Why do we sleep?11Published on the World Wide Web on 7 November 2000.

A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

1993 • 11,303 citations

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

1997 • 8,991 citations

The hippocampus as a cognitive map

1979 • 5,527 citations

The Organization of Behavior; A Neuropsychological Theory

1950 • 5,058 citations

Why there are complementary learning systems in the hippocampus and neocortex: Insights from the successes and failures of connectionist models of learning and memory.

1995 • 4,952 citations

Synaptic Modifications in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons: Dependence on Spike Timing, Synaptic Strength, and Postsynaptic Cell Type

1998 • 4,476 citations

The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory

1950 • 4,130 citations

Thalamocortical Oscillations in the Sleeping and Aroused Brain

1993 • 3,483 citations

A Learning Algorithm for Boltzmann Machines*

1985 • 3,285 citations

The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System

1991 • 3,239 citations

Reactivation of Hippocampal Ensemble Memories During Sleep

1994 • 2,991 citations

Simple memory: a theory for archicortex

1971 • 2,722 citations

Competitive Hebbian learning through spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity

2000 • 2,577 citations

Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex.

1989 • 2,493 citations

Coherent oscillations: A mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex?

1988 • 2,355 citations

Neuronal Calcium Signaling

1998 • 2,126 citations

A framework for mesencephalic dopamine systems based on predictive Hebbian learning

1996 • 2,003 citations

Emergent Properties of Networks of Biological Signaling Pathways

1999 • 1,696 citations

Two-stage model of memory trace formation: A role for “noisy” brain states

1989 • 1,677 citations

Cellular and network mechanisms of rhythmic recurrent activity in neocortex

2000 • 1,533 citations

Calcium Signaling in Neurons: Molecular Mechanisms and Cellular Consequences

1995 • 1,421 citations

Sensitivity of CaM Kinase II to the Frequency of Ca ²⁺ Oscillations

1998 • 1,263 citations

Genetic Demonstration of a Role for PKA in the Late Phase of LTP and in Hippocampus-Based Long-Term Memory

1997 • 1,228 citations

Effects of cAMP Simulate a Late Stage of LTP in Hippocampal CA1 Neurons

1993 • 1,212 citations

Pattern recognition computation using action potential timing for stimulus representation

1995 • 1,160 citations

Neurotransmitter actions in the thalamus and cerebral cortex and their role in neuromodulation of thalamocortical activity

1992 • 1,126 citations

A neuronal learning rule for sub-millisecond temporal coding

1996 • 1,105 citations

The "Wake-Sleep" Algorithm for Unsupervised Neural Networks

1995 • 1,100 citations

Sharp wave-associated high-frequency oscillation (200 Hz) in the intact hippocampus: network and intracellular mechanisms

1995 • 1,082 citations

Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: a simple network model.

1994 • 1,049 citations

Coordinated Interactions between Hippocampal Ripples and Cortical Spindles during Slow-Wave Sleep

1998 • 1,040 citations

Nucleus basalis and thalamic control of neocortical activity in the freely moving rat

1988 • 1,035 citations

The pyramidal neuron of the cerebral cortex: Morphological and chemical characteristics of the synaptic inputs

1992 • 954 citations

A critical window for cooperation and competition among developing retinotectal synapses

1998 • 910 citations

The Hippocampo-Neocortical Dialogue

1996 • 908 citations

Hippocampal sharp waves: Their origin and significance

1986 • 908 citations

The Primate Hippocampal Formation: Evidence for a Time-Limited Role in Memory Storage

1990 • 883 citations

Cell-permeant caged InsP3 ester shows that Ca2+ spike frequency can optimize gene expression

1998 • 855 citations

Cellular Mechanisms of a Synchronized Oscillation in the Thalamus

1993 • 844 citations

The function of dream sleep

1983 • 840 citations

Nouns and verbs are retrieved with differently distributed neural systems.

