REVIEW ■ : Activation of Microglia: A Dangerous Interlude in Immune Function in the Brain

Tumor necrosis factor mediates myelin and oligodendrocyte damage in vitro

1988 • 1,371 citations

Activation of microglial cells by β-amyloid protein and interferon-γ

1995 • 1,298 citations

Activated microglia mediate neuronal cell injury via a nitric oxide mechanism.

1992 • 1,121 citations

Cytotoxicity of microglia

1993 • 1,042 citations

DNA damage and mutation in human cells exposed to nitric oxide in vitro.

1992 • 980 citations

Deactivation of macrophages by transforming growth factor-β

1988 • 876 citations

Microglia and cytokines in neurological disease, with special reference to AIDS and Alzheimer's disease

1993 • 832 citations

Tumor necrosis factor identified in multiple sclerosis brain.

1989 • 793 citations

Cytokine production by human fetal microglia and astrocytes. Differential induction by lipopolysaccharide and IL-1 beta.

1993 • 789 citations

Microglial cell cytotoxicity of oligodendrocytes is mediated through nitric oxide.

1993 • 782 citations

Macrophages and microglia in the nervous system

1988 • 742 citations

On the cellular source and function of interleukin 6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases

1989 • 692 citations

Mechanisms of suppression of macrophage nitric oxide release by transforming growth factor beta.

1993 • 658 citations

Antigen presentation and tumor cytotoxicity by interferon‐γ‐treated microglial cells

1987 • 648 citations

Secretion of Neurotoxins by Mononuclear Phagocytes Infected with HIV-1

1990 • 628 citations

Microglia in degenerative neurological disease

1993 • 594 citations

Quinolinic acid in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in HIV‐1 Infection: Relationship to clinical and neurological status

1991 • 563 citations

Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats after elimination of macrophages.

1990 • 511 citations

Astrocyte expression of mRNA encoding cytokines IP‐10 and JE/MCP‐1 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

1993 • 496 citations

Free radicals and phagocytic cells

1995 • 487 citations

Macrophages and the Nervous System

1991 • 429 citations

Murine brain macrophages induce NMDA receptor mediated neurotoxicity in vitro by secreting glutamate

1991 • 421 citations

TNF-alpha expression by resident microglia and infiltrating leukocytes in the central nervous system of mice with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Regulation by Th1 cytokines.

1995 • 401 citations

Synergistic effects of HIV coat protein and NMDA receptor-mediated neurotoxicity

1991 • 397 citations

Macrophages and inflammation in the central nervous system

1993 • 390 citations

Inhibition of mononuclear phagocytes reduces ischemic injury in the spinal cord

1990 • 373 citations

Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Synthesis in the Rat Central Nervous System: Comparison between the Effects of Interleukin‐1 and Various Growth Factors in Astrocyte Cultures and in vivo

1990 • 369 citations

Axotomy of the rat facial nerve leads to increased CR3 complement receptor expression by activated microglial cells

1988 • 368 citations

Antibody-Mediated Clearance of Alphavirus Infection From Neurons

1991 • 356 citations

Bone marrow derived elements and resident microglia in brain inflammation

1993 • 352 citations

The acute inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide in cns parenchyma differs from that in other body tissues

1992 • 322 citations

Transforming growth factor-beta suppresses activation and proliferation of microglia in vitro.

1993 • 303 citations

Immunocytochemical Study of an Early Microglial Activation in Ischemia

1992 • 301 citations

Involvement of the cystine transport system xc- in the macrophage-induced glutamate-dependent cytotoxicity to neurons.

1994 • 267 citations

Macrophage‐induced cytotoxicity of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor positive neurons involves excitatory amino acids rather than reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokines

1992 • 258 citations

The kinetics and morphological characteristics of the macrophage-microglial response to kainic acid-induced neuronal degeneration

1991 • 252 citations

Morphologic association between microglia and senile plaque amyloid in Alzheimer's disease

1990 • 238 citations

Production of hemopoietic colony-stimulating factors by astrocytes.

