The smoking problem: A review of the research and theory in behavioral risk modification.

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Research

1963 • 15,071 citations

Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change

1978 • 10,611 citations

Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years' observations on male British doctors

1994 • 5,782 citations

Compliance, identification, and internalization three processes of attitude change

1958 • 3,392 citations

Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth

1977 • 3,233 citations

The Health Belief Model and Preventive Health Behavior

1974 • 2,962 citations

Communication of Innovations: A Cross-Cultural Approach.

1974 • 2,875 citations

The methodology of evaluation

1966 • 2,323 citations

Readings in Attitude Theory and Measurement

1968 • 2,137 citations

An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. Temporal dynamics of affect.

1974 • 1,644 citations

Findings and Theory in the Study of Fear Communications

1970 • 1,314 citations

Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth.

1978 • 1,198 citations

Behavioral Regulation of the Milieu Interne in Man and Rat

1974 • 1,109 citations

Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use

1975 • 1,092 citations

Effect of general practitioners' advice against smoking

1979 • 949 citations

Cultural Components in Responses to Pain¹

1952 • 874 citations

Smoking and Lung Cancer: Recent Evidence and a Discussion of Some Questions

1959 • 816 citations

The Ecology of Medical Care

1961 • 740 citations

Some myths of psychotherapy research and the search for a paradigm.

1966 • 732 citations

Mortality in Relation to Smoking: Ten Years' Observations of British Doctors

1964 • 686 citations

Evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response.

1975 • 655 citations

The Health Belief Model: Origins and Correlates in Psychological Theory

1974 • 602 citations

Effects of fear and specificity of recommendation upon attitudes and behavior.

1965 • 599 citations

The puzzle of pain

1973 • 582 citations

Relative efficacy of desensitization and modeling approaches for inducing behavioral, affective, and attitudinal changes.

1969 • 566 citations

Smoking withdrawal symptoms in two weeks of abstinence

1976 • 551 citations

Licit and Illicit Drugs

1972 • 522 citations

A psychophysiological analysis of fear modification using an automated desensitization procedure.

1970 • 471 citations

Deterring the Onset of Smoking in Children: Knowledge of Immediate Physiological Effects and Coping with Peer Pressure, Media Pressure, and Parent Modeling¹

1978 • 447 citations

Systematic desensitization and nonspecific treatment effects: A methodological evaluation.

1976 • 413 citations

Cognition: An Introduction

1973 • 367 citations

A Scale to Differentiate between Types of Smoking as Related to the Management of Affect

1969 • 364 citations

Smoking behavior : motives and incentives

1973 • 327 citations

DEATH AND CORONARY ATTACKS IN MEN AFTER GIVING UP CIGARETTE SMOKING

1974 • 314 citations

Determinants of Three Stages of Delay in Seeking Care at a Medical Clinic

1979 • 306 citations

Stages of Illness and Medical Care

1965 • 306 citations

Morphine tolerance acquisition as an associative process.

1977 • 299 citations

An opponent-process theory of motivation: II. Cigarette addiction.

1973 • 285 citations

Initial drug abuse: A review of predisposing social psychological factors.

1976 • 275 citations

Effects of self-monitoring on normal smoking behavior.

1970 • 273 citations

Smoking in children: Developing a social psychological strategy of deterrence

1976 • 271 citations

Adolescent Marihuana Use: Role of Parents and Peers

1973 • 258 citations

Modification of smoking behavior: An evaluative review.

1969 • 239 citations

Effects of fear and instructions on how to cope with danger.

1967 • 237 citations

An evaluation of current methods of modifying smoking behavior

1974 • 237 citations

DRUG USE BY U.S. ARMY ENLISTED MEN IN VIETNAM: A FOLLOW-UP ON THEIR RETURN HOM1

1974 • 232 citations

The effects of the anti-smoking campaign on cigarette consumption.

1977 • 230 citations

Desensitization, suggestibility, and pseudotherapy.

1965 • 223 citations

Paradoxical tranquilizing and emotion-reducing effects of nicotine.

1979 • 222 citations

Motivation, structure, and self-monitoring: Role of nonspecific factors in smoking reduction.

1971 • 218 citations

Psychological model for smoking behavior.

1966 • 218 citations

Sources of resistance to fear-arousing communications on smoking and lung cancer1

1966 • 215 citations

Toward A Comprehensive Theory of Emotion

1980 • 213 citations

Plasma nicotine levels after cigarette smoking and chewing nicotine gum.

