Complex regional pain syndrome – diagnostic, mechanisms, CNS involvement and therapy

Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms

1994 • 3,265 citations

Textbook of pain

1999 • 2,566 citations

Neuropathic pain: aetiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management

1999 • 2,228 citations

International Association for the Study of Pain

2002 • 1,250 citations

Effects of Desipramine, Amitriptyline, and Fluoxetine on Pain in Diabetic Neuropathy

1992 • 1,097 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: changing concepts and taxonomy

1995 • 1,093 citations

Spinal Cord Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

2000 • 855 citations

Development and preliminary validation of a pain measure specific to neuropathic pain

1997 • 770 citations

Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia

1993 • 730 citations

A critical review of controlled clinical trials for peripheral neuropathic pain and complex regional pain syndromes

1997 • 685 citations

Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System.

1984 • 660 citations

External validation of IASP diagnostic criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome and proposed research diagnostic criteria

1999 • 608 citations

Amitriptyline versus placebo in postherpetic neuralgia

1982 • 563 citations

MEXILETINE FOR TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PAINFUL DIABETIC NEUROPATHY

1988 • 535 citations

Injuries of Nerves and their Consequences

1872 • 527 citations

Both intravenous lidocaine and morphine reduce the pain of postherpetic neuralgia

1991 • 494 citations

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

2010 • 399 citations

Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain

1991 • 385 citations

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1987 • 381 citations

Complex regional pain syndrome: are the IASP diagnostic criteria valid and sufficiently comprehensive?

1999 • 367 citations

Altered central sensorimotor processing in patients with complex regional pain syndrome

2002 • 358 citations

Epidemiology of complex regional pain syndrome: a retrospective chart review of 134 patients

1999 • 356 citations

The movement disorder of reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1990 • 351 citations

Proceedings of the VIth World Congress on Pain

1991 • 348 citations

Short- and Long-term Outcomes of Children with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I Treated with Exercise Therapy

1999 • 339 citations

Evidence for local inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome type 1

2002 • 335 citations

Vascular abnormalities in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS I): mechanisms and diagnostic value

2001 • 321 citations

Neurological findings in complex regional pain syndromes - analysis of 145 cases

2000 • 318 citations

Intrathecal Baclofen for the Treatment of Dystonia in Patients with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

2000 • 308 citations

The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome

1976 • 307 citations

AUTONOMIC FAILURE: A TEXTBOOK OF CLINICAL DISORDERS OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

2000 • 299 citations

Systemic Alpha-adrenergic Blockade with Phentolamine

1991 • 294 citations

Pain and the Neurosurgeon.

1970 • 292 citations

Physical therapy and cognitive-behavioral treatment for complex regional pain syndromes

2002 • 292 citations

The reflex dystrophy syndrome response to treatment with systemic corticosteroids.

1982 • 290 citations

Noradrenaline hyperalgesia is mediated through interaction with sympathetic postgahglionic neurone terminals rather than activation of primary afferent nociceptors

1986 • 286 citations

The Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome

1975 • 286 citations

The shoulder–hand syndrome after stroke: A prospective clinical trial

1994 • 284 citations

Analysis of Peak Magnitude and Duration of Analgesia Produced by Local Anesthetics Injected into Sympathetic Ganglia of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Patients

1998 • 276 citations

Patterns of spread in complex regional pain syndrome, type I (reflex sympathetic dystrophy)

2000 • 266 citations

The important role of neuropeptides in complex regional pain syndrome

2001 • 266 citations

Facilitated neurogenic inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome

2001 • 266 citations

Chapter 10. Interactions of sympathetic and primary afferent neurons following nerve injury and tissue trauma

1996 • 264 citations

Relation between sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndromes: a case-control study

2002 • 264 citations

Neglect-Like Symptoms in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

1999 • 255 citations

Long-term results of peripheral nerve stimulation for reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1996 • 252 citations

Psychophysical observations on patients with neuropathic pain relieved by a sympathetic block

1989 • 249 citations

Noradrenaline-evoked pain in neuralgia

1995 • 241 citations

Pain and reduced mobility in complex regional pain syndrome I: outcome of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of adjuvant physical therapy versus occupational therapy

1999 • 230 citations

Intradermal injection of norepinephrine evokes pain in patients with sympathetically maintained pain

2000 • 228 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the hand: an excessive inflammatory response?

1993 • 215 citations

Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain?

1999 • 215 citations

Quantitative sensory testing, neurophysiological and psychological examination in patients with complex regional pain syndrome and hemisensory deficits

2001 • 214 citations

Epidural Clonidine Treatment for Refractory Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1993 • 213 citations

Intravenous clodronate in the treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome. A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study.

2000 • 211 citations

Bisphosphonate therapy of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome

1997 • 208 citations

Sensory testing of pathophysiological mechanisms of pain in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1992 • 208 citations

Pain response to perineuromal injection of normal saline, epinephrine, and lidocaine in humans

1992 • 206 citations

The causalgia—dystonia syndrome

1993 • 206 citations

Intravenous phentolamine test: diagnostic and prognostic use in reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1991 • 201 citations

Case reports and hypothesis: A neglect-like syndrome may be responsible for the motor disturbance in reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome-1)

1995 • 201 citations

REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERING PLASMA CATECHOLAMINE CONCENTRATIONS IN AFFECTED AND UNAFFECTED LIMBS

1991 • 201 citations

Bone scintigraphy in the reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.

1981 • 199 citations

Intravenous regional sympathetic blockade for pain relief in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: A systematic review and a randomized, double-blind crossover study

1995 • 196 citations

Vascular Abnormalities in Acute Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (CRPS I)

1999 • 194 citations

Hemisensory impairment in patients with complex regional pain syndrome

1999 • 191 citations

IASP Diagnostic Criteria for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: A Preliminary Empirical Validation Study

1998 • 188 citations

Epidural Clonidine Treatment for Refractory Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1993 • 187 citations

Complex regional pain syndrome type I (RSD)

1998 • 184 citations

Treatment of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (CRPS Type 1)

2001 • 183 citations

Transdermal clonidine compared to placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy using a two-stage ‘enriched enrollment’ design

1995 • 182 citations

The effect of adding calcitonin to physical treatment on reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1992 • 178 citations

Increased Venous Alpha-Adrenoceptor Responsiveness in Patients with Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1993 • 161 citations

Concentration–Effect Relationship of Intravenous Lidocaine on the Allodynia of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Types I and II

2000 • 154 citations

α1-Adrenoceptors in Normal and Hyperalgesic Human Skin

1996 • 154 citations

Distribution and regulation of α 2-adrenoceptors in rat dorsal root ganglia

2000 • 150 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome of the upper extremity: analysis of total outcome of management of 125 cases.

1981 • 148 citations

Causalgia

1967 • 146 citations

Abnormal movements in complex regional pain syndrome: Assessment of their nature

2000 • 146 citations

Skin temperature side differences – a diagnostic tool for CRPS?

2002 • 144 citations

Spinal Cord Stimulation Is Effective in the Management of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1997 • 142 citations

INJURIES OF NERVES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES

1970 • 141 citations

Prefrontal cortical hyperactivity in patients with sympathetically mediated chronic pain

2001 • 140 citations

‘Sympathetically maintained pain’

1994 • 137 citations

Patterns of hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome

1999 • 134 citations

Effect of adrenergic receptor activation on post-herpetic neuralgia pain and sensory disturbances

1997 • 133 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Skin blood flow, sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes and pain before and after surgical sympathectomy

1996 • 132 citations

Pain increases during sympathetic arousal in patients with complex regional pain syndrome

2001 • 130 citations

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Levels in Affected Versus Unaffected Limbs in Sympathetically Maintained Pain

1994 • 126 citations

Psychological dysfunction in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1997 • 123 citations

Sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflex pattern in patients with complex regional pain syndrome

1998 • 122 citations

Value of Autonomic Testing in Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1995 • 122 citations

Assessment of peripheral sympathetic nervous function for diagnosing early post-traumatic complex regional pain syndrome type I

1999 • 121 citations

RELIEF OF SUDECK'S ATROPHY BY REGIONAL INTRAVENOUS GUANETHIDINE

1977 • 120 citations

Stressful Life Events and Psychological Dysfunction in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I

1998 • 119 citations

Sudomotor function in sympathetic reflex dystrophy

1997 • 118 citations

Treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: Antidepressants

1994 • 114 citations

Shoulder-hand syndrome in a hemiplegic population: a 5-year retrospective study.

1977 • 114 citations

Abnormal skin temperature and abnormal sympathetic vasomotor innervation in an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy

1991 • 113 citations

Muscle spasms associated with Sudeck's atrophy after injury.

1984 • 113 citations

Intravenous Regional Guanethidine in the Treatment of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy/Causalgia

1995 • 113 citations

TRAUMATIC NEURALGIAS

1998 • 110 citations

Profile of Caucasian Women with Possible Genetic Predisposition to Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1994 • 110 citations

Chapter 2. Cutaneous polymodal receptors: characteristics and plasticity

1996 • 110 citations

Intravenous regional sympatholysis: A double-blind comparison of guanethidine, reserpine, and normal saline

1990 • 110 citations

Tremor in Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1991 • 105 citations

Validation of Thermography in the Diagnosis of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1996 • 103 citations

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

2008 • 102 citations

Chronic pain in the spinal cord injured: statistical approach and pharmacological treatment

1993 • 101 citations

Impact of Spinal Cord Stimulation on Sensory Characteristics in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I

2001 • 101 citations

Clinical response to regional intravenous guanethidine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

1986 • 98 citations

HLA-DQ1 associated with reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1999 • 93 citations

Effect of sympathetic activity on capsaicin-evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and vasodilatation

1999 • 90 citations

Ueber die akute (trophoneurotische) Knochenatrophie nach Entzündungen und Traumen der Extremitäten¹)

1902 • 90 citations

The Usefulness of Quantitative Evaluation of Three-Phase Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Posttraumatic Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1999 • 89 citations

Quantitative sensory testing before and after regional guanethidine block in patients with neuralgia in the hand

1991 • 88 citations

Pain Relief in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome due to Spinal Cord Stimulation Does Not Depend on Vasodilation

2000 • 87 citations

The NMDA-receptor antagonist ketamine abolishes neuropathic pain after epidural administration in a clinical case

1998 • 86 citations

Electrical stimulation of the upper thoracic portion of the sympathetic chain in man.

