The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance11Published on the World Wide Web on 22 November 2000.

Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults

1998 • 15,405 citations

Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators

1998 • 6,197 citations

Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus

1998 • 6,181 citations

Memory--a Century of Consolidation

2000 • 4,097 citations

A Syndrome produced by Diverse Nocuous Agents

1936 • 3,733 citations

More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment

1997 • 3,476 citations

Stress and the Individual

1993 • 3,458 citations

Interneurons of the hippocampus

1998 • 3,399 citations

Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers

2000 • 3,075 citations

Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.

1992 • 2,910 citations

The wisdom of the body

1932 • 2,825 citations

Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders

1997 • 2,646 citations

Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning.

1992 • 2,621 citations

Brain Corticosteroid Receptor Balance in Health and Disease*

1998 • 2,442 citations

The Neuroendocrinology of Stress and Aging: The Glucocorticoid Cascade Hypothesis*

1986 • 2,235 citations

Learning enhances adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal formation

1999 • 2,134 citations

STRESS AND HIPPOCAMPAL PLASTICITY

1999 • 2,023 citations

Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression.

1996 • 1,884 citations

Dentate Granule Cell Neurogenesis Is Increased by Seizures and Contributes to Aberrant Network Reorganization in the Adult Rat Hippocampus

1997 • 1,880 citations

Stress and cognitive function

1995 • 1,830 citations

Protective and Damaging Effects of Mediators of Stress: Elaborating and Testing the Concepts of Allostasis and Allostatic Load

1999 • 1,726 citations

ORGANIZATION FOR PHYSIOLOGICAL HOMEOSTASIS

1929 • 1,692 citations

The Role of the Hippocampus in Feedback Regulation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis*

1991 • 1,690 citations

Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits

1998 • 1,613 citations

Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus of the Adult Tree Shrew Is Regulated by Psychosocial Stress and NMDA Receptor Activation

1997 • 1,468 citations

Morphometric evidence for neuronal and glial prefrontal cell pathology in major depression∗∗See accompanying Editorial, in this issue.

1999 • 1,450 citations

Neurogenesis in the Adult Rat: Electron Microscopic Analysis of Light Radioautographs

1977 • 1,438 citations

Proliferation of granule cell precursors in the dentate gyrus of adult monkeys is diminished by stress

1998 • 1,386 citations

Depression Duration But Not Age Predicts Hippocampal Volume Loss in Medically Healthy Women with Recurrent Major Depression

1999 • 1,371 citations

Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health

1989 • 1,343 citations

Why Stress Is Bad for Your Brain

1996 • 1,302 citations

Differentiation of newly born neurons and glia in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat

1993 • 1,215 citations

Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats

2000 • 1,166 citations

Allostasis : a new paradigm to explain arousal pathology

1988 • 1,160 citations

Brain Corticosteroid Receptor Balance in Health and Disease

1998 • 1,138 citations

Experience-Induced Neurogenesis in the Senescent Dentate Gyrus

1998 • 1,135 citations

Effect of Neonatal Handling on Age-Related Impairments Associated with the Hippocampus

1988 • 1,068 citations

The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies

1997 • 1,019 citations

Exposure to excess glucocorticoids alters dendritic morphology of adult hippocampal pyramidal neurons

1990 • 1,013 citations

Acute Stress Enhances while Chronic Stress Suppresses Cell-Mediated Immunityin Vivo:A Potential Role for Leukocyte Trafficking

1997 • 991 citations

Adult neurogenesis is regulated by adrenal steroids in the dentate gyrus

1994 • 986 citations

Magnetic resonance imaging study of hippocampal volume in chronic, combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder

1996 • 893 citations

The hippocampus—what does it do?

