Animal models of epilepsy: use and limitations

Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure

1972 • 6,939 citations

A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation

1969 • 3,056 citations

Jasper's Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies

2012 • 1,101 citations

Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: Behavioural, electroencephalographic and neuropathological study

1983 • 1,082 citations

On the Origin of Interictal Activity in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy in Vitro

2002 • 987 citations

Critical review of current animal models of seizures and epilepsy used in the discovery and development of new antiepileptic drugs

2011 • 879 citations

Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy: I. Results of history and physical examination

1993 • 838 citations

Which animal models should be used in the search for new antiepileptic drugs? A proposal based on experimental and clinical considerations

1988 • 822 citations

Intraventricular kainic acid preferentially destroys hippocampal pyramidal cells

1978 • 745 citations

Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: I. after-discharge threshold

1972 • 735 citations

Bursting of Thalamic Neurons and States of Vigilance

2006 • 648 citations

Long‐Term Effects of Pilocarpine in Rats: Structural Damage of the Brain Triggers Kindling and Spontaneous I Recurrent Seizures

1991 • 614 citations

Models of Seizures and Epilepsy

2006 • 596 citations

Epileptogenesis in the immature brain: emerging mechanisms

2009 • 510 citations

Animal models of epilepsy for the development of antiepileptogenic and disease-modifying drugs. A comparison of the pharmacology of kindling and post-status epilepticus models of temporal lobe epilepsy

2002 • 507 citations

Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults

2000 • 464 citations

Histone Modifications at Gene Promoter Regions in Rat Hippocampus after Acute and Chronic Electroconvulsive Seizures

2004 • 435 citations

Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Infants and Children

1970 • 417 citations

Patterns of Status Epilepticus-Induced Neuronal Injury during Development and Long-Term Consequences

1998 • 416 citations

Consequences of neonatal seizures in the rat: Morphological and behavioral effects

1998 • 383 citations

Two types of electrocortical paroxysms in an inbred strain of rats

1986 • 375 citations

Role of brain norepinephrine in audiogenic seizure in the rat.

1973 • 363 citations

A model of posttraumatic epilepsy induced by lateral fluid-percussion brain injury in rats

2006 • 349 citations

Prolonged febrile seizures in the immature rat model enhance hippocampal excitability long term

2000 • 331 citations

Epidemiology of Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies

2005 • 331 citations

A STUDY OF THALAMIC AND CORTICAL RHYTHMS IN PETIT MAL

1953 • 325 citations

New insights from the use of pilocarpine and kainate models

2002 • 288 citations

Experimental febrile seizures are precipitated by a hyperthermia-induced respiratory alkalosis

2006 • 277 citations

Seizure-Induced Neuronal Injury: Vulnerability to Febrile Seizures in an Immature Rat Model

1998 • 277 citations

Hippocampal neuron damage in human epilepsy: Meyer's hypothesis revisited

2002 • 276 citations

Outcome of paediatric convulsive status epilepticus: a systematic review

2006 • 275 citations

Epileptogenesis Provoked by Prolonged Experimental Febrile Seizures: Mechanisms and Biomarkers

2010 • 265 citations

Epileptogenic effect of hypoxia in the immature rodent brain

1991 • 252 citations

Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Pathogenesis, Induced Rodent Models and Lesions

2007 • 251 citations

Post-traumatic epilepsy following fluid percussion injury in the rat

2004 • 245 citations

Animal models of intractable epilepsy

1997 • 245 citations

Characteristics of medial temporal lobe epilepsy

1993 • 225 citations

The WAG/Rij rat model for absence epilepsy: age and sex factors

1987 • 217 citations

Repeated brief seizures induce progressive hippocampal neuron loss and memory deficits

2002 • 203 citations

Mossy fiber sprouting after recurrent seizures during early development in rats

1999 • 195 citations

Maturational Aspects of Epilepsy Mechanisms and Consequences for the Immature Brain

2001 • 194 citations

In Whom Does Status Epilepticus Occur: Age‐Related Differences in Children

1997 • 192 citations

The WAG/Rij strain: A genetic animal model of absence epilepsy with comorbidity of depressiony

2010 • 184 citations

Epilepsy, hippocampal sclerosis and febrile seizures linked by common genetic variation around SCN1A

2013 • 184 citations

Long-term effects of neonatal seizures: a behavioral, electrophysiological, and histological study

1999 • 180 citations

Developmental and genetic audiogenic seizure models: behavior and biological substrates

2000 • 179 citations

Animal Models of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy

2006 • 178 citations

The Interaction between Early Life Epilepsy and Autistic-Like Behavioral Consequences: A Role for the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway

2012 • 175 citations

Status Epilepticus Causes Necrotic Damage in the Mediodorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus in Immature Rats

2001 • 171 citations

Kindling of audiogenic seizures in Wistar rats: An EEG study

1987 • 170 citations

Progression from frontal-parietal to mesial-temporal epilepsy after fluid percussion injury in the rat

2004 • 169 citations

Spontaneous Seizures and Loss of Axo-Axonic and Axo-Somatic Inhibition Induced by Repeated Brief Seizures in Kindled Rats

2003 • 163 citations

Temporal lobe epilepsy: Where do the seizures really begin?

