Brain Peptides and Obesity: Pharmacologic Treatment

Hypothalamic Integration: Organization of the Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nuclei

1983 • 1,962 citations

NEUROPEPTIDE Y AND HUMAN PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE STIMULATE FEEDING BEHAVIOR IN RATS

1984 • 1,274 citations

Maturation of the adrenocortical stress response: Neuroendocrine control mechanisms and the stress hyporesponsive period

1986 • 968 citations

Neuropeptide Y chronically injected into the hypothalamus: A powerful neurochemical inducer of hyperphagia and obesity

1986 • 856 citations

Insulin in the Brain: A Hormonal Regulator of Energy Balance*

1992 • 784 citations

Neuropeptide Y secretion increases in the paraventricular nucleus in association with increased appetite for food.

1991 • 678 citations

Metabolic fuels and reproduction in female mammals

1992 • 677 citations

Neuroreptide Y: Stimulation of feeding and drinking by injection into the paraventricular nucleus

1984 • 666 citations

Altered Expression of Hypothalamic Neuropeptide mRNAs in Food-Restricted and Food-Deprived Rats

1990 • 648 citations

Neuropeptide Y: A potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats

1984 • 564 citations

An arcuato-paraventricular and -dorsomedial hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-containing system which lacks noradrenaline in the rat

1985 • 523 citations

Food deprivation and ingestion induce reciprocal changes in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus

1988 • 510 citations

Chronic intracerebroventricular neuropeptide-Y administration to normal rats mimics hormonal and metabolic changes of obesity.

1993 • 466 citations

Neuropeptide Y: Role in light-dark cycle entrainment of hamster circadian rhythms

1984 • 448 citations

Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism

1991 • 414 citations

Neuropeptide Y Stimulates Feeding but Inhibits Sexual Behavior in Rats*

1985 • 397 citations

The hypothalamus, intrinsic connections and outflow pathways to the endocrine system in relation to the control of feeding and metabolism

1987 • 394 citations

Effects of glucocorticoids on carbohydrate metabolism

1988 • 391 citations

Paraventricular nucleus injections of peptide YY and neuropeptide Y preferentially enhance carbohydrate ingestion

1985 • 386 citations

Neuropeptide Y-Related Peptides and their Receptors--Are the Receptors Potential Therapeutic Drug Targets?

1993 • 380 citations

Neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in brain and peripheral tissues

1992 • 379 citations

Anatomy and physiology of central galanin-containing pathways

1993 • 340 citations

Rat neuropeptide Y precursor gene expression. mRNA structure, tissue distribution, and regulation by glucocorticoids, cyclic AMP, and phorbol ester.

1988 • 318 citations

Increased Hypothalamic Content of Preproneuropeptide Y Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Genetically Obese Zucker Rats and Its Regulation by Food Deprivation*

1990 • 312 citations

Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a center coordinating energy metabolism

1994 • 303 citations

Food preferences in human obesity: Carbohydrates versus fats

1992 • 301 citations

Effect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behaviors in the rat

1987 • 293 citations

Evidence for neuropeptide Y mediation of eating produced by food deprivation and for a variant of the Y1 receptor mediating this peptide's effect

1992 • 288 citations

Control of hepatic glycogenolysis.

1980 • 288 citations

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in the rat

1987 • 285 citations

Feeding and drinking elicited by central injection of neuropeptide Y: Evidence for a hypothalamic site(s) of action

1985 • 281 citations

Galanin: Stimulation of feeding induced by medial hypothalamic injection of this novel peptide

1986 • 280 citations

Neuropeptide Y suppresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats

1991 • 274 citations

Regulation of lipogenic enzyme gene expression by nutrients and hormones

1994 • 268 citations

Stimulation of feeding by galanin: Anatomical localization and behavioral specificity of this peptide's effects in the brain

1990 • 253 citations

Nutritional influences on lipogenesis and thermogenesis after a carbohydrate meal

1984 • 252 citations

Effects of PVN galanin on macronutrient selection

1988 • 252 citations

CENTRAL INSULIN ADMINISTRATION REDUCES NEUROPEPTIDE Y mRNA EXPRESSION IN THE ARCUATE NUCLEUS OF FOOD-DEPRIVED LEAN (Fa/Fa) BUT NOT OBESE (fa/fa) ZUCKER RATS

1991 • 244 citations

Rapid and localized alterations of neuropeptide Y in discrete hypothalamic nuclei with feeding status

1990 • 243 citations

Neuropeptide Y: a novel neuroendocrine peptide in the control of pituitary hormone secretion, and its relation to luteinizing hormone.

