The Role of Metabolism in the Antioxidant Function of Vitamin E

[1] Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview

1990 • 5,041 citations

Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants

1997 • 4,454 citations

Dietary Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens

1983 • 3,028 citations

Direct observation of a free radical interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C

1979 • 1,460 citations

The Glutathione Status of Cells

1978 • 1,218 citations

Oxidative Stress: Oxidants and Antioxidants.

1992 • 1,193 citations

Vitamin E: application of the principles of physical organic chemistry to the exploration of its structure and function

1986 • 1,103 citations

Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro

1981 • 1,071 citations

The selenoenzyme phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase

1985 • 961 citations

Antioxidant functions of carotenoids

1989 • 916 citations

Purification from pig liver of a protein which protects liposomes and biomembranes from peroxidative degradation and exhibits glutathione peroxidase activity on phosphatidylcholine hydroperoxides

1982 • 779 citations

Autoxidation of human low density lipoprotein: loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and generation of aldehydes

1987 • 773 citations

Autoxidation of biological molecules. 4. Maximizing the antioxidant activity of phenols

1985 • 769 citations

Glutathione: Toxicological Implications

1990 • 750 citations

Vitamin E: Antioxidant Activity, Biokinetics, and Bioavailability

1990 • 739 citations

Function of Quinones in Energy Conserving Systems

1982 • 596 citations

Dietary Carotenes, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E as Protective Antioxidants in Human Cancers

1992 • 532 citations

Vitamin E: Interactions with Free Radicals and Ascorbate

1985 • 527 citations

Vitamin E and oxidative stress

1991 • 461 citations

Antioxidant and co-antioxidant activity of vitamin C. The effect of vitamin C, either alone or in the presence of vitamin E or a water-soluble vitamin E analogue, upon the peroxidation of aqueous multilamellar phospholipid liposomes

1985 • 428 citations

Relative susceptibility of microsomes from lung, heart, liver, kidney, brain and testes to lipid peroxidation: Correlation with vitamin E content

1980 • 408 citations

Identification of candidate cancer chemopreventive agents and their evaluation in animal models and human clinical trials: a review.

1990 • 402 citations

Mechanisms for the autoxidation of polyunsaturated lipids

1986 • 399 citations

The protection by ascorbate and glutathione against microsomal lipid peroxidation is dependent on vitamin E

1988 • 397 citations

Rationale and strategies for chemoprevention of cancer in humans.

1987 • 366 citations

Chemistry of singlet oxygen.

1968 • 281 citations

Free radicals in molecular biology, aging, and disease

1985 • 271 citations

Formation of α-tocopherol radical and recycling of α-tocopherol by ascorbate during peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomesAn electron paramagnetic resonance study

1984 • 270 citations

Glutathione conjugation: Mechanisms and biological significance

1989 • 267 citations

Absolute rate constants for hydrocarbon autoxidation. VI. Alkyl aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons

1967 • 258 citations

Studies of ascorbate-dependent, iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation

1989 • 257 citations

Biokinetics of and discrimination between dietaryRRR‐ andSRR‐α‐tocopherols in the male rat

1987 • 256 citations

Effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids and antioxidants on lipid peroxidation in tissue cultures.

1981 • 252 citations

Antioxidants in the prevention of human atherosclerosis. Summary of the proceedings of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop: September 5-6, 1991, Bethesda, Maryland.

1992 • 247 citations

The cooperative interaction between vitamin E and vitamin C in suppression of peroxidation of membrane phospholipids

1981 • 234 citations

RRR- and SRR-alpha-tocopherols are secreted without discrimination in human chylomicrons, but RRR-alpha-tocopherol is preferentially secreted in very low density lipoproteins.

1990 • 227 citations

Autoxidation of biological molecules. 2. Autoxidation of a model membrane. Comparison of the autoxidation of egg lecithin phosphatidylcholine in water and in chlorobenzene

1981 • 226 citations

Antioxidant protection of phospholipid bilayers by alpha-tocopherol. Control of alpha-tocopherol status and lipid peroxidation by ascorbic acid and glutathione.