1976 • 213 citations

Smoking education programs 1960-1976.

1978 • 212 citations

Effects of preparatory information about sensations, threat of pain, and attention on cold pressor distress.

1979 • 210 citations

Relationships of cessation of smoking with job stress, personality, and social support.

1975 • 207 citations

Conditioned Narcotic Withdrawal in Humans

1977 • 204 citations

Emotion, Pain, and Physical Illness

1979 • 203 citations

Three years later: Recent developments in the experimental modification of smoking behavior.

1973 • 192 citations

The tobacco withdrawal syndrome.

1979 • 190 citations

Attitude and Motivation

2012 • 180 citations

Influencing cigarette smoking with nicotine antagonists

1973 • 178 citations

Cigarette smoking: natural history of a dependence disorder

1971 • 177 citations

Comparison of rapid smoking, warm, smoky air, and attention placebo in the modification of smoking behavior.

1973 • 170 citations

Effectiveness of emotional role-playing in modifying smoking habits and attitudes.

1965 • 167 citations

Smoking, physiological arousal, and emotional response.

1973 • 164 citations

Some Principles of Mass Persuasion

1949 • 164 citations

Effects of varying the recommendations in a fear-arousing communication.

1966 • 155 citations

Effects of the mass media of communication

1966 • 155 citations

Smoking Behaviour and its Relation to the Smoker's Immediate Experience

1971 • 151 citations

The experience of affect as a determinant of smoking behavior: A series of validity studies.

1973 • 144 citations

Puffing Frequency and Nicotine Intake in Cigarette Smokers

1970 • 142 citations

The role of nicotine as a determinant of cigarette smoking frequency in man with observations of certain cardiovascular effects associated with the tobacco alkaloid

1967 • 136 citations

The Resistance to Change of Group-Anchored Attitudes

1952 • 136 citations

A Critical Review and Evaluation of Smoking Control Methods

1969 • 134 citations

The end of medicine

1975 • 134 citations

Skills training in a cardiovascular health education campaign.

1980 • 133 citations

Successful treatment of habitual smokers with warm, smoky air and rapid smoking.

1972 • 128 citations

Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students

1959 • 127 citations

Fear arousal, persuasion, and actual versus implied behavioral change: New perspective utilizing a real-life dental hygiene program.

1970 • 127 citations

On emotions, needs, and our archaic brain.

1975 • 119 citations

Learning Mechanisms in Smoking

1972 • 119 citations

Modification of Smoking Behavior: A Critical Analysis of Theory, Research, and Practice

1976 • 117 citations

Modification of smoking behavior: A review.

1968 • 116 citations

Mortality in Middle-Aged Smokers and Nonsmokers

1979 • 111 citations

Results of a two-year health education campaign on dietary behavior. The Stanford Three Community Study.

1976 • 110 citations

A Perceptual-Motor Processing Model of Emotion

1979 • 110 citations

Five year follow-up of a smoking withdrawal clinic population.

1977 • 109 citations

Successful treatment of smokers with a broad-spectrum behavioral approach.

1977 • 108 citations

Smoking, Health, and Behavior

1969 • 106 citations

Real-life exposure as a primary therapeutic factor in the desensitization treatment of fear.

1972 • 103 citations

Tailoring smoking withdrawal procedures to personality and motivational differences.

1975 • 103 citations

Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking: I. Nicotine regulation in heavy and light smokers.

1977 • 99 citations

Salience of Membership and Resistance to Change Of Group-Anchored Attitudes

1955 • 96 citations

Some variables contributing to the onset of cigarette smoking among junior high school students

1970 • 95 citations

Relative effects of low socio-economic status, parental smoking and poor scholastic performance on smoking among high school students

1975 • 95 citations

Psychosocial Predictors of Smoking Recidivism

1971 • 94 citations

External and internal cues as determinants of the smoking behavior of light and heavy smokers.

1974 • 93 citations

Smoking: A Behavioral Analysis.

1972 • 93 citations

Academic performance and social factors related to cigarette smoking by schoolchildren.

1977 • 93 citations

Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking: V. Psychological and pharmacological explanations of smoking under stress.

1977 • 90 citations

Is "behavior therapy" behavioristic? An analysis of Wolpe's psychotherapeutic methods.