1992 • 233 citations

Neuropeptide Y, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus: Stimulation of feeding and the release of corticosterone, vasopressin and glucose

1988 • 217 citations

Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: Interaction between α2-noradrenergic system and circulating hormones and nutrients in relation to energy balance

1988 • 210 citations

Adrenal Steroid Receptors: Interactions with Brain Neuropeptide Systems in Relation to Nutrient Intake and Metabolism

1994 • 209 citations

Comparison of stress response in male and female rats: Pituitary cyclic AMP and plasma prolactin, growth hormone and corticosterone

1983 • 208 citations

Neuropeptide Y administered chronically into the lateral ventricle profoundly inhibits both the gonadotropic and the somatotropic axis in intact adult female rats.

1993 • 202 citations

Implications of estrogen‐dependent brain organization for gender differences in hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal regulation

1995 • 194 citations

Increased hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression following food deprivation

1990 • 193 citations

Increased Neuropeptide Y Concentrations in Specific Hypothalamic Regions of Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

1989 • 186 citations

Neurochemical-neuroendocrine systems in the brain controlling macronutrient intake and metabolism

1992 • 185 citations

Specific inhibition of endogenous neuropeptide Y synthesis in arcuate nucleus by antisense oligonucleotides suppresses feeding behavior and insulin secretion

1994 • 180 citations

Increased Hypothalamic Content of Preproneuropeptide-Y Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats*

1990 • 180 citations

Organization of galanin‐immunoreactive inputs to the paraventricular nucleus with special reference to their relationship to catecholaminergic afferents

1987 • 177 citations

Altered Cerebrospinal Fluid Neuropeptide Y and Peptide YY Immunoreactivity in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa

1990 • 175 citations

Activity of centrally administered galanin fragments on stimulation of feeding behavior and on galanin receptor binding in the rat hypothalamus

1990 • 168 citations

Insulin in the brain: a hormonal regulator of energy balance

1992 • 167 citations

Rapid important paper on the cellular localization and distribution of estrogen receptors in the rat tel- and diencephalon using monoclonal antibodies to human estrogen receptor

1986 • 165 citations

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in obese Zucker rats: Implications in feeding and sexual behaviors

1990 • 158 citations

On-line continuous measurement of blood glucose and meal pattern in free-feeding rats: The role of glucose in meal initiation

1985 • 153 citations

Corticosterone's dual metabolic actions

1989 • 153 citations

Analysis of neuropeptide Y-induced feeding: Dissociation of Y1 and Y2 receptor effects on natural meal patterns

1991 • 149 citations

Galanin-containing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus: a neurochemical marker for fat ingestion and body weight gain.

1994 • 147 citations

Repeated hypothalamic stimulation with neuropeptide Y increases daily carbohydrate and fat intake and body weight gain in female rats

1989 • 145 citations

Correlations Between Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism: Potential Explanation of Insulin Resistance of Puberty

1994 • 142 citations

Anorectic effects of estrogen may be mediated by decreased neuropeptide-Y release in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus.

1994 • 136 citations

Structure-function analysis of stimulation of food intake by neuropeptide Y: Effects of receptor agonists

1991 • 134 citations

Subtypes of receptors for neuropeptide Y: Implications for the targeting of therapeutics

1994 • 133 citations

Diurnal rhythm of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic, arcuate and paraventricular nuclei and other hypothalamic sites

1990 • 130 citations

Galanin Antagonists Block Galanin‐induced Feeding in the Hypothalamus and Amygdala of the Rat

1993 • 129 citations

Neuropeptide-Y Concentration in Microdissected Hypothalamic Regions andin VitroRelease from the Medial Basal Hypothalamus-Preoptic Area of Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats with and without Insulin Substitution Therapy*

1990 • 128 citations

Neuropeptide Y projection from arcuate nucleus to parvocellular division of paraventricular nucleus: specific relation to the ingestion of carbohydrate

1993 • 126 citations

Localization of Neuropeptide-Y Immunoreactivity in Estradiol-Concentrating Cells in the Hypothalamus*

1990 • 126 citations

Neuropeptide Y and energy balance: one way ahead for the treatment of obesity?

1994 • 123 citations

Increased Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Concentrations in Diabetic Rat

1988 • 120 citations

Molecular and genetic aspects of obesity

1996 • 117 citations

Diurnal variations in the feeding responses to norepinephrine, neuropeptide Y and galanin in the PVN

1990 • 115 citations

Neuropeptide Y release from the paraventricular nucleus increases in association with hyperphagia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

1992 • 115 citations

Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus: sexual dimorphism and modulation by testosterone.