1993 • 830 citations

Synchronous oscillations in neuronal systems: Mechanisms and functions

1994 • 778 citations

Temporal contiguity requirements for long-term associative potentiation/depression in the hippocampus

1983 • 773 citations

Learning and memory in the honeybee

1995 • 728 citations

A mechanism for generation of long-range synchronous fast oscillations in the cortex

1996 • 712 citations

A Physiological Mechanism for Hebb's Postulate of Learning

1973 • 711 citations

Origin of Slow Cortical Oscillations in Deafferented Cortical Slabs

2000 • 699 citations

Cellular basis of EEG slow rhythms: a study of dynamic corticothalamic relationships

1995 • 695 citations

Visual input evokes transient and strong shunting inhibition in visual cortical neurons

1998 • 692 citations

Synchronization of fast (30-40 Hz) spontaneous cortical rhythms during brain activation

1996 • 661 citations

A model of the electrophysiological properties of thalamocortical relay neurons

1992 • 655 citations

Time-dependent reorganization of brain circuitry underlying long-term memory storage

1999 • 650 citations

Of dreaming and wakefulness

1991 • 631 citations

The deafferented reticular thalamic nucleus generates spindle rhythmicity

1987 • 624 citations

Biochemical and immunochemical evidence that the "major postsynaptic density protein" is a subunit of a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase.

1983 • 617 citations

Synaptic plasticity in a cerebellum-like structure depends on temporal order

1997 • 614 citations

Spatiotemporal Analysis of Local Field Potentials and Unit Discharges in Cat Cerebral Cortex during Natural Wake and Sleep States

1999 • 596 citations

Laminar Organization of Thalamic Projections to the Rat Neocortex

1980 • 584 citations

Long‐term synaptic plasticity between pairs of individual CA3 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampal slice cultures

1998 • 584 citations

Long-Term Depression in Hippocampus

1996 • 583 citations

TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF DISCHARGE OF PYRAMIDAL TRACT NEURONS DURING SLEEP AND WAKING IN THE MONKEY

1964 • 579 citations

Low-frequency (<1Hz) oscillations in the human sleep electroencephalogram

1997 • 570 citations

Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective

1998 • 560 citations

Hebbian synapses in hippocampus.

1986 • 560 citations

Storing covariance with nonlinearly interacting neurons

1977 • 558 citations

Visual Discrimination Task Improvement: A Multi-Step Process Occurring During Sleep

2000 • 555 citations

Distinct aspects of neuronal differentiation encoded by frequency of spontaneous Ca2+ transients

1995 • 537 citations

Experience-dependent, asymmetric expansion of hippocampal place fields

1997 • 528 citations

Control of Spatiotemporal Coherence of a Thalamic Oscillation by Corticothalamic Feedback

1996 • 506 citations

Impact of Correlated Synaptic Input on Output Firing Rate and Variability in Simple Neuronal Models

2000 • 478 citations

Gating of CaMKII by cAMP-Regulated Protein Phosphatase Activity During LTP

1998 • 452 citations

Simulations of cortical pyramidal neurons synchronized by inhibitory interneurons

1991 • 445 citations

Ionic mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations and propagating waves in a model of ferret thalamic slices

1996 • 427 citations

‘Unlearning’ has a stabilizing effect in collective memories

1983 • 425 citations

Dendritic Integration in Mammalian Neurons, a Century after Cajal

1996 • 404 citations

Mechanisms Underlying the Synchronizing Action of Corticothalamic Feedback Through Inhibition of Thalamic Relay Cells

1998 • 389 citations

Memory trace reactivation in hippocampal and neocortical neuronal ensembles

2000 • 381 citations

Stabilization of Dendritic Arbor Structure in Vivo by CaMKII

1998 • 381 citations

Damage limited to the hippocampal region produces long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys

1995 • 378 citations

Paradoxical Effects of External Modulation of Inhibitory Interneurons

1997 • 363 citations

Selective activation of deep layer (V-VI) retrohippocampal cortical neurons during hippocampal sharp waves in the behaving rat

1994 • 359 citations

A Model of Spatial Map Formation in the Hippocampus of the Rat

1996 • 358 citations

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Spindle Oscillations in Cortex and Thalamus

1997 • 346 citations

A model of spindle rhythmicity in the isolated thalamic reticular nucleus

1994 • 337 citations

Localization of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the postsynaptic densities by A-kinase anchoring proteins. Characterization of AKAP 79.