1971 • 89 citations

Multiple risk factor reduction in the prevention of cardiovascular disease

1974 • 89 citations

A situation-specific model for smoking behavior

1978 • 87 citations

Teaching Children Self-Control

1979 • 87 citations

Communication for Health: Unselling Heart Disease

1975 • 87 citations

Effect of nicotine chewing gum on smoking behaviour and as an aid to cigarette withdrawal.

1976 • 87 citations

Low-Risk Cigarettes: A Prescription

1976 • 82 citations

Changing attitudes and habits to reduce risk factors in chronic disease

1973 • 80 citations

Experimental treatment of habitual smoking

1965 • 79 citations

The effect of varying the nicotine content of cigarettes on human smoking behaviour

1971 • 79 citations

A Theory of Addiction as an Artificially Induced Drive

1972 • 78 citations

Comparison of behavior modification approaches to smoking reduction.

1971 • 77 citations

Modification of smoking behavior.

1979 • 76 citations

ADDICTIVE ASPECTS IN HEAVY CIGARETTE SMOKING

1963 • 74 citations

Aversive and cognitive factors in the modification of smoking behaviour

1970 • 74 citations

EFFECTS OF SMOKING UPON SUSTAINED PERFORMANCE IN A SIMULATED DRIVING TASK*

1967 • 72 citations

Smoking and rebelliousness: A longitudinal study from childhood to maturity.

1966 • 72 citations

Primary prevention of chronic disease beginning in childhood

1977 • 70 citations

Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking: IV. Effects of stress on cigarette smoking and urinary pH.

1977 • 69 citations

A controlled study to assess the clinical efficacy of totally self-administered systematic desensitization.

1976 • 69 citations

The Anti-Smoking Commercials: A Study of Television's Impact on Behavior

1971 • 67 citations

A comparison of excessive and rapid smoking in the modification of chronic smoking behavior.

1975 • 65 citations

Pleasure, addiction, and habit: Factors in verbal report or factors in smoking behavior?

1976 • 63 citations

CHARACTERISTICS OF SMOKERS COMPARED WITH NONSMOKERS IN A POPULATION OF HEALTHY YOUNG ADULTS, INCLUDING OBSERVATIONS ON FAMILY HISTORY, BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART RATE, BODY WEIGHT, CHOLESTEROL AND CERTAIN PSYCHOLOGIC TRAITS

1960 • 62 citations

Effects of stimulus satiation on the overlearned maladaptive response of cigarette smoking.

1968 • 61 citations

The Belgian heart disease prevention project. Modification of the coronary risk profile in an industrial population.

1980 • 61 citations

Modification of smoking behavior.

1968 • 60 citations

Smoking elimination by gradual reduction

1971 • 59 citations

Research on rapid smoking: Interim summary and recommendations

1977 • 58 citations

Nicotine chewing gum as a substitute for smoking.

1977 • 58 citations

America, ‘Mass Society’ and Mass Media¹

1960 • 57 citations

Smoking In Children and Adolescents: Psychosocial Determinants and Prevention Strategies

1979 • 57 citations

Persistence of Influence for Varying Durations of Exposure to Threat Stimuli

1965 • 55 citations

Comparing behavior modification approaches to habit decrement smoking.

1970 • 55 citations

Relationship of alcohol, cigarette, and drug abuse in adulthood with alcohol, cigarette and coffee consumption in childhood

1976 • 53 citations

Tobacco and Evoked Potential

1973 • 52 citations

CIGARETTE SMOKING, RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS, AND ANTI-SMOKING PROPAGANDA

1968 • 50 citations

Modification of smoking behavior through self-administered punishment of imagined behavior: A new approach to aversion therapy.

1972 • 50 citations

Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking: V. Psychological and pharmacological explanations of smoking under stress.

1977 • 50 citations

Behaviour therapy for addicted cigarette smokers: A preliminary investigation

1964 • 48 citations

Modification of smoking behavior: Good designs ineffective treatments.

1971 • 47 citations

Taste aversion therapy with alcoholics: Techniques and evidence of a conditioned response

1979 • 47 citations

Arousal Seeking as a Central Factor in Tobacco Smoking Among College Students

1965 • 47 citations

Smoking modification procedures tailored to subject characteristics

1971 • 46 citations

Effects of nicotine on avoidance, conditioned suppression and aggression response measures in animal and man.

