Back to search

The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear

Data up to Jan 2025

Published1999
Citations1,092
References269

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (269)

The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map

1978 • 8,087 citations

The hippocampus as a cognitive map

1979 • 5,527 citations

Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans.

1992 • 5,156 citations

Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy

1986 • 4,276 citations

Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress

1995 • 2,920 citations

Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.

1992 • 2,910 citations

Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.

1992 • 2,621 citations

Modality-Specific Retrograde Amnesia of Fear

1992 • 2,420 citations

Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex.

1990 • 2,071 citations

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF FUNCTIONS OF THE TEMPORAL LOBES IN MONKEYS

1939 • 1,703 citations

Emotion: Clues from the Brain

1995 • 1,621 citations

Species-specific defense reactions and avoidance learning.

1970 • 1,591 citations

Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear

1988 • 1,573 citations

The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction.

1992 • 1,517 citations

Double Dissociation of Conditioning and Declarative Knowledge Relative to the Amygdala and Hippocampus in Humans

1995 • 1,386 citations

Some quantitative properties of anxiety.

1941 • 1,366 citations

Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala

1997 • 1,285 citations

The amygdala: Neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory and mental dysfunction

1993 • 1,259 citations

Biological and biochemical bases of behavior

1958 • 1,180 citations

NMDA receptors - their role in long-term potentiation

1987 • 1,177 citations

The Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

1986 • 1,124 citations

Conditional and unconditional components of post-shock freezing

1980 • 1,120 citations

Columnar organization in the midbrain periaqueductal gray: modules for emotional expression?

1994 • 1,030 citations

Neural organization of the defensive behavior system responsible for fear

1994 • 968 citations

Configural association theory: The role of the hippocampal formation in learning, memory, and amnesia

1989 • 963 citations

A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies

1982 • 947 citations

Behavioral changes associated with ablation of the amygdaloid complex in monkeys.

1956 • 818 citations

Computational Neuroscience

2014 • 815 citations

A perceptual-defensive-recuperative model of fear and pain

1980 • 811 citations

Blocking of acquisition but not expression of conditioned fear-potentiated startle by NMDA antagonists in the amygdala

1990 • 806 citations

Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: Parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat

1995 • 797 citations

The effects of meprobamate, barbiturates, d-amphetamine and promazine on experimentally induced conflict in the rat

1960 • 785 citations

Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety

1994 • 781 citations

Fear conditioning induces a lasting potentiation of synaptic currents in vitro

1997 • 772 citations

Neurotoxic lesions of the dorsal hippocampus and Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats

1997 • 762 citations

Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress

1996 • 755 citations

Innate and conditioned reactions to threat in rats with amygdaloid lesions.

1972 • 739 citations

Fear-potentiated startle: A neural and pharmacological analysis

1993 • 736 citations

Extinction of fear-potentiated startle: blockade by infusion of an NMDA antagonist into the amygdala

1992 • 682 citations

Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala

1997 • 660 citations

Conditioned fear as revealed by magnitude of startle response to an auditory stimulus.

1951 • 649 citations

Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia of Contextual Fear after Hippocampal Damage in Rats: Within-Subjects Examination

1999 • 647 citations

Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans

1995 • 631 citations

Double Dissociation between the Involvement of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis and the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Startle Increases Produced by Conditioned versus Unconditioned Fear

1997 • 628 citations

Amygdala central nucleus lesions: Effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit

1979 • 589 citations

Effects of amygdala, hippocampus, and periaqueductal gray lesions on short- and long-term contextual fear.

1993 • 580 citations

Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning

1992 • 572 citations

The conditioned emotional response as a function of intensity of the US.

1961 • 562 citations

Fear Conditioning Enhances Different Temporal Components of Tone-Evoked Spike Trains in Auditory Cortex and Lateral Amygdala

1997 • 547 citations

The acoustic startle response in rats—circuits mediating evocation, inhibition and potentiation

1997 • 510 citations

Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli

1984 • 507 citations

Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm.

1986 • 506 citations

Synaptic plasticity in the basolateral amygdala induced by hippocampal formation stimulation in vivo

1995 • 496 citations

The startle pattern

1939 • 481 citations

Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli

1995 • 470 citations

A functional behavioristic approach to aversively motivated behavior: Predatory imminence as a determinant of the topography of defensive behavior.

