Molecular mechanisms of neurotoxin action on voltage-gated sodium channels

A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve

1952 • 21,965 citations

Neurotoxins that Act on Voltage-Sensitive Sodium Channels in Excitable Membranes

1980 • 1,236 citations

Structural parts involved in activation and inactivation of the sodium channel

1989 • 1,189 citations

Tetrodotoxin Blockage of Sodium Conductance Increase in Lobster Giant Axons

1964 • 1,065 citations

Chemicals as tools in the study of excitable membranes.

1974 • 918 citations

Existence of distinct sodium channel messenger RNAs in rat brain

1986 • 909 citations

A cluster of hydrophobic amino acid residues required for fast Na(+)-channel inactivation.

1992 • 810 citations

Calcium channel characteristics conferred on the sodium channel by single mutations

1992 • 776 citations

Primary structure and functional expression of the beta 1 subunit of the rat brain sodium channel

1992 • 708 citations

Molecular Basis of Charge Movement in Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels

1996 • 603 citations

Sodium channels and gating currents.

1981 • 541 citations

Pharmacological Modifications of the Sodium Channels of Frog Nerve

1968 • 479 citations

Mapping the site of block by tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin of sodium channel II

1991 • 460 citations

Structure and function of the β2 subunit of brain sodium channels, a transmembrane glycoprotein with a CAM motif

1995 • 456 citations

Splicing of α1A subunit gene generates phenotypic variants of P- and Q-type calcium channels

1999 • 425 citations

Molecular Determinants of High Affinity Binding of α-Scorpion Toxin and Sea Anemone Toxin in the S3-S4 Extracellular Loop in Domain IV of the Na+ Channel α Subunit

1996 • 410 citations

Conus geographus toxins that discriminate between neuronal and muscle sodium channels.

1985 • 402 citations

A Mutant of TTX-Resistant Cardiac Sodium Channels with TTX-Sensitive Properties

1992 • 387 citations

Identification of an Intracellular Peptide Segment Involved in Sodium Channel Inactivation

1988 • 382 citations

The binding of saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin to excitable tissue

1977 • 369 citations

The effect of veratridine on excitable membranes of nerve and muscle

2007 • 344 citations

A single point mutation confers tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin insensitivity on the sodium channel II

1989 • 336 citations

Voltage Sensor–Trapping

1998 • 328 citations

Brevetoxins, unique activators of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, bind to specific sites in rat brain synaptosomes.

1986 • 313 citations

Ciguatoxin and brevetoxins share a common receptor site on the neuronal voltage‐dependent Na⁺ channel

1987 • 304 citations

The receptor for tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin. A structural hypothesis

1975 • 295 citations

β3: An additional auxiliary subunit of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel that modulates channel gating with distinct kinetics

2000 • 289 citations

Molecular Localization of an Ion-Binding Site Within the Pore of Mammalian Sodium Channels

1992 • 281 citations

Activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins. An allosteric model

1977 • 256 citations

Two types of scorpion neurotoxins characterized by their binding to two separate receptor sites on rat brain synaptosomes

1980 • 242 citations

Batrachotoxin: Chemistry and Pharmacology

1971 • 221 citations

An Integrated view of the Molecular Toxinology of Sodium Channel Gating in Excitable Cells

1987 • 221 citations

Mapping the Receptor Site for Hanatoxin, a Gating Modifier of Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels

1997 • 221 citations

Scorpion toxins: chemistry and mode of action.

1979 • 200 citations

Modification of sodium channel gating in frog myelinated nerve fibres by Centruroides sculpturatus scorpion venom.

1975 • 194 citations

Sea anemone toxin and scorpion toxin share a common receptor site associated with the action potential sodium ionophore.

1978 • 187 citations

Scorpion Toxins Affecting Sodium Current Inactivation Bind to Distinct Homologous Receptor Sites on Rat Brain and Insect Sodium Channels

1996 • 181 citations

Decreased rate of sodium conductance inactivation in the node of Ranvier induced by a polypeptide toxin from sea anemone

1976 • 171 citations

A scorpion venom neurotoxin paralytic to insects that affects sodium current inactivation: purification, primary structure, and mode of action

1990 • 165 citations

Gating modifier toxins reveal a conserved structural motif in voltage-gated Ca ²⁺ and K ⁺ channels

1998 • 165 citations

Binding of scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with sodium channels in frog muscle. Correlation of voltage-dependent binding with activation.