1973 • 46 citations

Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking: II. Effects of urinary pH on cigarette smoking.

1977 • 45 citations

AROUSING FEAR IN DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION*^,†

1965 • 45 citations

Tobacco dependence: is nicotine rewarding or aversive?

1979 • 45 citations

An ecological view of cigarette smoking.

1973 • 44 citations

A multiple-component treatment approach to smoking reduction.

1978 • 43 citations

Chronic chest disease, personality, and success in stopping cigarette smoking.

1969 • 43 citations

DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SMOKING HABITS

1959 • 43 citations

Comparison of satiation and rapid smoking in self-managed smoking cessation

1978 • 41 citations

Cardiovascular risk modification by community-based programs for life-style change: Comments on the Stanford study.

1980 • 41 citations

Smoking on cue: a behavioral approach to smoking reduction.

1971 • 38 citations

Use of sensory deprivation in facilitating the reduction of cigarette smoking.

1974 • 37 citations

Redefining Addiction I. Making Addiction a Scientifically and Socially Useful Concept

1977 • 37 citations

The effects of hypnotic susceptibility on reducing smoking behavior treated by an hypnotic technique

1975 • 36 citations

Comparison of three behavioral techniques in the modification of smoking behavior.

1975 • 36 citations

Hypnosis and Smoking: A Review of the Literature

1971 • 36 citations

Smoking habits of business executives. Doctor variation in reducing cigarette consumption.

1970 • 35 citations

Psychosocial influences on cigarette smoking.

1979 • 35 citations

Effects of a self-control manual, rapid smoking, and amount of therapist contact on smoking reduction.

1978 • 35 citations

Studies of the interaction of psychological and pharmacological determinants of smoking: II. Effects of urinary pH on cigarette smoking.

1977 • 34 citations

Effectiveness of negative practice and self-control techniques in the reduction of smoking behavior.

1976 • 33 citations

The influence of a physician on the smoking of his patients.

1968 • 33 citations

Outlook for Treating Patients with Self-Destructive Habits

1974 • 32 citations

Peer group conformity in adolescent smoking and its relationship to affiliation and autonomy needs

1971 • 32 citations

Smoking Habits of High-School Students in Newton, Massachusetts

1961 • 32 citations

EFFECTS OF A HEALTH EDUCATION PROGRAM ON JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS‘ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR CONCERNING TOBACCO USE*

1974 • 31 citations

Aversive conditioning: Learning or dissonance reduction?

1968 • 31 citations

Comparison of hypnosis plus counseling, counseling alone, and hypnosis alone in a community service smoking withdrawal program.

1975 • 30 citations

Aversive conditioning and contingency management in the treatment of smoking.

1976 • 30 citations

Problems of S's Motivation in a Behavioral Program for Reduction of Cigarette Smoking

1967 • 29 citations

Behavioral aspects of cigarette smoking

1963 • 29 citations

A short duration group treatment of smoking behavior by stimulus saturation

1970 • 28 citations

Report on a smoking clinic.

1966 • 28 citations

Modification of smoking behavior with an aversion-desensitization procedure.

1972 • 28 citations

Psychosocial Aspects of Smoking with Special Reference to Cessation

1965 • 27 citations

STATUS CONFIGURATIONS AND CIGARETTE SMOKING IN A JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL*

1970 • 27 citations

The Addictive Personality: Prediction of Success in a Smoking Withdrawal Program

1972 • 27 citations

Smoking habits of Winnipeg school children.

1961 • 27 citations

Changes in the cigarette consumption of smokers in relation to changes in tar/nicotine content of cigarettes smoked.

1979 • 25 citations

Behavioral self-control of smoking through aversive conditioning and self-management.

1977 • 25 citations

Some Evidence for a Peer Group Hypothesis About Adolescent Smoking

1963 • 25 citations

Primary schoolboys: image of self and smoker.

1975 • 24 citations

An Experimental Attack on Smoking (Attitude Manipulation in Restricted Environments, III)

1972 • 24 citations

Psychologic Aspects of Cigarette Smoking in Men

1970 • 23 citations

SMOKING BEHAVIOR, RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND ATTITUDES TOWARD SMOKING AMONG NEWTON SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

1963 • 23 citations

Smoking and drug consumption in white, black, and oriental men and women.