1988 • 457 citations

Mice Lacking the β3Subunit of the GABAAReceptor Have the Epilepsy Phenotype and Many of the Behavioral Characteristics of Angelman Syndrome

1998 • 449 citations

Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning

1992 • 447 citations

The acoustic startle reflex: neurons and connections

1995 • 446 citations

Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator, by laboratory rats living in visible burrow systems

1991 • 444 citations

The spino(trigemino)pontoamygdaloid pathway: electrophysiological evidence for an involvement in pain processes

1990 • 440 citations

Conditioned defensive burying: A new paradigm for the study of anxiolytic agents

1981 • 425 citations

Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala.

1993 • 415 citations

Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm.

1986 • 407 citations

The Amygdala and Fear Conditioning: Has the Nut Been Cracked?

1996 • 405 citations

Naloxone and shock-elicited freezing in the rat.

1979 • 403 citations

Evolution and Learning

2013 • 396 citations

The neural substrates of sensorimotor gating of the startle reflex: a review of recent findings and their implications

1992 • 394 citations

Passive and active reactions to fear-eliciting stimuli.

1969 • 393 citations

The Amygdaloid Complex

1948 • 390 citations

The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray as a Coordinator of Action in Response to Fear and Anxiety

1991 • 387 citations

Role of the Amygdala in the Coordination of Behavioral, Neuroendocrine, and Prefrontal Cortical Monoamine Responses to Psychological Stress in the Rat

1996 • 383 citations

Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear- potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli

1995 • 382 citations

A Primary Acoustic Startle Pathway: Obligatory Role of Cochlear Root Neurons and the Nucleus Reticularis Pontis Caudalis

1996 • 370 citations

Topographic organization of convergent projections to the thalamus from the inferior colliculus and spinal cord in the rat

1987 • 365 citations

Evolution and Learning

2003 • 362 citations

Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala.

1994 • 358 citations

Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.

1997 • 355 citations

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and expression of conditional fear in rats.

1996 • 343 citations

Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans.

1993 • 336 citations

Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals.

1994 • 336 citations

Conditioned fear assessed by freezing and by the suppression of three different baselines

1980 • 333 citations

Postsynaptic Induction and PKA-Dependent Expression of LTP in the Lateral Amygdala

1998 • 332 citations

Associative vs topographical accounts of the immediate shock-freezing deficit in rats: Implications for the response selection rules governing species-specific defensive reactions

1986 • 326 citations

Electrolytic Lesions of the Fimbria/Fornix, Dorsal Hippocampus, or Entorhinal Cortex Produce Anterograde Deficits in Contextual Fear Conditioning in Rats

1997 • 325 citations

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the basolateral amygdala are required for both acquisition and expression of conditional fear in rats.

1996 • 318 citations

Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala.

1994 • 318 citations

Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli.

1997 • 317 citations

The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Matter

1991 • 313 citations

Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body

1990 • 310 citations

Amygdalar NMDA Receptors are Critical for New Fear Learning in Previously Fear-Conditioned Rats

1998 • 309 citations

Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

1986 • 309 citations

Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

1991 • 299 citations

Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans.

1993 • 298 citations

Neurobiology of learning, emotion, and affect

1991 • 296 citations

Giant neurons in the rat reticular formation: a sensorimotor interface in the elementary acoustic startle circuit?

1994 • 294 citations

LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit

1995 • 293 citations

Evidence of Contextual Fear after Lesions of the Hippocampus: A Disruption of Freezing But Not Fear-Potentiated Startle

1997 • 288 citations

Neuronal localisation of neuropeptide Y gene expression in rat brain

1989 • 285 citations

Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli

1986 • 282 citations

Retrograde abolition of conditional fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: Absence of a temporal gradient.

1996 • 280 citations

Distinct Regions of the Periaqueductal Gray Are Involved in the Acquisition and Expression of Defensive Responses

1998 • 279 citations

Aggression, anxiety and vocalizations in animals: GABAA and 5-HT anxiolytics

1995 • 276 citations

Pain Pathways Involved in Fear Conditioning Measured with Fear-Potentiated Startle: Lesion Studies

1999 • 273 citations

CCK in animal and human research on anxiety

1993 • 272 citations

Diazepam and flurazepam: Effects on conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm

1979 • 267 citations

Noradrenergic agonists and antagonists: Effects on conditioned fear as measured by the potentiated startle paradigm

1979 • 263 citations

The effect of predictive cues on freezing in rats

1976 • 261 citations

Pharmacological and anatomical analysis of fear conditioning using the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

1986 • 261 citations

A direct projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the acoustic startle pathway: Anterograde and retrograde tracing studies.