1948 • 86 citations

Stress Infrared Telethermography Is Useful in the Diagnosis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, Type I (Formerly Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy)

1997 • 82 citations

REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY

1997 • 80 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Review of 140 cases.

1970 • 78 citations

Truths, errors, and lies around “reflex sympathetic dystrophy” and “complex regional pain syndrome”

1999 • 72 citations

Evidence for Immune System Involvement in Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1998 • 70 citations

Schmerzsyndrome mit kausaler Beteiligung des Sympathikus

1998 • 68 citations

Surgery on the affected upper extremity of patients with a history of complex regional pain syndrome: A retrospective study of 100 patients

2000 • 68 citations

The Symptom Checklist-90 Revised Questionnaire

1999 • 68 citations

Factors associated with contractures in acute spinal cord injury

1998 • 67 citations

Etiopathogenesis of Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1992 • 64 citations

Normal sympathetic nerve activity in a reflex sympathetic dystrophy with marked skin vasoconstriction

1992 • 64 citations

Sympathetic innervation and function in reflex sympathetic dystrophy

2000 • 64 citations

Quantitative sensory tests in patients with neuralgia 11 to 25 years after injury

1992 • 63 citations

Diagnostic criteria used in studies of reflex sympathetic dystrophy

2002 • 63 citations

Central Nervous System Abnormalities in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): Clinical and Quantitative Evidence of Medullary Dysfunction

1998 • 62 citations

Shoulder pain in acute traumatic quadriplegia

1991 • 59 citations

Innate cytokine profile in patients with complex regional pain syndrome is normal

2001 • 56 citations

Clinical Factors in the Prognosis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type I After Stroke

2002 • 56 citations

Synovial effusion in reflex sympathetic dystrophy: an additional sign for diagnosis and staging

1998 • 54 citations

Laboratory Findings in Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1994 • 53 citations

Sympathectomy induces adrenergic excitability of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors

1996 • 53 citations

Negative Feedback Neuroendocrine Control of Inflammatory Response in the Rat is Dependent on the Sympathetic Postganglionic Neuron

1997 • 51 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in brain-injured patients

1992 • 49 citations

Asymmetrical Skin Temperature in Ischemic Stroke

1995 • 46 citations

Autonomic failure after stroke - is it indicative for pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome?

2001 • 44 citations

Does sympathetic nerve discharge affect the firing of polymodal C-fibre afferents in humans?

1999 • 42 citations

Reassessment of the Incidence of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Following Stroke

2000 • 38 citations

Nosological entities?: Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

2001 • 36 citations

Komplexe regionale Schmerzsyndrome

2002 • 36 citations

Clinical and Neurophysiological Observations Relating to Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1990 • 35 citations

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy

1990 • 31 citations

Increased production of nitric oxide stimulated by interferon-γ from peripheral blood monocytes in patients with complex regional pain syndrome

2002 • 30 citations

Reflex patterns in postganglionic vasoconstrictor neurons following chronic nerve lesions

1985 • 30 citations

Clinical aspects of reflex sympathetic dystrophy

1995 • 28 citations

Skin blood flow abnormalities in a rat model of neuropathic pain: Result of decreased sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow?

1997 • 27 citations

The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome associated with traumatic myelopathy: report of 5 cases

1989 • 25 citations

Prevalence and Associated Features of the Cold Hemiplegic Arm

1995 • 25 citations

Prevalence of the Shoulder-Hand Pain Syndrome in an Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Population: A Quantitative Cross-Sectional Study

1987 • 24 citations

Five phase bone scintigraphy supports the pathophysiological concept of a subclinical inflammatory process in reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

1996 • 23 citations

Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Patients

1988 • 21 citations

ROLE OF [Greek small letter alpha]-ADRENOCEPTORS IN NEUROMA PAIN IN AMPUTEES

1998 • 18 citations

The reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in patients who have had a spinal cord injury

1995 • 15 citations

SYMPATHETIC REFLEX ACTIVITY AND NEUROEFFECTOR TRANSMISSION CHANGE AFTER CHRONIC NERVE LESIONS

1991 • 15 citations

A case of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (complex regional pain syndrome, type I) resolved by cerebral contusion

1999 • 15 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy in central cord syndrome: case report and review of the literature

1990 • 14 citations

Shoulder-hand syndrome in cervical spinal cord injury

1994 • 14 citations

[The joint in algodystrophy. Joint fluid, synovium, cartilage].

1983 • 14 citations

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the lower extremity in tetraplegia: case report

1996 • 14 citations

The role of the sympathetic nervous system in autonomic disturbances and “sympathetically maintained pain” in CRPS

2001 • 13 citations

Sudeck's atrophy in traumatic quadriplegia

1971 • 9 citations