1990 • 237 citations

The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates release of neurotoxins from monocytes.

1993 • 230 citations

Production and function of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other β-chemokines in murine glial cells

1995 • 229 citations

Regional and cellular codistribution of interleukin 1 beta and nerve growth factor mRNA in the adult rat brain: possible relationship to the regulation of nerve growth factor synthesis.

1990 • 221 citations

Neuroprotective role of IL-4 against activated microglia.

1993 • 214 citations

Astrocyte-derived interleukin 3 as a growth factor for microglia cells and peritoneal macrophages.

1986 • 210 citations

Microglia: Immune Network in the CNS

1990 • 200 citations

Cytotoxic Effect of Brain Macrophages on Developing Neurons

1991 • 191 citations

Peripheral nerve lesion produces increased levels of major histocompatibility complex antigens in the central nervous system

1989 • 189 citations

Free radicals and ischemic tissue injury

1990 • 187 citations

Activation of Macrophages by Alzheimer β Amyloid Peptide

1994 • 175 citations

Inhibition of Posttraumatic Microglial Proliferation in a Genetic Model of Macrophage Colony‐Stimulating Factor Deficiency in the Mouse

1994 • 170 citations

Macrophage activation revisited

1994 • 169 citations

Antigen presentation in the central nervous system. The inhibitory effect of IL-10 on MHC class II expression and production of cytokines depends on the inducing signals and the type of cell analyzed.

1994 • 168 citations

Electrophysiological behavior of microglia

1993 • 167 citations

Microglial MHC antigen expression after ischemic and kainic acid lesions of the adult rat hippocampus

1993 • 155 citations

Macrophage-inactivating IL-13 suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats.

1994 • 135 citations

Intracerebral cytokine mRNA expression during fatal and nonfatal alphavirus encephalitis suggests a predominant type 2 T cell response.

1994 • 132 citations

Early and rapid de novo synthesis of Alzheimer βA4‐Amyloid precursor protein (APP) in activated microglia

1993 • 129 citations

Recombinant human IL-6 suppresses demyelination in a viral model of multiple sclerosis.

1994 • 116 citations

An investigation into the early stages of the inflammatory response following ibotenic acid-induced neuronal degeneration

1990 • 115 citations

Cellular immune response in multiple sclerosis plaques.

1990 • 112 citations

Absence of MHC class ii molecules reduces CNS demyelination, microglial/macrophage infiltration, and twitching in murine globoid cell leukodystrophy

1994 • 112 citations

Characterization and distribution of phagocytic macrophages in multiple sclerosis plaques

1993 • 101 citations

IFN and virus-inducible expression of an immediate early gene, crg-2/IP-10, and a delayed gene, I-A alpha in astrocytes and microglia.

1994 • 98 citations

Induction of Superoxide Anion and Nitric Oxide Production in Cultured Microglia^a

1994 • 94 citations

Spinal cord microglia in experimental allergic neuritis. Evidence for fast and remote activation.

1992 • 73 citations

Transforming growth factor beta 2 inhibits cerebrovascular changes and brain edema formation in the tumor necrosis factor alpha-independent early phase of experimental pneumococcal meningitis.

1992 • 66 citations

Neurons and neuroblastoma as a source of macrophage colony‐stimulating factor

1992 • 46 citations

Primary rat astroglial cultures can generate leukotriene B4

1988 • 41 citations

Adhesion proteins on human microglial cells and modulation of their expression by IL1α and TNFα

1993 • 30 citations

Immune-Mediated Injury in Bacterial Meningitis

1993 • 29 citations

Induction of MHC class II antigen expression on murine microglia by interleukin-3

1994 • 29 citations

The clinical spectrum and pathogenesis of HIV encephalopathy, myelopathy, and peripheral neuropathy

1994 • 15 citations