1992 • 872 citations

Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Involvement of glucocorticoid secretion and excitatory amino acid receptors

1995 • 849 citations

Chronic Psychosocial Stress Causes Apical Dendritic Atrophy of Hippocampal CA3 Pyramidal Neurons in Subordinate Tree Shrews

1996 • 849 citations

Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome

1992 • 831 citations

The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions

1997 • 827 citations

Stress- and treatment-induced elevations of cortisol levels associated with impaired declarative memory in healthy adults

1996 • 814 citations

Serotonin receptor 1A knockout: An animal model of anxiety-related disorder

1998 • 802 citations

Apoptosis and proliferation of dentate gyrus neurons after single and intermittent limbic seizures

1997 • 789 citations

Stress, the Aging Brain, and the Mechanisms of Neuron Death

1992 • 788 citations

Repeated stress causes reversible impairments of spatial memory performance

1994 • 760 citations

Chronic stress impairs rat spatial memory on the Y maze, and this effect is blocked by tianeptine pretreatment.

1996 • 756 citations

Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement

2000 • 747 citations

Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates

1989 • 746 citations

Regulation of adult neurogenesis by excitatory input and NMDA receptor activation in the dentate gyrus

1995 • 738 citations

Effects of stress on immune cell distribution. Dynamics and hormonal mechanisms.

1995 • 719 citations

Restoring production of hippocampal neurons in old age

1999 • 717 citations

Selective Retention of Corticosterone by Limbic Structures in Rat Brain

1968 • 700 citations

Regulation of Serotonin1A, Glucocorticoid, and Mineralocorticoid Receptor in Rat and Human Hippocampus: Implications for the Neurobiology of Depression

1998 • 694 citations

Glucocorticoids and the regulation of memory consolidation

2000 • 667 citations

Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function

1999 • 659 citations

Persistent High Cortisol Responses to Repeated Psychological Stress in a Subpopulation of Healthy Men

1995 • 655 citations

Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders.

1996 • 653 citations

Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy.

1999 • 596 citations

The Effects of Early Rearing Environment on the Development of GABAA and Central Benzodiazepine Receptor Levels and Novelty-Induced Fearfulness in the Rat

2000 • 594 citations

Stress-induced atrophy of apical dendrites of hippocampal CA3c neurons: Comparison of stressors

1995 • 566 citations

Basal cortisol levels and cognitive deficits in human aging

1994 • 564 citations

Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy.

1999 • 541 citations

Chronic stress alters synaptic terminal structure in hippocampus

1997 • 539 citations

A Historical View of the Stress Field

1975 • 538 citations

Neurotransmitters in the regulation of neuronal cytoarchitecture

1988 • 525 citations

Sex differences in dendritic atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons in response to chronic restraint stress

1997 • 522 citations

Selective Loss of Hippocampal Granule Cells in the Mature Rat Brain After Adrenalectomy

1989 • 520 citations

Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression

1998 • 471 citations

Mitotic neuroblasts in the 9-day-old and 11-month-old rodent hippocampus

1984 • 453 citations

Decrease in cortisol reverses human hippocampal atrophy following treatment of Cushing’s disease

1999 • 450 citations

Distribution of Corticosteroid Receptors in the Rhesus Brain: Relative Absence of Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Hippocampal Formation

2000 • 422 citations

Stress-induced enhancement of antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity.

1996 • 421 citations

Lesion-induced proliferation of neuronal progenitors in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat

1997 • 409 citations

Spatial memory and adaptive specialization of the hippocampus

1992 • 390 citations

Regulation of glutamate release by presynaptic kainate receptors in the hippocampus

1996 • 383 citations

Glucocortcoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate

1994 • 377 citations

Increase in Urinary Cortisol Excretion and Memory Declines: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging1

1997 • 361 citations

Recent progress in hormone research

1990 • 359 citations

Phenytoin prevents stress‐ and corticosterone‐induced atrophy of CA3 pyramidal neurons

1992 • 346 citations

Rapid Communication: Adrenalectomy Attenuates Stress‐Induced Elevations in Extracellular Glutamate Concentrations in the Hippocampus

1993 • 345 citations

Neuroimaging abnormalities in the subgenual prefrontal cortex: implications for the pathophysiology of familial mood disorders

1998 • 341 citations

Psychological stress impairs spatial working memory: Relevance to electrophysiological studies of hippocampal function.