1974 • 23 citations

Aversive control of smoking behavior in a group context

1972 • 23 citations

The Objective Assessment of Desensitization

1966 • 22 citations

Mode of service delivery in a smoking cessation program for public health.

1977 • 21 citations

Smoking: A Panel Study of Beliefs and Behavior following the PHS Report

1966 • 21 citations

Catch Them Before They Start

1961 • 20 citations

Hypnoaversion treatment in alcoholism, nicotinism and weight control.

1976 • 20 citations

HEALTH EDUCATION AND CIGARETTE SMOKING: A REPORT ON A THREE-YEAR PROGRAM IN THE WINNIPEG SCHOOL DIVISION, 1960-1963.

1964 • 19 citations

Change in smoking habits in a general practice

1973 • 19 citations

Effects of outcome expectancy and timing of self-monitoring on cigarette smoking

1975 • 19 citations

THE EFFECTS OF TWO EDUCATIONAL METHODS AND MESSAGE THEMES ON RURAL YOUTH SMOKING BEHAVIOR*

1968 • 19 citations

Behavioural Research into Children's Smoking

1970 • 19 citations

The Saskatoon smoking study: results of the second year.

1974 • 18 citations

The effectiveness of meprobamate and lobeline as smoking deterrents.

1957 • 18 citations

PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL VARIABLES RELATED TO THE INITIATION OF SMOKING CIGARETTES

1969 • 17 citations

Cognitive dissonance as a modifier of chronic smoking behavior: A serendipitous finding.

1975 • 17 citations

Self-reconstitution processes: A proposal for reorganizing the conduct of confirmed smokers.

1973 • 17 citations

Effect of the counselor's approach to changing smoking behavior.

1969 • 16 citations

A two-year follow-up on systematic desensitization with data pertaining to the external validity of laboratory fear assessment.

1977 • 16 citations

ADOLESCENT CIGARETTE SMOKING AS COMPENSATORY BEHAVIOR*

1970 • 15 citations

Evaluation of an Antismoking Program Among High School Students

1965 • 15 citations

Satiation and Sensory Deprivation Combined in Smoking Therapy: Some Case Studies and Unexpected Side-Effects

1977 • 15 citations

The Psychodynamics of Quitting Smoking in a Group

1972 • 14 citations

Group Psychotherapy with Addicted Smokers

1972 • 13 citations

Reduction of cigarette smoking through self-administered aversion conditioning: A new treatment model with implications for public health

1972 • 13 citations

Behavioural Aspects of Cigarette Smoking in Relation to Arousal Level

1973 • 13 citations

Cessation of Cigarette Smoking and Pulmonary Disease

1978 • 12 citations

Test of the classical conditioning explanation of covert sensitization.

1974 • 11 citations

Developmental Self-Concept and (Self-Reported) Drug Use

1977 • 10 citations

The Saskatoon Smoking Study. Results of the first year.

1971 • 10 citations

Operant Conditioning and Self-Control of Smoking and Studying

1971 • 9 citations

Treatment of Tobacco Addiction: Experiences in Tobacco Withdrawal Clinics.

1964 • 9 citations

CIGARETTE SMOKING IN SYDNEY SCHOOLCHILDREN AGED 12 TO 13 YEARS

1973 • 9 citations

Limitation of Smoking by Sons and Daughters who Smoke and Smoking Behavior of Parents

1971 • 9 citations

Thought‐stopping, Pocket Timers, and their Combination, in the Modification of Smoking Behaviour*

1978 • 8 citations

Ego-Resiliency, Ego-Control, and Smoking Cessation

1968 • 8 citations

Changes over time in student reactions to the Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health.

1966 • 7 citations

Is Addictive Smoking an Independent Trait?

1973 • 6 citations

Cognitive Dissonance and Changes in Cigarette Smoking in an Organized Control Program

1969 • 5 citations

The saskatoon smoking project--the model.

1970 • 5 citations

Aversive Cigarette Smoking with an Habitual, Excessive Smoker

1975 • 4 citations

Cigarette smoking as an addiction.

1976 • 4 citations

An Analysis of the Educational Problems of Controlling Cigarette Smoking

1967 • 2 citations

Smoking behaviour: motivational determinants and modification techniques. A review.

1974 • 2 citations

A note on smoking motivation.

1973 • 2 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations