Is Avoiding an Aversive Outcome Rewarding? Neural Substrates of Avoidance Learning in the Human Brain

Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction

2005 • 27,230 citations

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

A theory of Pavlovian conditioning : Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement

1972 • 6,687 citations

Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex

1994 • 5,933 citations

Predictive Reward Signal of Dopamine Neurons

1998 • 4,446 citations

The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis

1939 • 4,304 citations

Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex

2000 • 3,415 citations

The psychology of fear and stress

1988 • 3,188 citations

A model for Pavlovian learning: Variations in the effectiveness of conditioned but not of unconditioned stimuli.

1980 • 2,919 citations

A theory of attention: Variations in the associability of stimuli with reinforcement.

1975 • 2,731 citations

Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion

2001 • 2,606 citations

Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens

2001 • 2,192 citations

Dissociable Roles of Ventral and Dorsal Striatum in Instrumental Conditioning

2004 • 2,078 citations

Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex

2001 • 2,023 citations

Parsing reward

2003 • 1,661 citations

An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. Temporal dynamics of affect.

1974 • 1,644 citations

Temporal Difference Models and Reward-Related Learning in the Human Brain

2003 • 1,488 citations

Conditioning and Associative Learning

1984 • 1,327 citations

Changes in brain activity related to eating chocolate: From pleasure to aversion

2001 • 1,150 citations

Tracking the Hemodynamic Responses to Reward and Punishment in the Striatum

2000 • 1,122 citations

Animal intelligence; experimental studies

1911 • 1,086 citations

Dissociated neural representations of intensity and valence in human olfaction

2003 • 1,025 citations

On the dual nature of learning—a re-interpretation of "conditioning" and "problem-solving."

1947 • 942 citations

Temporal Prediction Errors in a Passive Learning Task Activate Human Striatum

2003 • 928 citations

A cellular mechanism of reward-related learning

2001 • 863 citations

A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: characterization with rapid event-related fMRI

2003 • 859 citations

Animal Intelligence. Experimental Studies

1912 • 850 citations

Optimized EPI for fMRI studies of the orbitofrontal cortex

2003 • 816 citations

Reward, Motivation, and Reinforcement Learning

2002 • 816 citations

Prediction of immediate and future rewards differentially recruits cortico-basal ganglia loops

2004 • 788 citations

Representation of Pleasant and Aversive Taste in the Human Brain

2001 • 666 citations

Regret and its avoidance: a neuroimaging study of choice behavior

2005 • 655 citations

Dissociating Valence of Outcome from Behavioral Control in Human Orbital and Ventral Prefrontal Cortices

2003 • 625 citations

Temporal difference models describe higher-order learning in humans

2004 • 608 citations

Differential Response Patterns in the Striatum and Orbitofrontal Cortex to Financial Reward in Humans: A Parametric Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

2003 • 529 citations

Encoding Predicted Outcome and Acquired Value in Orbitofrontal Cortex during Cue Sampling Depends upon Input from Basolateral Amygdala

2003 • 476 citations

An Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation

2008 • 470 citations

Direct Activation of the Ventral Striatum in Anticipation of Aversive Stimuli

2003 • 445 citations

Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: II. During anticipatory anxiety

2001 • 436 citations

Opponent appetitive-aversive neural processes underlie predictive learning of pain relief

2005 • 433 citations

Distinct portions of anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex are activated by reward processing in separable phases of decision-making cognition

2004 • 404 citations

Orbitofrontal Cortex, Associative Learning, and Expectancies

2005 • 397 citations

Amygdala–frontal interactions and reward expectancy

2004 • 386 citations

Dissociable Contributions of the Human Amygdala and Orbitofrontal Cortex to Incentive Motivation and Goal Selection

2003 • 356 citations

Inverse amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to surprised faces

2003 • 356 citations

Traumatic avoidance learning: Acquisition in normal dogs.

1953 • 355 citations

Two Types of Conditioned Reflex and a Pseudo Type

1935 • 331 citations

Predictive Neural Coding of Reward Preference Involves Dissociable Responses in Human Ventral Midbrain and Ventral Striatum

2006 • 324 citations

Inhibition of avoidance behavior.

1965 • 322 citations

Value-dependent selection in the brain: Simulation in a synthetic neural model

1994 • 260 citations

Intrinsic brain activity sets the stage for expression of motivated behavior

2005 • 228 citations

Neural dynamics of decision making under risk: Affective balance and cognitive-emotional interactions.

1987 • 216 citations

A cognitive theory of avoidance learning.

1973 • 201 citations

Experimental extinction as a function of the prevention of a response.

1953 • 96 citations

Traumatic avoidance learning: acquisition and extinction in dogs deprived of normal peripheral autonomic function.

1955 • 77 citations

Preconditioning of reinforcing properties to an exteroceptive feedback stimulus

1975 • 52 citations

Parametric FMRI confirms selective recruitment of nucleus accumbens during anticipation of monetary reward

2001 • 32 citations