

1962 • 168 citations

REWARD, COST, AND SELF‐EVALUATION PROCEDURES FOR DISRUPTIVE ADOLESCENTS IN A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL SCHOOL¹

1972 • 165 citations

METHODOLOGICAL AND ASSESSMENT CONSIDERATIONS IN EVALUATING REINFORCEMENT PROGRAMS IN APPLIED SETTINGS¹

1973 • 157 citations

AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ANTI‐LITTER PROCEDURES¹

1971 • 153 citations

HOME‐BASED REINFORCEMENT AND THE MODIFICATION OF PRE‐DELINQUENTS' CLASSROOM BEHAVIOR¹

1970 • 152 citations

Methodology for Experimental Studies of Young Children in Natural Settings

1969 • 152 citations

COLLATERAL SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACCOMPANYING REINFORCEMENT OF OUTDOOR PLAY IN A PRESCHOOL CHILD^1,2

1968 • 151 citations

TRAINING PARENTS AS BEHAVIOR MODIFIERS: SELF‐RECORDING OF CONTINGENT ATTENTION¹

1972 • 147 citations

GOOD‐BEHAVIOR GAME: A REPLICATION AND SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS¹

1972 • 146 citations

PROGRAMMING GENERALIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTS ACROSS TIME AND ACROSS SETTINGS¹

1972 • 144 citations

THE NONEFFECTS OF CONTINGENT REINFORCEMENT FOR ATTENDING BEHAVIOR ON WORK ACCOMPLISHED¹

1972 • 139 citations

THE EFFECT OF VICARIOUS REINFORCEMENT ON ATTENTIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE CLASSROOM¹

1973 • 136 citations

EFFECTS OF GROUP CONTINGENT EVENTS UPON CLASSROOM NOISE¹

1969 • 135 citations

PEER REINFORCEMENT CONTROL OF CLASSROOM PROBLEM BEHAVIOR¹

1973 • 135 citations

Punishment of human behavior.

1972 • 135 citations

TIMEOUT DURATION AND THE SUPPRESSION OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN¹

1972 • 128 citations

CLASSROOM APPLICATIONS OF SELF‐DETERMINED REINFORCEMENT

1970 • 126 citations

Characteristics of the Behavior of Chronic Psychotics as Revealed by Free-Operant Conditioning Methods

1964 • 125 citations

CONTROL OF THE BEHAVIOR OF SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS BY FOOD¹

1962 • 120 citations

Insight versus desensitization in psychotherapy two years after termination.

1967 • 120 citations

AN ELEMENTARY STUDENT AS A BEHAVIORAL ENGINEER¹

1969 • 117 citations

EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT ON CHILDREN'S ACADEMIC BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF SELF‐DETERMINED AND EXTERNALLY IMPOSED CONTINGENCIES¹

1973 • 116 citations

SELF‐EVALUATION BY ADOLESCENTS IN A PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL SCHOOL TOKEN PROGRAM¹

1973 • 113 citations

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANTI‐UTTER BEHAVIOR IN A FOREST CAMPGROUND¹

1972 • 112 citations

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL RESPONSES IN TWO SEVERELY RETARDED CHILDREN¹

1970 • 112 citations

SIDE EFFECTS OF EXTINCTION PROCEDURES IN A REMEDIAL PRESCHOOL¹

1972 • 111 citations

Modification of symptomatic verbal behaviour of mental patients

1964 • 110 citations

Treatment of Nonreading in a Culturally Deprived Juvenile Delinquent: An Application of Reinforcement Principles

1965 • 106 citations

THE CONDITIONING OF TEXTUAL RESPONSES USING “EXTRINSIC” REINFORCERS¹

1962 • 105 citations

THE EFFECTS OF A TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURE ON BUS RIDERSHIP¹

1974 • 104 citations

Response cost: The removal of conditioned reinforcers for therapeutic change

1972 • 103 citations

Application of Operant Conditioning to Reinstate Verbal Behavior in Psychotics

1964 • 101 citations

AN ANALYSIS OF TIMEOUT AND RESPONSE COST IN A PROGRAMMED ENVIRONMENT¹

1972 • 100 citations

The modification of delinquent behaviour through operant conditioning

1964 • 93 citations

THE EFFECTS OF TOKEN REINFORCEMENT AND FEEDBACK ON THE DELUSIONAL VERBAL BEHAVIOR OF CHRONIC PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENICS¹

1972 • 92 citations

Achievement Place: experiments in self-government with pre-delinquents1

1973 • 91 citations

Beyond the Punitive Society.

1974 • 89 citations

MANAGEMENT OF CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS BY A TOKEN REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM¹

1970 • 87 citations

BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS: AREAS OF COOPERATIVE RESEARCH BETWEEN ECONOMICS AND APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS¹

1972 • 85 citations

The effects of instructions and reinforcement on thinking and language behavior of schizophrenics

1969 • 84 citations

REINFORCEMENT AND RATE OF LITTER DEPOSITING¹

1973 • 77 citations

MODIFICATION OF BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS IN THE HOME WITH A PARENT AS OBSERVER AND EXPERIMENTER¹

1972 • 76 citations

Behavior Modification of Children with Learning Disabilities Using Grades as Tokens and Allowances as Back up Reinforcers

1968 • 75 citations

SYSTEMATIC REINFORCEMENT: ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF UNDERACHIEVING STUDENTS¹

1971 • 72 citations

THE EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT ON THE MODIFICATION, MAINTENANCE, AND GENERALIZATION OF SOCIAL RESPONSES OF MENTAL PATIENTS¹

1968 • 72 citations

TIMEOUT FROM POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT FOLLOWING PERSISTENT, HIGH‐RATE BEHAVIOR IN RETARDATES

1972 • 71 citations

AN ANALYSIS OF A TOKEN ECONOMY IN STUTTERING THERAPY¹

1973 • 69 citations

Intermittent token reinforcement and response maintenance in extinction

1973 • 68 citations

SOME EXPERIMENTS ON REINFORCEMENT PRINCIPLES WITHIN A PSYCHIATRIC WARD FOR DELINQUENT SOLDIERS¹

1970 • 67 citations

A token economy program evaluation with untreated control ward comparisons

1971 • 67 citations

Comparison of individual and group contingencies in two special classes

1973 • 67 citations

A tactic to eliminate disruptive behaviors in the classroom: group contingent consequences.

1968 • 64 citations

Effects of token economy on neurotic depression: An experimental analysis

1973 • 63 citations

The Santa Monica Project: Evaluation of an Engineered Classroom Design with Emotionally Disturbed Children

1969 • 62 citations

MODIFICATION OF ARTICULATION ERRORS OF PRE‐DELINQUENTS BY THEIR PEERS^1,2

1971 • 62 citations

A Reinforcer System and Experimental Procedure for the Laboratory Study of Reading Acquisition1

1964 • 60 citations

Behavior modification : issues and extensions

1972 • 60 citations

THE MODIFICATION OF A CHILD'S ENURESIS: SOME RESPONSE‐RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS

1971 • 58 citations

OPERANTS¹

1971 • 58 citations

The Mental Patient Comes Home

1964 • 56 citations

A therapeutic approach to schizophrenics of extreme pathology: An operant-interpersonal method.

1960 • 53 citations

The relevance of economic theory and technology to token reinforcement systems

1971 • 52 citations

An empirical basis for change in education

1973 • 52 citations

Programming response maintenance after withdrawing token reinforcement

1975 • 52 citations

THE HOME POINT SYSTEM: TOKEN REINFORCEMENT PROCEDURES FOR APPLICATION BY PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS¹

1972 • 52 citations

MULTIPLE EFFECTS OF A PROCEDURE TO INCREASE SITTING IN A HYPERACTIVE, RETARDED BOY¹

1972 • 51 citations

THE TREATMENT OF “ANXIETY‐DEPRESSION” VIA POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT AND RESPONSE COST¹

1972 • 50 citations

The Timer-Game: A Variable Interval Contingency for the Management of Out-of-Seat Behavior

1970 • 50 citations

Reinforcing self-help group activities of welfare recipients1

1970 • 49 citations

REINFORCED RACIAL INTEGRATION IN THE FIRST GRADE: A STUDY IN GENERALIZATION¹

1973 • 48 citations

Token economy systems: Breakdown and control

1973 • 45 citations

Self-reinforcement versus external reinforcement in behavior modification with children.

1970 • 44 citations

Behaviour-milieu therapy with chronic neuropsychiatric patients.

1970 • 43 citations

Deficits in acquisition of operant discrimination and differentiation shown by institutionalized retarded children.

1962 • 39 citations

Role of instructions and reinforcement in behavior changes in token reinforcement programs.

1973 • 37 citations

The good behavior clock: A reinforcement/time out procedure for reducing disruptive classroom behavior

1971 • 36 citations

Evaluation of patient improvement in a token economy treatment program.

1973 • 36 citations

Treatment of Persistent Enuresis with the Electric Buzzer

1958 • 36 citations

Weekly variations in performance on a token economy psychiatric ward

1968 • 36 citations

REDUCING AND MEASURING INAPPROPRIATE VERBALIZATIONS IN A TOKEN CLASSROOM¹

1972 • 35 citations

EFFECTS OF TEACHER ATTENTION ON ATTENDING BEHAVIOR OF TWO BOYS AT ADJACENT DESKS¹

1970 • 35 citations

TOKEN ECONOMY PROGRAMS IN THE TREATMENT OF HOSPITALIZED ADULT PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS

1972 • 35 citations

Performance on a token economy psychiatric ward: A two year summary

1970 • 35 citations

The failure of some patients to respond to token programs

1973 • 32 citations

Issues in Behavior Modification with Mentally Retarded Persons

2017 • 32 citations

Token reinforcement therapy: A comparison of matched groups

1971 • 32 citations

INCREASED COMMUNICATIONS OF CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENTS BY REINFORCEMENT AND BY RESPONSE PRIMING¹

1969 • 31 citations

Use of concrete reinforcement to facilitate verbal initiations in adolescent group therapy.