1991 • 257 citations

Intra-amygdala infusion of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus.

1992 • 256 citations

XI. An investigation into the functions of the occipital and temporal lobes of the monkey's brain

1888 • 255 citations

Retrograde abolition of conditional fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: Absence of a temporal gradient.

1996 • 254 citations

Acoustic variables in the modification of startle reaction in the rat.

1965 • 254 citations

Mammalian Brain Substrates of Aversive Classical Conditioning

1993 • 251 citations

The elevated T maze, a new experimental model of anxiety and memory: effect of diazepam.

1993 • 248 citations

Second-order fear conditioning prevented by blocking NMDA receptors in amygdala

1997 • 243 citations

Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

1991 • 243 citations

Mesencephalic central gray lesions and fear-motivated behavior in rats

1970 • 241 citations

Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats.

1994 • 239 citations

Conditioned Fear‐Induced Opiate Analgesia: A Competing Motivational State Theory of Stress Analgesiaa

1986 • 238 citations

Sensitization of the acoustic startle reflex by footshock.

1989 • 233 citations

Norepinephrine Release in the Amygdala in Response to Footshock Stimulation

1996 • 231 citations

Long‐Term synaptic potentiation in the amygdala

1990 • 230 citations

Norepinephrine release in the amygdala in response to footshock and opioid peptidergic drugs

1998 • 222 citations

Effects of muscimol applied to the basolateral amygdala on acquisition and expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats.

1994 • 214 citations

Anxiogenic effects of high illumination levels assessed with the acoustic startle response in rats

1997 • 210 citations

Intra-amygdala infusion of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist AP5 blocks acquisition but not expression of fear-potentiated startle to an auditory conditioned stimulus.

1992 • 209 citations

Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the rabbit

1982 • 207 citations

Associative retuning in the thalamic source of input to the amygdala and auditory cortex: Receptive field plasticity in the medial division of the medial geniculate body.

1992 • 206 citations

Contextual conditioning and auditory cue conditioning dissociate during development.

1993 • 203 citations

The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditional hypoalgesia.

1992 • 202 citations

Defensive reactions in the albino rat

1971 • 196 citations

Overtraining Does Not Mitigate Contextual Fear Conditioning Deficits Produced by Neurotoxic Lesions of the Basolateral Amygdala

1998 • 194 citations

Temporal specificity of fear conditioning: Effects of different conditioned stimulus--unconditioned stimulus intervals on the fear-potentiated startle effect.

1989 • 190 citations

Behavioral effects of neuropeptide Y receptor agonists in the elevated plus-maze and fear-potentiated startle procedures

1995 • 190 citations

Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray Control of Defensive Behavior in the Cat and the Rat

1991 • 190 citations

Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat.

1988 • 185 citations

Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy — GABA and neuropeptides in the CNS

1987 • 182 citations

The amygdala is essential for the expression of conditional hypoalgesia.

1992 • 175 citations

Enhancement of acoustic startle by electrical stimulation of the amygdala.

1988 • 174 citations

Notes on the Psychic Development of the Young White Rat

1899 • 174 citations

The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock.

1993 • 168 citations

Contextual conditioning and auditory cue conditioning dissociate during development.

1993 • 168 citations

Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle

1993 • 164 citations

The relation between fear and exploratory behavior.

1955 • 162 citations

Fear-potentiated startle using an auditory conditioned stimulus: Effect of lesions of the amygdala

1987 • 160 citations

Potentiation of acoustic startle by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and by fear are both reversed by ?-helical CRF (9?41)

1989 • 159 citations

Conditioned fear-induced opiate analgesia on the Formalin test: Evidence for two aversive motivational systems

1982 • 159 citations

Conditioned fear to context is associated with increased Fos expression in the caudal ventrolateral region of the midbrain periaqueductal gray.

1997 • 158 citations

Associative retuning in the thalamic source of input to the amygdala and auditory cortex: Receptive field plasticity in the medial division of the medial geniculate body.