2008 • 163 citations

Status epilepticus in immature rats leads to behavioural and cognitive impairment and epileptogenesis

2004 • 155 citations

Acute and Chronic Increases in Excitability in Rat Hippocampal Slices After Perinatal Hypoxia In Vivo

1998 • 154 citations

A brief history on the oscillating roles of thalamus and cortex in absence seizures

2012 • 153 citations

A critical review on the participation of inferior colliculus in acoustic-motor and acoustic-limbic networks involved in the expression of acute and kindled audiogenic seizures

2002 • 151 citations

Termination of Epileptic Afterdischarge in the Hippocampus

1997 • 150 citations

Effects of conventional antiepileptic drugs in a model of spontaneous recurrent seizures in rats

1995 • 144 citations

From traumatic brain injury to posttraumatic epilepsy: What animal models tell us about the process and treatment options

2009 • 143 citations

Mechanisms of epilepsy progression: current theories and perspectives from neuroplasticity in adulthood and development

2004 • 143 citations

Consequences of recurrent seizures during early brain development

1999 • 142 citations

Epileptogenic Effects of Status Epilepticus

1993 • 141 citations

Clinical Significance of Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Antiepileptic and Psychotropic Drugs

2002 • 139 citations

Animal models of epileptogenesis

2002 • 138 citations

Audiogenic kindling in the Wistar rat: a potential model for recruitment of limbic structures

2000 • 136 citations

Ontogenic study of lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in rats

1992 • 131 citations

Can structural or functional changes following traumatic brain injury in the rat predict epileptic outcome?

2013 • 131 citations

Electroconvulsive Thresholds of Inbred Mouse Strains

2001 • 128 citations

Absence seizures: A review of recent reports with new concepts

2009 • 126 citations

Spike-wave rhythms in cat cortex induced by parenteral penicillin. I. Electroencephalographic features

1977 • 124 citations

Long‐term Effects of Status Epilepticus in the Immature Brain Are Specific for Age and Model

2003 • 121 citations

Development of later life spontaneous seizures in a rodent model of hypoxia‐induced neonatal seizures

2011 • 115 citations

Treatment of children with simple febrile seizures: the aap practice parameter

2000 • 114 citations

Deficient memory acquisition in temporal lobe epilepsy is predicted by hippocampal granule cell loss

2006 • 110 citations

The Long-Term Effects of Neonatal Seizures

2009 • 108 citations

Cellular and network properties of the subiculum in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy

2005 • 105 citations

Neuron loss, mossy fiber sprouting, and interictal spikes after intrahippocampal kainate in developing rats

1996 • 103 citations

Quantitative study of the response to genetic selection of the Wistar audiogenic rat strain (WAR).

2003 • 94 citations

Behavioral, Morphologic, and Electroencephalographic Evaluation of Seizures Induced by Intrahippocampal Microinjection of Pilocarpine

2002 • 94 citations

Comorbidity between epilepsy and depression: Experimental evidence for the involvement of serotonergic, glucocorticoid, and neuroinflammatory mechanisms

2010 • 93 citations

Change in Neurotrophins and Their Receptor mRNAs in the Rat Forebrain After Status Epilepticus Induced by Pilocarpine

1996 • 91 citations

Optogenetically Induced Seizure and the Longitudinal Hippocampal Network Dynamics

2013 • 90 citations

Seizures in the intrahippocampal kainic acid epilepsy model: characterization using long-term video-EEG monitoring in the rat

2008 • 90 citations

NBQX Blocks Acute and Late Epileptogenic Effects of Perinatal Hypoxia

1995 • 87 citations

DTI abnormalities in anterior corpus callosum of rats with spike–wave epilepsy

2009 • 87 citations

Hippocampal cell proliferation and epileptogenesis after audiogenic kindling are not accompanied by mossy fiber sprouting or fluoro-jade staining

2003 • 87 citations

From sleep spindles of natural sleep to spike and wave discharges of typical absence seizures: is the hypothesis still valid?

2011 • 85 citations

Midbrain substrates of audiogenic seizures in rats

1993 • 85 citations

Electroencephalographic differences between WAG/Rij and GAERS rat models of absence epilepsy

2010 • 85 citations

Classic hippocampal sclerosis and hippocampal‐onset epilepsy produced by a single “cryptic” episode of focal hippocampal excitation in awake rats

2010 • 84 citations

Variation in threshold and pattern of electroshock-induced seizures in rats depending on site of stimulation

1985 • 75 citations

Limbic epileptogenicity, cell loss and axonal reorganization induced by audiogenic and amygdala kindling in wistar audiogenic rats (WAR strain)

2004 • 74 citations

Audiogenic seizures in Wistar rats before and after repeated auditory stimuli: clinical, pharmacological, and electroencephalographic studies

1988 • 70 citations

Do seizures and epileptic activity worsen epilepsy and deteriorate cognitive function?