1992 • 327 citations

Postsynaptic CAMP pathway gates early LTP in hippocampal CA1 region

1995 • 326 citations

Memory reprocessing in corticocortical and hippocampocortical neuronal ensembles

1997 • 320 citations

Brainstem control of wakefulness and sleep

1990 • 311 citations

Hippocampal long‐term potentiation is induced by pairing single afferent volleys with intracellular^ injected depolarizing current pulses

1986 • 284 citations

Synaptic Background Activity Enhances the Responsiveness of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons

2000 • 281 citations

Spindle waves are propagating synchronized oscillations in the ferret LGNd in vitro

1995 • 279 citations

Spindle rhythmicity in the reticularis thalami nucleus: Synchronization among mutually inhibitory neurons

1993 • 274 citations

In vivo, in vitro, and computational analysis of dendritic calcium currents in thalamic reticular neurons

1996 • 257 citations

Precisely Synchronized Oscillatory Firing Patterns Require Electroencephalographic Activation

1999 • 246 citations

Generative models for discovering sparse distributed representations

1997 • 235 citations

Intracortical and corticothalamic coherency of fast spontaneous oscillations.

1996 • 218 citations

Synchronous oscillatory activity in sensory systems: new vistas on mechanisms

1997 • 211 citations

Ionic mechanisms for intrinsic slow oscillations in thalamic relay neurons

1993 • 207 citations

Sleep and Memory

1973 • 204 citations

Periodicity of Thalamic Synchronized Oscillations: the Role of Ca2+-Mediated Upregulation of Ih

1998 • 203 citations

State-dependent receptive-field restructuring in the visual cortex

1998 • 198 citations

Propagation of spindle waves in a thalamic slice model

1996 • 197 citations

The predictive brain: temporal coincidence and temporal order in synaptic learning mechanisms.

1994 • 184 citations

Cortical long-axoned cells and putative interneurons during the sleep-waking cycle

1978 • 181 citations

Inhibition synchronizes sparsely connected cortical neurons within and between columns in realistic network models

1996 • 167 citations

A model of optimal voluntary muscular control

1977 • 163 citations

Face processing using one spike per neurone

1998 • 156 citations

A model for 8–10 Hz spindling in interconnected thalamic relay and reticularis neurons

1993 • 155 citations

Intracellular and Computational Characterization of the Intracortical Inhibitory Control of Synchronized Thalamic Inputs In Vivo

1997 • 154 citations

Temporally-specific retrograde amnesia in two cases of discrete bilateral hippocampal pathology

1999 • 134 citations

The cortical electromicrophysiology of pathological delta waves in the electroencephalogram of cats

1977 • 132 citations

Immunohistochemical localization of adenylyl cyclase in rat brain indicates a highly selective concentration at synapses.

1995 • 128 citations

Computational Models of Thalamocortical Augmenting Responses

1998 • 119 citations

Receptive-field plasticity in the adult auditory cortex induced by Hebbian covariance

1996 • 106 citations

Anticipatory regulation: a raincoat does not feedforward make

1980 • 99 citations

Auditory Thalamus Neurons During Sleep: Changes in Frequency Selectivity, Threshold, and Receptive Field Size

2000 • 98 citations

Predictive Sequence Learning in Recurrent Neocortical Circuits

1999 • 96 citations

Synchronization of low-frequency rhythms in corticothalamic networks

1996 • 94 citations

Modeling the control of reticular thalamic oscillations by neuromodulators

1994 • 93 citations

Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II: role in learning and memory

1993 • 83 citations

Amygdalo-entorhinal relations and their reflection in the hippocampal formation: generation of sharp sleep potentials

1995 • 79 citations

Rapid Visual Processing using Spike Asynchrony

1996 • 74 citations

Control of slow oscillations in the thalamocortical neuron: a computer model

1996 • 73 citations

Temporally Asymmetric Hebbian Learning, Spike liming and Neural Response Variability

1998 • 64 citations

Inhibition of Endogenous Phosphatase in a Postsynaptic Density Fraction Allows Extensive Phosphorylation of the Major Postsynaptic Density Protein

1993 • 62 citations

Computing with Self-Excitatory Cliques: A Model and an Application to Hyperacuity-Scale Computation in Visual Cortex

1999 • 58 citations

Bayesian Unsupervised Learning of Higher Order Structure

1996 • 56 citations

Synaptic plasticity during the cholinergic theta-frequency oscillation in vitro

1996 • 51 citations

A new method for detecting state changes in the EEG: exploratory application to sleep data

1998 • 47 citations

Optimal information transfer in synchronized neocortical neurons

2001 • 45 citations

Single-unit discharges in isolated cerebral cortex

1966 • 25 citations

Computer model of ethosuximide's effect on a thalamic neuron

1992 • 23 citations

Neural Networks: Sleep and memory

1995 • 13 citations