1993 • 114 citations

Altered Neuropeptide Y Concentrations in Specific Hypothalamic Regions of Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats: Possible Relationship to Obesity and Neuroendocrine Disturbances

1991 • 114 citations

Megestrol acetate stimulates food and water intake in the rat: effects on regional hypothalamic neuropeptide Y concentrations

1994 • 113 citations

High Fat Feeding Causes Insulin Resistance and a Marked Decrease in the Expression of Glucose Transporters (Glut 4) in Fat Cells of Rats*

1991 • 112 citations

Impact of a galanin antagonist on exogenous galanin and natural patterns of fat ingestion

1992 • 112 citations

Intense exercise and food restriction cause similar hypothalamic neuropeptide Y increases in rats

1993 • 111 citations

Sexual Differences in the Distribution of Neurons Coexpressing Galanin and Luteinizing Hormone- Releasing Hormone in the Rat Brain

1991 • 109 citations

Galanin receptor antagonists M40 and C7 block galanin-induced feeding

1993 • 99 citations

Ontogeny of a novel peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY) in rat brain

1984 • 98 citations

Intracerebroventricular Administration of Neuropeptide Y to Normal Rats Has Divergent Effects on Glucose Utilization by Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle

1994 • 97 citations

Suppression of neuropeptide Y-elicited eating by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy: reversal with corticosterone

1989 • 96 citations

Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Its Gene Expression: Relation to Light/Dark Cycle and Circulating Corticosterone

1994 • 95 citations

Neuropeptidergic regulation of feeding behavior

1993 • 94 citations

Self-selecting albino rats exhibit differential preferences for pure macronutrient diets: Characterization of three subpopulations

1991 • 94 citations

Metabolic effects of neuropeptide Y injections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

1990 • 94 citations

Chronic cerebroventricular galanin does not induce sustained hyperphagia or obesity

1994 • 93 citations

Neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus is modulated by alterations in glucose utilization

1993 • 88 citations

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, its gene expression and receptor activity: relation to circulating corticosterone in adrenalectomized rats

1994 • 87 citations

Increase of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus of fasting rats

1989 • 86 citations

Animal Models of Obesity: Genetic Aspects

1991 • 85 citations

Developmental patterns of macronutrient intake in female and male rats from weaning to maturity

1991 • 85 citations

Rat hypothalamic NPY mRNA and brown fat uncoupling protein mRNA after high-carbohydrate or high-fat diets

1994 • 84 citations

Effect of fasting on regional levels of neuropeptide Y mRNA and insulin receptors in the rat hypothalamus: An autoradiographic study

1992 • 84 citations

A role for neuropeptide-Y, dynorphin, and noradrenaline in the central control of food intake after food deprivation.

1993 • 83 citations

Sex differences in adrenocortical structure and function. XXVII. The effect of ether stress on ACTH and corticosterone in intact, gonadectomized, and testosterone- or estradiol-replaced rats

1990 • 83 citations

Steroidal regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y release and gene expression.

1992 • 83 citations

Central peptidergic neurons as targets for glucocorticoid action. Evidence for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in various types of classes of peptidergic neurons

1991 • 82 citations

Chronic Administration of Glucocorticoids Directly Upregulates Prepro‐Neuropeptide Y and Y₁‐Receptor mRNA Levels in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Rat

1994 • 81 citations

Estrogen-concentrating cells within cell groups of the medial preoptic area: sex differences and co-localization with galanin-immunoreactive cells

1992 • 80 citations

Development of the neuronal system containing neuropeptide Y in the rat hypothalamus

1989 • 80 citations

Endogenous galanin modulates the gonadotropin and prolactin proestrous surges in the rat.

1993 • 79 citations

Galanin-Like Immunoreactivity Is Influenced by Estrogen in Peripubertal and Adult Rats

1990 • 79 citations

Elevated neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of young obese Zucker rats may contribute to the development of their overeating.

1993 • 78 citations

Injection of anti-neuropeptide Y γ-globulin into the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus decreases food intake in rats

1993 • 78 citations

Glucocorticoids are Required for Food Deprivation‐Induced Increases in Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Expression

1992 • 77 citations

Tissue-specific sex differences in galanin-like immunoreactivity and galanin mRNA during development in the rat

1989 • 74 citations

Dexamethasone treatment increases neuropeptide Y levels in rat hypothalamic neurones

1988 • 74 citations

Increases in Neuropeptide Y Content and Gene Expression in the Hypothalamus of Rats Treated with Dexamethasone Are Prevented by Insulin

1993 • 72 citations

NEUROPEPTIDE Y (NPY): A POSSIBLE ROLE IN THE INITIATION OF PUBERTY

1988 • 70 citations

Neural Control of Insulin Secretion

1993 • 68 citations

Regulation of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons during the estrous cycle of the rat.

1993 • 68 citations

Gender and estrous cycle differences in the response to the 5-HT1A agonist 8-OH-DPAT

1991 • 67 citations

Transcriptional Regulation of the Neuropeptide Y Gene by Nerve Growth Factor: Antagonism by Glucocorticoids and Potentiation by Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate and Phorbol Ester

1990 • 66 citations

Increased carbohydrate intake as a function of insulin administration in rats☆

1980 • 66 citations

Metabolic effects of vasopressin infusion in the starved rat. Reversal of ketonaemia

1983 • 65 citations

Regional differences in glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity among neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons of the rat brain

1989 • 65 citations

Galanin in the hypothalamus of fed and fasted lean and obese Zucker rats

1993 • 62 citations

Meal patterns of macronutrient intake in rats with particular dietary preferences

1994 • 61 citations

Insulin deficiency is a specific stimulus to hypothalamic neuropeptide Y: A comparison of the effects of insulin replacement and food restriction in streptozocin-diabetic rats

1992 • 61 citations

<b>NEUROPEPTIDE Y AND NOREPINEPHRINE INJECTED INTO THE PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS ACTIVATE ENDOCRINE </b><b>PANCREAS </b>

1989 • 59 citations

Specificity of Hypothalamic Peptides in the Control of Behavioral and Physiological Processes

1994 • 58 citations

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y disturbances in the obese (cp/cp) JCR:LA corpulent rat

1992 • 56 citations

Neuropeptide Y release from the paraventricular nucleus increases in association with hyperphagia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

1992 • 56 citations

Increased neuropeptide Y content in the arcuato-paraventricular hypothalamic neuronal system in both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic rats

1991 • 56 citations

Microinjection of galanin into the medial preoptic nucleus facilitates copulatory behavior in the male rat

1993 • 54 citations

Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor characteristics and NPY-induced feeding responses in lean and obese Zucker rats

1991 • 54 citations

Nutrition and Gene Expression

1999 • 54 citations

Dietary self-selection vs. complete diet: Body weight gain and meal pattern in rats

1992 • 53 citations

Food intake of lean and obese Zucker rats following ventricular infusions of adrenergic agonists

1992 • 52 citations

Peripheral insulin administration attenuates the increase in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fasted rats

1992 • 52 citations

Glucocorticoid receptors in PVN: interactions with NE, NPY, and Gal in relation to feeding

1993 • 51 citations

Metabolic effects of galanin injections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

1992 • 49 citations

Central nervous system and peripheral abnormalities: clues to the understanding of obesity and NIDDM

1994 • 48 citations

Blockade of natural and neuropeptide Y-induced carbohydrate feeding by a receptor antagonist PYX-2

1992 • 48 citations

Galanin inhibits insulin and corticosterone release after injection into the PVN

1990 • 47 citations

Effect of Progesterone on Galanin mRNA Levels in the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary: Correlation with the Gonadotropin Surge

1993 • 47 citations

Increased threshold concentrations of neuropeptide Y for a stimulatory effect on food intake in obese Zucker rats — changes in the microstructure of the feeding behavior

1994 • 46 citations

Neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus: sexual dimorphism and modulation by testosterone

1993 • 46 citations

Effect of continuous infusions of dexfenfluramine on food intake, body weight and brain amines in rats

1986 • 45 citations

Effects of neuropeptide Y on ingestion of flavored solutions in nondeprived rats

1993 • 44 citations

Centrally administered galanin inhibits osmotically stimulated arginine vasopressin release in conscious rats

1991 • 44 citations

Distribution of galanin-immunoreactive cells within sexually dimorphic components of the medial preoptic area of the male and female rat

1993 • 43 citations

Peripheral and central satiety factors in neuropeptide Y-induced feeding in rats

1988 • 42 citations

WIdespread increases in regional hypothalamic neuropeptide Y levels in acute cold-exposed rats

1993 • 42 citations

Intracerebroventricular injection of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate increases hypothalamic levels of neuropeptide Y