2013 • 68 citations

Posttraumatic epilepsy

2010 • 66 citations

The involvement of limbic structures in typical and atypical absence epilepsy

2012 • 62 citations

Rhythm and blues: Animal models of epilepsy and depression comorbidity

2012 • 59 citations

Reduced exploratory activity of audiogenic seizures suceptible Wistar rats

1998 • 59 citations

Distinct increased metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) in temporal lobe epilepsy with and without hippocampal sclerosis

2013 • 57 citations

Rat models of genetic absence epilepsy: what do EEG spike-wave discharges tell us about drug effects?

2002 • 51 citations

On the relevance of prolonged convulsive status epilepticus in animals to the etiology and neurobiology of human temporal lobe epilepsy

2007 • 50 citations

Lack of cell loss following recurrent neonatal seizures

2002 • 50 citations

Behaviors induced or disrupted by complex partial seizures

2000 • 50 citations

Insights from mouse models of absence epilepsy into Ca2+ channel physiology and disease etiology.

2002 • 49 citations

Involvement of the nucleus accumbens-ventral pallidal pathway in postictal behavior induced by a hippocampal afterdischarge in rats

1996 • 48 citations

Pathophysiology of Mood Disorders in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

2012 • 47 citations

Early-life seizures produce lasting alterations in the structure and function of the prefrontal cortex

2011 • 45 citations

Rapid loss of efficacy to the antiseizure drugs lamotrigine and carbamazepine: A novel experimental model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy

2013 • 43 citations

Altered short-term plasticity in the prefrontal cortex after early life seizures

2012 • 42 citations

Transition to absence seizures and the role of GABAA receptors

2011 • 42 citations

Long‐lasting modulation of synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus after early‐life complex febrile seizures

2010 • 42 citations

Attention and executive functions in a rat model of chronic epilepsy

2014 • 42 citations

Are morphologic and functional consequences of status epilepticus in infant rats progressive?

2013 • 41 citations

Synaptic reorganization in subiculum and CA3 after early-life status epilepticus in the kainic acid rat model

2006 • 40 citations

An Animal Model to Study the Clinical Significance of Interictal Spiking

2009 • 39 citations

Functional characterization of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis of the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain

2011 • 39 citations

How common is brain atrophy in patients with medial temporal lobe epilepsy?

2010 • 39 citations

Elucidating the Neurotoxicity of the Star Fruit

2013 • 38 citations

Neurotrophins in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With and Without Psychiatric Comorbidities

2013 • 38 citations

Learning impairment in chronic epileptic rats following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.

1990 • 38 citations

Increased GABAergic inhibition in the midline thalamus affects signaling and seizure spread in the hippocampus-prefrontal cortex pathway

2011 • 38 citations

Major depression is a risk factor for seizures in older adults

2000 • 33 citations

Microtubule-Associated Proteins in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy with and without Psychiatric Comorbidities and Their Relation with Granular Cell Layer Dispersion

2013 • 31 citations

Kindled seizure in the prefrontal cortex activated behavioral hyperactivity and increase in accumbens gamma oscillations through the hippocampus

2009 • 30 citations

Changes in autonomic control of the cardiovascular system in the Wistar audiogenic rat (WAR) strain

2011 • 28 citations

Reduction of TrkB expression de novo in the adult mouse impairs epileptogenesis in the kindling model

2009 • 28 citations

Medial septum mediates the increase in post-ictal behaviors and hippocampal gamma waves after an electrically induced seizure

1999 • 27 citations

Prolonged febrile seizures in the immature rat model enhance hippocampal excitability long term

2000 • 25 citations

Long-term decrease in immediate early gene expression after electroconvulsive seizures

2012 • 24 citations

Kindling phenomenon of hyperthermic seizures in the epilepsy-prone versus the epilepsy-resistant rat

1985 • 24 citations

Neurotrophin receptors expression in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without psychiatric comorbidities and their relation with seizure type and surgical outcome

2014 • 20 citations

Physical exercise improves learning by modulating hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting and related gene expression in a developmental rat model of penicillin-induced recurrent epilepticus

2009 • 20 citations

Impairment of kindling development in phospholipase Cγ1 heterozygous mice

2014 • 19 citations

Ontogenetic development and pentylenetetrazol seizure thresholds in rats

1995 • 17 citations

A role of subicular and hippocampal afterdischarges in initiation of locomotor activity in rats

1998 • 15 citations

Morphometric changes and molecular mechanisms in rat models of idiopathic generalized epilepsy with absence seizures

2011 • 14 citations

Fever, febrile seizures, and epileptogenesis

2010 • 13 citations

Hippocampal afterdischarges in rats. I. Effects of antiepileptics.

2004 • 13 citations

Elucidating the Neurotoxicity of the Star Fruit

2013 • 13 citations

Fever, Febrile Seizures, and Epileptogenesis

2012 • 12 citations

The presence of consciousness in absence seizures.

2011 • 10 citations

Hippocampal afterdischarges in rats. I. Effects of antiepileptics.

2004 • 10 citations

The Presence of Consciousness in Absence Seizures

2011 • 9 citations

Mossy fiber sprouting after recurrent seizures during early development in rats

1999 • 5 citations

Neurotrophin receptors expression in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with and without psychiatric comorbidities and their relation with seizure type and surgical outcome

2014 • 2 citations