1992 • 158 citations

Lesions of the perirhinal cortex but not of the frontal, medial prefrontal, visual, or insular cortex block fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus

1992 • 158 citations

Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbit

1982 • 150 citations

Convergent but temporally separated inputs to lateral amygdala neurons from the auditory thalamus and auditory cortex use different postsynaptic receptors: in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings in fear conditioning pathways.

1996 • 148 citations

The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock.

1993 • 132 citations

Learning, motivation, and cognition: The functional behaviorism of Robert C. Bolles.

1997 • 132 citations

Electrolytic lesions of the amygdala block acquisition and expression of fear-potentiated startle even with extensive training but do not prevent reacquisition.

1993 • 130 citations

Freezing as an avoidance response: Another look at the operant-respondent distinction

1973 • 129 citations

Potentiated startle: Its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats.

1985 • 127 citations

Habituation and Sensitization of the Acoustic Startle Response in Rats: Amplitude, Threshold, and Latency Measures

1996 • 124 citations

Differential effects of amygdala lesions on early and late plastic components of auditory cortex spike trains during fear conditioning.

1998 • 124 citations

Differential Effects of Amygdala Lesions on Early and Late Plastic Components of Auditory Cortex Spike Trains during Fear Conditioning

1998 • 121 citations

NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic transmission between the medial geniculate body and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala

1995 • 117 citations

Effects of clonidine on habituation and sensitization of acoustic startle in normal, decerebrate and locus coeruleus lesioned rats

1977 • 117 citations

The startled seahorse: is the hippocampus necessary for contextual fear conditioning?

1998 • 114 citations

Giant neurons in the caudal pontine reticular formation receive short latency acoustic input: An intracellular recording and HRP‐study in the rat

1992 • 114 citations

Contribution of the amygdala to learning and performance of conditional fear

1992 • 110 citations

Lesions of the periaqueductal gray and rostral ventromedial medulla disrupt antinociceptive but not cardiovascular aversive conditional responses

1994 • 106 citations

Neurobiology of Learning, Emotion and Affect

1992 • 105 citations

Stress-induced hypoalgesia and defensive freezing are attenuated by application of diazepam to the amygdala

1993 • 105 citations

The conditioned emotional response (CER) as a baseline for the study of anti-anxiety drugs

1974 • 104 citations

Pleasure-attenuation of startle is disrupted by lesions of the nucleus accumbens

1996 • 101 citations

Electrolytic lesions of the amygdala block acquisition and expression of fear-potentiated startle even with extensive training but do not prevent reacquisition.

1993 • 101 citations

Long-term potentiation and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors: Foundations of memory and neurologic disease?

1995 • 97 citations

Conditioned Pleasure Attenuates the Startle Response in Rats

1995 • 96 citations

Cerebellar vermis: essential for classically conditioned bradycardia in the rat

1990 • 94 citations

Computational Neuroscience

1998 • 94 citations

Anxiolytic effects of buspirone and gepirone in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm

1988 • 93 citations

Stimulation at a site of auditory-somatosensory convergence in the medial geniculate nucleus is an effective unconditioned stimulus for fear conditioning.

1992 • 92 citations

Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block conditioned excitation, but not conditioned inhibition of fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle effect.

1995 • 91 citations

Acoustic startle induced ultrasonic vocalization in the rat: a novel animal model of anxiety?

1991 • 91 citations

Predictive validity of the potentiated startle response as a behavioral model for anxiolytic drugs

1995 • 90 citations

Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala block conditioned excitation, but not conditioned inhibition of fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle effect.

1995 • 90 citations

Three cases of the "conditioned fear response."

1929 • 88 citations

Influence of long-term sensitization on long-term habituation of the acoustic startle response in rats: Central gray lesions, preexposure, and extinction.