1996 • 338 citations

Hippocampus-amygdala volumes and psychopathology in chronic schizophrenia

1993 • 338 citations

Short-term glucocorticoid manipulations affect neuronal morphology and survival in the adult dentate gyrus

1990 • 336 citations

Serotonin and Hippocampal Neurogenesis

1999 • 331 citations

Effects of antidepressants and benzodiazepine treatments on the dendritic structure of CA3 pyramidal neurons after chronic stress

1999 • 329 citations

Tianeptine attenuates stress-induced morphological changes in the hippocampus

1992 • 326 citations

Distribution and hormone regulation of estrogen receptor immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus of male and female rats

1997 • 322 citations

Psychosocial Factors in Athletic Injuries: Development and Application of the Social and Athletic Readjustment Rating Scale (SARRS)

1975 • 300 citations

Distribution and hormonal regulation of androgen receptor (AR) and AR messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat hippocampus.

1995 • 283 citations

Serotonin receptor binding in a colony model of chronic social stress

1995 • 278 citations

Possible Connections between Stress, Diabetes, Obesity, Hypertension and Altered Lipoprotein Metabolism that may Result in Atherosclerosis

1989 • 275 citations

The anatomy of a memory: convergence of results across a diversity of tests

1988 • 267 citations

Sex and seasonal changes in the rate of cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult wild meadow voles

1999 • 266 citations

Experimental diabetes in rats causes hippocampal dendritic and synaptic reorganization and increased glucocorticoid reactivity to stress

2000 • 263 citations

Chronic stress-induced acceleration of electrophysiologic and morphometric biomarkers of hippocampal aging

1991 • 255 citations

Chronic Social Stress Alters Levels of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Arginine Vasopressin mRNA in Rat Brain

1997 • 254 citations

Calcium as sculptor and destroyer of neural circuitry

1992 • 250 citations

Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation enhances voltage-dependent Ca2+ conductances: relevance to brain aging.

1992 • 241 citations

Effect of Acute Stress on Hippocampal Glutamate Levels and Spectrin Proteolysis in Young and Aged Rats

1995 • 219 citations

Stress induces neuronal death in the hippocampus of castrated rats

1992 • 206 citations

Reach training selectively alters dendritic branching in subpopulations of layer II–III pyramids in rat motor-somatosensory forelimb cortex

1989 • 203 citations

Hippocampal formation size in normal human aging: a correlate of delayed secondary memory performance.

1994 • 197 citations

Effects of aldosterone or RU28362 treatment on adrenalectomy-induced cell death in the dentate gyrus of the adult rat

1991 • 195 citations

Stress-induced changes in messenger RNA levels of N-methyl-d-aspartate and AMPA receptor subunits in selected regions of the rat hippocampus and hypothalamus

1995 • 185 citations

Low Central Nervous System Serotonergic Activity Is Traitlike and Correlates with Impulsive Behavior

1997 • 184 citations

Genetic inactivation of the Serotonin(1A) receptor in mice results in downregulation of major GABA(A) receptor alpha subunits, reduction of GABA(A) receptor binding, and benzodiazepine-resistant anxiety.

2000 • 184 citations

Increase in Urinary Cortisol Excretion and Memory Declines: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging

1997 • 173 citations

Sexually dimorphic spatial learning varies seasonally in two populations of deer mice

1994 • 170 citations

Morphological changes in the hippocampal CA3 region induced by non-invasive glucocorticoid administration: a paradox

1998 • 163 citations

Behavioral correlates of chronic dominance-subordination relationships of male rats in a seminatural situation