1979 • 158 citations

Localization of the receptor site for alpha-scorpion toxins by antibody mapping: implications for sodium channel topology.

1989 • 152 citations

The Na Channel Voltage Sensor Associated with Inactivation Is Localized to the External Charged Residues of Domain IV, S4

1999 • 152 citations

Discrimination of muscle and neuronal Na-channel subtypes by binding competition between [3H]saxitoxin and mu-conotoxins.

1986 • 151 citations

Identification of peptide components of the brevetoxin receptor site of rat brain sodium channels.

1994 • 148 citations

An excitatory and a depressant insect toxin from scorpion venom both affect sodium conductance and possess a common binding site

1985 • 147 citations

Batrachotoxin as a tool to study voltage-sensitive sodium channels of excitable membranes

1985 • 145 citations

Purification and pharmacological properties of eight sea anemone toxins from Anemonia sulcata, Anthopleura xanthogrammica, Stoichactis giganteus and Actinodendron plumosum

1981 • 134 citations

Functional duality and structural uniqueness of the depressant insect-selective neurotoxins

1991 • 133 citations

Membrane potential dependent binding of scorpion toxin to action potential Na+ ionophore.

1976 • 130 citations

Interaction of batrachotoxin with the local anesthetic receptor site in transmembrane segment IVS6 of the voltage-gated sodium channel

1998 • 125 citations

A new neurotoxin receptor site on sodium channels is identified by a conotoxin that affects sodium channel inactivation in molluscs and acts as an antagonist in rat brain.

1994 • 122 citations

Covalent structure of the insect toxin of the North African scorpion Androctonus australis Hector

1982 • 120 citations

Binding of scorpion toxin to receptor sites associated with voltage-sensitive sodium channels in synaptic nerve ending particles.

1978 • 113 citations

Molecular basis for pharmacological differences between brain and cardiac sodium channels

1992 • 111 citations

Site of covalent attachment of alpha-scorpion toxin derivatives in domain I of the sodium channel alpha subunit.

1988 • 111 citations

A Specific Interaction between the Cardiac Sodium Channel and Site-3 Toxin Anthopleurin B

1998 • 109 citations

Effect of toxins isolated from the venom of the scorpionCentruroides sculpturatus on the Na currents of the node of ranvier

1982 • 107 citations

Effects of ciguatoxin on current and voltage clamped frog myelinated nerve fibre

1986 • 103 citations

Toxin T4(6) from Ptychodiscus brevis (formerly Gymnodinium breve) enhances activation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels by veratridine.

1981 • 101 citations

A mu-conotoxin-insensitive Na+ channel mutant: possible localization of a binding site at the outer vestibule

1995 • 100 citations

Localization of receptor sites for insect-selective toxins on sodium channels by site-directed antibodies

1992 • 98 citations

Interspecies Distribution and Possible Origin of Tetrodotoxin

1986 • 91 citations

Chemistry and Biology of Saxitoxin and Related Toxins

1986 • 91 citations

Structure/activity relationships of scorpion α‐toxins

1989 • 91 citations

The amino acid sequences of homologous hydroxyproline‐containing myotoxins from the marine snal Conus geographus venom

1983 • 90 citations

Scorpion venoms and neurotoxins: An immunological study

1981 • 88 citations

Binding of scorpion and sea anemone neurotoxins to a common site related to the action potential Na+ ionophore in neuroblastoma cells

1978 • 85 citations

Characterisation of the effects of robustoxin, the lethal neurotoxin from the Sydney funnel-web spider Atrax robustus, on sodium channel activation and inactivation

1998 • 83 citations

Batrachotoxin-Resistant Na+ Channels Derived from Point Mutations in Transmembrane Segment D4-S6

1999 • 81 citations

Disulfide Bonds of Toxin II of the Scorpion Androctonus australis Hector

1974 • 81 citations

Centruroides toxin, a selective blocker of surface Na+ channels in skeletal muscle: voltage-clamp analysis and biochemical characterization of the receptor.

1982 • 79 citations

Modification of sodium channel gating and kinetics by versutoxin from the Australian funnel-web spiderHadronyche versuta

1994 • 78 citations

Purification and physiological characterization of neurotoxins from venoms of the scorpions centruroides sculpturatus and leiurus quinquestriatus.