1989 • 85 citations

Morphine and naloxone: Effects on conditioned near as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm

1979 • 85 citations

Activation of Amygdala CholecystokininBReceptors Potentiates the Acoustic Startle Response in the Rat

1997 • 84 citations

Lesions of the central gray block the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats

1994 • 83 citations

Conditional hypoalgesia is attenuated by Naltrexone applied to the periaqueductal gray

1990 • 83 citations

Substance P is involved in the sensitization of the acoustic startle response by footshocks in rats

1994 • 82 citations

Amygdaloid noradrenaline is involved in the sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats

1994 • 82 citations

Reactivity of limbic neurons of the monkey to appetitive and aversive signals

1971 • 81 citations

Negative motor phenomena

1996 • 81 citations

Response of locus coeruleus neurons to footshock stimulation is mediated by neurons in the rostral ventral medulla

1993 • 80 citations

Enhancement of the acoustic startle response by stimulation of an excitatory pathway from the central amygdala/basal nucleus of Meynert to the pontine reticular formation

1993 • 80 citations

Anxiolytic-like effects of glycine receptor ligands in the rat potentiated startle test

1993 • 79 citations

Contribution of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to expression of conditional fear: Effects of electrical stimulation, excitotoxin lesions, and quinpirole infusion on potentiated startle in rats.

1996 • 79 citations

Effects of unilateral ablation of auditory cortex in cat on complex sound localization.

1972 • 79 citations

Fear-potentiated startle and electrically evoked startle mediated by synapses in rostrolateral midbrain.

1995 • 78 citations

Stimulation at a site of auditory-somatosensory convergence in the medial geniculate nucleus is an effective unconditioned stimulus for fear conditioning.

1992 • 75 citations

Developmental dissociation of the components of conditioned fear.

1997 • 74 citations

A visual pathway that mediates fear-conditioned enhancement of acoustic startle

1983 • 74 citations

Ventral and dorsolateral regions of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) control different stages of defensive behavior: Dorsolateral PAG lesions enhance the defensive freezing produced by massed and immediate shock

1995 • 73 citations

New animal models of anxiety

1994 • 69 citations

FUNCTION OF AUDITORY CORTEX OF CAT IN FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION

1960 • 68 citations

Negative Motor Phenomena

1995 • 68 citations

The amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned but not unconditioned analgesia.

1993 • 67 citations

Ontogenesis of learning: VI. Learned and unlearned responses to visual stimulation in the infant hooded rat

1985 • 67 citations

Associative learning modifies startle reflexes at the lateral lemniscus.

1985 • 66 citations

Lesions of the central gray block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm

1996 • 65 citations

The Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray

1985 • 64 citations

The startle response in rats: effect of ethanol

1976 • 64 citations

Corticotropin‐releasing Factor in the Caudal Pontine Reticular Nucleus Mediates the Expression of Fear‐potentiated Startle in the Rat

1997 • 62 citations

NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists infused into the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis depress the acoustic startle reflex

1993 • 62 citations

Motivational effects of drugs: Methods which illustrate some general problems in psychopharmacology

1960 • 62 citations

Contribution of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons to expression of conditional fear: Effects of electrical stimulation, excitotoxin lesions, and quinpirole infusion on potentiated startle in rats.

1996 • 61 citations

The amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned but not unconditioned analgesia.

1993 • 59 citations

Lack of a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia in rats with amygdala lesions assessed with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

1993 • 59 citations

The benzodiazepine inverse agonist DMCM as an unconditional stimulus for fear-induced analgesia: Implications for the role of GABA-sub(A ) receptors in fear-related behavior.

1992 • 55 citations

Enhancement of electrically elicited startle by amygdaloid stimulation

1990 • 54 citations

Acoustic startle response and habituation in freezing and nonfreezing rats.

1993 • 52 citations

Involvement of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the loss of fear-potentiated startle accompanying high footshock training.

1997 • 51 citations

Glutamate antagonists in the reticular formation reduce the acoustic startle response

1993 • 50 citations

Acoustic startle response and habituation in freezing and nonfreezing rats.

1993 • 50 citations

Fear conditioning, pre-pulse inhibition and drug modulation of a short latency startle response measured electromyographically from neck muscles in the rat

1986 • 49 citations

Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats

1983 • 49 citations

Temporal characteristics of enhancement of startle by stimulation of the amygdala

1988 • 49 citations

Involvement of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the loss of fear-potentiated startle accompanying high footshock training.

1997 • 46 citations

Pavlovian conditional vocalizations of the rat: A model system for analyzing the fear of pain.

1995 • 46 citations

From the jumping Frenchmen of Maine to posttraumatic stress disorder: the startle response in neuropsychiatry

1992 • 46 citations

Lack of a temporal gradient of retrograde amnesia in rats with amygdala lesions assessed with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

1993 • 45 citations

Startle response: Habituation over trials and days, and sex and strain differences.