1990 • 158 citations

Dynamics of central nervous 5-HT1A-receptors under psychosocial stress

1995 • 157 citations

Stress-induced enhancement of skin immune function: A role for γ interferon

2000 • 154 citations

Genetic Inactivation of the Serotonin_1AReceptor in Mice Results in Downregulation of Major GABA_AReceptor α Subunits, Reduction of GABA_AReceptor Binding, and Benzodiazepine-Resistant Anxiety

2000 • 153 citations

Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Somatostatin and Biogenic Amines in Grown Primates Reared by Mothers Exposed to Manipulated Foraging Conditions

1998 • 145 citations

Reorganization of the Dendritic Trees of Oxytocin and Vasopressin Neurons of the Rat Supraoptic Nucleus during Lactation

1998 • 126 citations

Differential effects of chronic stress on memory processes in the tree shrew

1999 • 125 citations

Distinct populations of cells in the adult dentate gyrus undergo mitosis or apoptosis in response to adrenalectomy

1996 • 117 citations

Chronic corticosterone treatment induces parallel changes in N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor subunit messenger RNA levels and antagonist binding sites in the hippocampus

1997 • 114 citations

Oxidative stress and HNE conjugation of GLUT3 are increased in the hippocampus of diabetic rats subjected to stress

2000 • 114 citations

Chapter 25 Modulation of brain aging correlates by long-term alterations of adrenal steroids and neurally-active peptides

1987 • 111 citations

Stress and the Brain: A Paradoxical Role for Adrenal Steroids

1995 • 104 citations

Chapter 26 Re-examination of the glucocorticoid hypothesis of stress and aging

1992 • 100 citations

The Noradrenergic Innervation of Identified Hypothalamic Magnocellular Somata and its Contribution to Lactation‐Induced Synaptic Plasticity

1997 • 99 citations

Early environmental programming hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress

1994 • 97 citations

Evolving aspects of the glucocorticoid hypothesis of brain aging: Hormonal modulation of neuronal calcium homeostasis

1994 • 95 citations

A possible role of the beta-subunit of (Na,K)-ATPase in facilitating correct assembly of the alpha-subunit into the membrane.

1990 • 94 citations

Neurological Changes Induced by Stress in Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

1999 • 89 citations

Effects of adrenal steroid manipulations and repeated restraint stress on dynorphin mRNA levels and excitatory amino acid receptor binding in hippocampus

1995 • 81 citations

Antisense Inhibition of 5-Hydroxytryptamine_2aReceptor Induces an Antidepressant-Like Effect in Mice

1997 • 79 citations

Adrenal steroids suppress granule cell death in the developing dentate gyrus through an NMDA receptor-dependent mechanism

1997 • 76 citations

Mild stress stimulates rat hippocampal glucose utilization transiently via NMDA receptors, as assessed by lactography

1988 • 76 citations

Activation of 5-HT2 receptors facilitates depolarization of neocortical neurons by N-methyl-D-aspartate

1993 • 76 citations

Reduction in hippocampal formation volume is caused mainly by its shortening in chronic schizophrenia: Assessment by MRI

1996 • 73 citations

Effects of stress and exercise on rat hippocampus and striatum extracellular lactate

1990 • 72 citations

Adrenalectomy Selectively Regulates GABAA Receptor Subunit Expression in the Hippocampus

1994 • 56 citations

Receptor Dynamics in Neural Development

1996 • 53 citations

Stress, coping and disease

1992 • 45 citations

Studies of psychosocial influences on coronary artery atherogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys.

1988 • 44 citations

Studies of psychosocial influences on coronary artery atherogenesis in cynomolgus monkeys.

1988 • 40 citations

Activation of the type 2 adrenal steroid receptor can rescue granule cells from death during development

1997 • 28 citations

Modulation of [3H]-glutamate binding by serotinin in the rat hippocampus: An autoradiographic study.

1991 • 28 citations

Neuroprotective potential of a viral vector system induced by a neurological insult

2000 • 25 citations

The behavioral exacerbation of atherosclerosis and its inhibition by propranolol.

1991 • 21 citations