1983 • 78 citations

Effects of Tityus Serrulatus Scorpion Toxin gamma on Voltage-Gated Na sup + Channels

1997 • 73 citations

α-Scorpion Toxins Binding on Rat Brain and Insect Sodium Channels Reveal Divergent Allosteric Modulations by Brevetoxin and Veratridine

1995 • 72 citations

Primary structure of scorpion anti‐insect toxins isolated from the venom of Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus

1990 • 71 citations

Specific inhibition of [3H] saxitoxin binding to skeletal muscle sodium channels by geographutoxin II, a polypeptide channel blocker.

1986 • 69 citations

Binding of an α scorpion toxin to insect sodium channels is not dependent on membrane potential

1993 • 65 citations

Photoaffinity labeling of the brevetoxin receptor on sodium channels in rat brain synaptosomes.

1991 • 64 citations

Polypeptide Toxins as Tools to Study Voltage‐Sensitive Na⁺ Channels^a

1986 • 63 citations

The effect ofTityus serrulatus scorpion toxin γ on Na channels in neuroblastoma cells

1984 • 63 citations

Toxin ? of the scorpionTityus serrulatus modifies both activation and inactivation of sodium permeability of nerve membrane

1986 • 61 citations

Site of Covalent Labeling by a Photoreactive Batrachotoxin Derivative near Transmembrane Segment IS6 of the Sodium Channel α Subunit

1996 • 57 citations

Multiple Cationic Residues of Anthopleurin B That Determine High Affinity and Channel Isoform Discrimination

1995 • 54 citations

Structure-function relations of scorpion neurotoxins

1976 • 54 citations

Alteration of Sodium Currents by New Peptide Toxins From the Venom of a Molluscivorous Conus Snail

1993 • 53 citations

The ?I skeletal muscle sodium channel: Mutation E403Q eliminates sensitivity to tetrodotoxin but not to ?-conotoxins GIIIA and GIIIB

1994 • 53 citations

Extrapore Residues of the S5-S6 Loop of Domain 2 of the Voltage-Gated Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channel (rSkM1) Contribute to the μ-Conotoxin GIIIA Binding Site

1998 • 53 citations

Scorpion α‐like toxins, toxic to both mammals and insects, differentially interact with receptor site 3 on voltage‐gated sodium channels in mammals and insects

1999 • 50 citations

Differential effects of defined chemical modifications on antigenic and pharmacological activities of scorpion alpha and beta toxins

1986 • 50 citations

On the binding of two scorpion toxins to the central nervous system of the cockroach Periplaneta americana

1989 • 49 citations

The voltage-dependent Na+ channel of insect nervous system identified by receptor sites for tetrodotoxin, and scorpion and sea anemone toxins

1985 • 47 citations

Importance of the unique cationic residues arginine 12 and lysine 49 in the activity of the cardiotonic polypeptide anthopleurin B.

1994 • 46 citations

Local Anesthetic Block of Batrachotoxin-Resistant Muscle Na⁺ Channels

1998 • 45 citations

Characterizing the mu-conotoxin binding site on voltage-sensitive sodium channels with toxin analogs and channel mutations.

1995 • 44 citations

Biochemical and Pharmacological Characterization of a Depressant Insect Toxin from the Venom of the Scorpion Buthacus arenicola

1997 • 39 citations

Classification of scorpion toxins according to amino acid composition and sequence

1984 • 36 citations

Tetrodotoxin and derivatives in several species of the gastropod Naticidae

1991 • 35 citations

On site of action of grayanotoxin in domain 4 segment 6 of rat skeletal muscle sodium channel

1999 • 31 citations

Tetrodotoxin. It is a powerful poison that is found in two almost totally unrelated kinds of animal: puffer fish and newts. It has been serving as a tool in nerve physiology and may provide a model for new local anesthetics.

1967 • 30 citations

Blockade of [3H]lysine-tetrodotoxin binding to sodium channel proteins by conotoxin GIII

1986 • 26 citations

Occurrence of tetrodotoxin in the frog Atelopus oxyrhynchus

1989 • 22 citations

Point-Mutations Related to the Loss of Batrachotoxin Binding Abolish the Grayanotoxin Effect in Na+ Channel Isoforms.

1999 • 22 citations

Toxin III from Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus: A specific probe for receptor site 3 on insect sodium channels

1997 • 14 citations