1994 • 41 citations

Steroidal regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y release and gene expression

1992 • 41 citations

Increased carbohydrate consumption by rats as a function of 2-deoxy-D-glucose administration

1983 • 41 citations

Regulation of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons during the estrous cycle of the rat

1993 • 40 citations

Identification of glucocorticoid responsive elements (GREs) at far upstream of rat NPY gene

1992 • 40 citations

Neuropeptide Y expression in rat brain: Effects of adrenalectomy

1990 • 40 citations

Critical effects of aging and nutritional state on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and galanin gene expression in lean and genetically obese Zucker rats

1993 • 38 citations

A role for neuropeptide-Y, dynorphin, and noradrenaline in the central control of food intake after food deprivation

1993 • 38 citations

Feeding behavior responses of Zucker rats to naloxone☆

1984 • 35 citations

Type II corticosteroid receptor stimulation increases NPY gene expression in basomedial hypothalamus of rats

1994 • 35 citations

Galanin neurons exhibit estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in the female rat mediobasal hypothalamus

1995 • 35 citations

Regulation of Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and Neuropeptide Y Concentrations by Progesterone and Corticosteroids in Immature Rats: Correlation with Luteinizing Hormone and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Release

1991 • 34 citations

Neuropeptide Y attenuates satiety: evidence from a detailed analysis patterns ingestion

1994 • 33 citations

Induction of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons with puberty in the rat.

1994 • 33 citations

Hypothalamic galanin-like immunoreactivity and its gene expression in relation to circulating corticosterone

1994 • 32 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma concentrations of SRIH, beta-endorphin, CRH, NPY and GHRH in obese and normal weight subjects.

1995 • 32 citations

Diurnal rhythm of galanin-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular and suprachiasmatic nuclei and other hypothalamic areas

1994 • 31 citations

Neuropeptide Y receptor numbers are reduced in the hypothalamus of streptozotocin-diabetic and food-deprived rats: Further evidence of increased activity of hypothalamic NPY-containing pathways

1993 • 30 citations

Modulation of hypothalamic galanin gene expression by estrogen in peripubertal rats

1992 • 30 citations

Specific hypothalamic neuropeptide Y variation with diet parameters in rats with food choice

1992 • 27 citations

GRF-induced feeding: Evidence for protein selectivity and opiate involvement

1994 • 27 citations

Dexamethasone-Induced Accumulation of Neuropeptide-Y by Aggregating Fetal Brain Cells in Culture: A Process Dependent on the Developmental Age of the Aggregates*

1991 • 27 citations

Vasopressin Response to 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose in the Rat*

1980 • 26 citations

Primary Sequence and Functional Analysis of the Bovine Galanin Gene Promoter in Human Neuroblastoma Cells

1994 • 25 citations

Transcriptional vs. posttranscriptional control of neuropeptide Y gene expression.

1995 • 24 citations

Energy expenditure is reduced in preobese 2-day Zucker fa/fa rats

1985 • 24 citations

Rats on a Macronutrient Self-selection Diet Eat Most Meals From a Single Food Cup

1994 • 23 citations

Devazepide alters meal patterns in lean, but not obese, male Zucker rats

1994 • 23 citations

Lactation but not prolactin increases the levels of pre-proNPY mRNA in the rat arcuate nucleus

1992 • 22 citations

Developmental Aspect of Differences in Hypothalamic Preproneuropeptide Y Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Content in Lean and Genetically Obese Zucker Rats

1992 • 21 citations

Overview of Pup in a Cup Model: Hepatic Lipogenesis in Rats Artificially Reared on a High-Carbohydrate Formula

1993 • 20 citations

Adrenalectomy alters discrete galanin mRNA levels in the hypothalamus and mesencephalon of the rat

1994 • 20 citations

The effects of amphetamine on body weight and energy expenditure

1992 • 19 citations

Induction of galanin gene expression in gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons with puberty in the rat

1994 • 19 citations

Neuropeptide content in pancreas and pituitary of obese and diabetes mutant mice: Strain and sex differences

1990 • 17 citations

Regulatory peptides, the hypothalamus and diabetes

1989 • 16 citations

Transcriptional vs. posttranscriptional control of neuropeptide Y gene expression

1995 • 16 citations

On the interations of galanin within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis of the rat

1991 • 15 citations

Central injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine reduces food intake in obese and lean mice

1992 • 5 citations

Molecular Pathogenesis of Obesity in the Fatty Rat

1993 • 1 citations