1963 • 44 citations

Shock sensitization of startle in rats: The role of contextual conditioning.

1998 • 44 citations

Fear-potentiated startle and electrically evoked startle mediated by synapses in rostrolateral midbrain.

1995 • 43 citations

Antinociception following lesion-induced hyperemotionality and conditioned fear

1977 • 43 citations

GLUTAMATE RECEPTORS MEDIATE ACOUSTIC INPUT TO THE RETICULAR BRAIN STEM

1992 • 42 citations

Antagonists at the serotonin-3 receptor can reduce the fear-potentiated startle response in the rat: evidence for different types of anxiolytic activity?

1994 • 41 citations

The benzodiazepine inverse agonist DMCM as an unconditional stimulus for fear-induced analgesia: Implications for the role of GABAA receptors in fear-related behavior.

1992 • 41 citations

Shock sensitization of startle in rats: The role of contextual conditioning.

1998 • 39 citations

Different regions of the periaqueductal grey are involved differently in the expression and conditioned inhibition of fear‐potentiated startle

1998 • 39 citations

Auditory startle response of hippocampectomized rats

1972 • 39 citations

Pavlovian conditional vocalizations of the rat: A model system for analyzing the fear of pain.

1995 • 37 citations

Associative learning modifies startle reflexes at the lateral lemniscus.

1985 • 37 citations

The behavior of white rats in the presence of cats.

1920 • 37 citations

The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

1957 • 37 citations

Visual cortex ablations do not prevent extinction of fear-potentiated startle using a visual conditioned stimulus

1993 • 37 citations

Startle responses measured in muscles innervated by facial and trigeminal nerves show common modulation.

1989 • 35 citations

Role of auditory cortex in the acquisition of differential heart rate conditioning

1988 • 34 citations

Substance P and other putative transmitters modulate the activity of reticular pontine neurons: an electrophysiological and immunohistochemical study

1994 • 33 citations

The CCKB antagonist, L-365,260, attenuates fear-potentiated startle

1995 • 33 citations

Preference for shock signals as a function of the temporal accuracy of the signals

1977 • 33 citations

Startle responses measured in muscles innervated by facial and trigeminal nerves show common modulation.

1989 • 33 citations

Physiology of startle phenomena.

1995 • 32 citations

Differential profile of the CCKB receptor antagonist CI-988 and diazepam in the four-plate test

1993 • 30 citations

Somatostatin in the Pontine Reticular Formation Modulates Fear Potentiation of the Acoustic Startle Response: An Anatomical, Electrophysiological, and Behavioral Study

1996 • 29 citations

Cholecystokinin enhances the acoustic startle response in rats

1995 • 29 citations

Inhibition of fear-potentiated startle can be detected after the offset of a feature trained in a serial feature-negative discrimination.

1997 • 28 citations

NMDA receptors in the pontine brainstem are necessary for fear potentiation of the startle response

1996 • 28 citations

Microinjections of the metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist,trans-(±)-1-amino-cyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (trans-ACPD) into the amygdala increase the acoustic startle response of rats

1993 • 27 citations

Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex by infusion of corticotropin-releasing hormone into the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis

1998 • 24 citations

Inhibition of fear-potentiated startle can be detected after the offset of a feature trained in a serial feature-negative discrimination.

1997 • 23 citations

Delayed development of conditioned heart rate responses to auditory stimuli in the rat

1995 • 23 citations

Intracerebroventricular infusion of the CCKB receptor agonist pentagastrin potentiates acoustic startle

1996 • 17 citations

Alpha-methylDOPA dissociates hypertension, cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats

1983 • 16 citations

Involvement of pertussis toxin sensitive G-proteins in conditioned fear-potentiated startle: possible involvement of the amygdala

1992 • 13 citations

Future Prospects for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety

1994 • 12 citations

CCK, Schizophrenia, and Anxiety

1994 • 12 citations

Acute sympathectomy by 6-hydroxydopamine in the adult rat: Effects on cardiovascular conditioning and fear retention.

1972 • 9 citations

Mechanism for temporal encoding in fear conditioning: delay lines in perirhinal cortex and lateral amygdala

1997 • 6 citations

Cited By (0)

Loading...
The neuroanatomical and neurochemical basis of conditioned fear (1999) – Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews | Metascience Observatory Explorer