1972 • 30 citations

Token economy: Patient and staff changes

1972 • 29 citations

Effects of contingency-contracting and decision-making groups with chronic mental patients.

1972 • 28 citations

Self-control, study skills development and counseling approaches to the improvement of study behavior

1973 • 27 citations

Conditioning techniques in a community-based operant environment for psychotic men

1970 • 25 citations

The effect of response cost in suppressing behavior in a pre-psychotic retardate

1971 • 23 citations

A theory of equilibrium in token economics.

1972 • 23 citations

Reinforcement versus relationship therapy for schizophrenics.

1968 • 22 citations

The effect of response cost and aversive stimulation in suppressing punished and nonpunished speech disfluencies

1973 • 22 citations

A Token Reinforcement Ward for Young Psychiatric Patients

1972 • 22 citations

Measures of change in token-economy programs

1971 • 21 citations

MODIFICATION OF INTERACTIVE BEHAVIORS IN CHRONIC MENTAL PATIENTS¹

1973 • 20 citations

A view of behavior modification projects in California

1968 • 20 citations

The Effect of Inter-Racial Contact on Socio-Metric Choices and Perceptions

1959 • 20 citations

Operant Behaviour Modification Techniques Applied to a Ward of Severely Regressed and Aggressive Patients

1969 • 20 citations

Self-imposed time-out by autistic children during an operant training program

1970 • 19 citations

The effects of exposure to fear stimuli on fear reduction

1971 • 19 citations

The effects of irregular learning conditions upon the rate and permanence of learning.

1958 • 19 citations

Subprofessional therapists' use of reinforcement versus traditional psychotherapeutic techniques with schizophrenics.

1970 • 18 citations

WATER‐DEPRIVATION‐PRODUCED SIGN REVERSAL OF A CONDITIONED REINFORCER BASED UPON DRY FOOD¹

1960 • 17 citations

A comparison of residents discharged from a token economy and two traditional psychiatric programs

1971 • 17 citations

Comparison of the effects of instructions and reinforcement in the treatment of a neurotic avoidance response: A single case experiment

1970 • 17 citations

Some observations on a controlled social environment for psychiatric patients

1972 • 15 citations

The introduction of a token economy in a psychiatric ward with extremely withdrawn chronic schizophrenics

1972 • 15 citations

The use of shaping and reinforcement in the operant acceleration and deceleration of heart rate

1973 • 15 citations

Establishing a token economy program in a state hospital classroom: A lesson in training student and teacher

1972 • 14 citations

TOKEN ECONOMY PROGRAM IN A MAXIMUM SECURITY CORRECTIONAL HOSPITAL

1971 • 14 citations

Reinforcement schedules for individual patients in a token economy

1971 • 13 citations

Nonresponsiveness of patients to token economies

1972 • 13 citations

Use of peer attention to increase study behavior

1972 • 13 citations

Toward a Client Administered Token Reinforcement Program

1971 • 12 citations

Symptom reduction by functional displacement in a token economy: A case study

1972 • 12 citations

ITEM PREFERENCE IN A TOKEN ECONOMY WARD STORE

1972 • 12 citations

The effects of reinforcement on psychotic speech in a case of early infantile autism, age 12

1971 • 11 citations

Controlling maladaptive classroom behavior in the severely retarded.

1968 • 10 citations

A “ticket” system for reducing ward rules violations on a token economy program

1973 • 10 citations

Reinforcement Therapy With Chronic Patients

1969 • 10 citations

Critical Variables in the Token Economy

1970 • 9 citations

TIMEOUT AND CONCURRENT FIXED‐RATIO SCHEDULES WITH HUMAN SUBJECTS¹

1972 • 9 citations

Symptom changes and self-esteem as correlates of positive conditioning of grooming in hospitalized psychotics.

1972 • 8 citations

Contingency management in an open psychiatric ward

1972 • 7 citations

Behavior modification in special education

1990 • 7 citations

The relevance of economic theory and technology to token reinforcement systems: a comment

1972 • 6 citations

A reply to Fethke's comment on “The relevance of economic theory and technology to token reinforcement systems”

1973 • 6 citations

Token control of pill-taking behavior in a psychiatric ward

1971 • 6 citations

Time-out for some considerations on punishment.

1973 • 5 citations

Comments on Heap, Boblitt, Moore, and Hord's “Behavior-Milieu Therapy with Chronic Neuropsychiatric Patients”

1971 • 5 citations

Token economies: A further comment

1973 • 4 citations

Green Stamp Therapy: Modification of Delinquent Behavior Through Food Trading Stamps

1968 • 4 citations

The Effect of Token Reinforcement on Verbal Participation in a Social Activity with Long Stay Psychiatric Patients

1973 • 4 citations

The effectiveness of modes and schedules of reinforcement on work and social behavior in occupational therapy

1972 • 3 citations

Behavioral effects of price changes in a token economy.

1974 • 3 citations