1986 • 219 citations

Oxidation of Lipids. VIII. Synergistic Inhibition of Oxidation of Phosphatidylcholine Liposome in Aqueous Dispersion by Vitamin E and Vitamin C

1985 • 218 citations

Regulation of reductive processes by glutathione

1986 • 213 citations

Oxidation of lipids

1984 • 211 citations

Vitamin E is delivered to cells via the high affinity receptor for low-density lipoprotein

1984 • 204 citations

Glutathione-dependent protection by rat liver microsomal protein against lipid peroxidation

1983 • 202 citations

The role of iron in oxygen radical mediated lipid peroxidation

1989 • 198 citations

Air Oxidation of Hydrocarbons.¹ II. The Stoichiometry and Fate of Inhibitors in Benzene and Chlorobenzene

1955 • 198 citations

Biokinetics of dietaryRRR‐α‐tocopherol in the male guinea pig at three dietary levels of vitamin C and two levels of vitamin E. Evidence that vitamin C does not “spare” vitamin Ein vivo

1990 • 197 citations

Vitamin E Deficiency and Neurologic Disease

1988 • 175 citations

Protection against lipid peroxidation by a microsomal glutathione‐dependent labile factor

1983 • 174 citations

Physical and chemical scavenging of singlet molecular oxygen by tocopherols

1990 • 172 citations

The antioxidant nutrients and disease prevention--what do we know and what do we need to find out?

1991 • 160 citations

Vitamin E protection against chemical-induced cell injury

1987 • 160 citations

Rat liver α-tocopherol binding protein

1977 • 156 citations

Vitamin E as an Antioxidant in vitro and in vivo

1983 • 153 citations

THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN E

1956 • 153 citations

Microsomal lipid peroxidation: Effect of vitamin E and its functional interaction with phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase

1989 • 152 citations

Vitamin E dependent reduced glutathione inhibition of rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation

1982 • 146 citations

Ascorbate and phenolic antioxidant interactions in prevention of liposomal oxidation

1992 • 146 citations

Inhibition of 5‐lipoxygenase by vitamin E

1985 • 133 citations

Vitamin E Reversal of the Effect of Extracellular Calcium on Chemically Induced Toxicity in Hepatocytes

1985 • 132 citations

THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN E

1956 • 132 citations

The inhibitory effect of reduced glutathione on the lipid peroxidation of the microsomal fraction and mitochondria

1968 • 129 citations

Antioxidants and the Autoxidation of Fats. XIII. The Antioxygenic Action of Ascorbic Acid in Association with Tocopherols, Hydroquinones and Related Compounds

1941 • 127 citations

Vitamin E: Biochemistry and health implications

1990 • 125 citations

Oxidation of vitamin E: evidence for competing autoxidation and peroxyl radical trapping reactions of the tocopheroxyl radical

1990 • 124 citations

Cell calcium, vitamin E, and teh thiol redox system in cytocoxicity

1989 • 123 citations

Mitochondrial electron transport-linked tocopheroxyl radical reduction

1989 • 118 citations

Can vitamin E protect humans against the pathological effects of ozone in smog?

1991 • 116 citations

Influence of vitamin E and selenium on glutathione-dependent protection against microsomal lipid peroxidation

1984 • 112 citations

Estimation of the location of natural α-tocopherol in lipid bilayers by 13C-NMR spectroscopy

1985 • 111 citations

Unsaturated lipid peroxidation catalyzed by hematin compounds and its inhibition by vitamin E¹

1961 • 109 citations

Autoxidation in micelles. Synergism of vitamin C with lipid-soluble vitamin E and water-soluble Trolox

1985 • 107 citations

Membrane transfer of alpha-tocopherol. Influence of soluble alpha-tocopherol-binding factors from the liver, lung, heart, and brain of the rat.

1981 • 103 citations

Chemistry of singlet oxygen. 30. The unstable primary product of tocopherol photooxidation

1979 • 102 citations

Dye-sensitized photooxidation of tocopherols. Correlation between singlet oxygen reactivity and vitamin E activity

1972 • 101 citations

Regeneration of vitamin E in human platelets.

1991 • 101 citations

Mitochondria and microsomal membranes have a free radical reductase activity that prevents chromanoxyl radical accumulation

1989 • 98 citations

[24] Reaction of ·OH

1984 • 98 citations

Comparison of free α‐tocopherol and α‐tocopheryl acetate as sources of vitamin E in rats and humans

1988 • 97 citations

PRODUCTS AND RELATIVE REACTION RATES OF THE OXIDATION OF TOCOPHEROLS WITH SINGLET MOLECULAR OXYGEN

1988 • 96 citations

The Metabolism of Pyrene

1957 • 94 citations

Succinate-ubiquinone reductase linked recycling of α-tocopherol in reconstituted systems and mitochondria: Requirement for reduced ubiquinone

1992 • 94 citations

Generation and recycling of radicals from phenolic antioxidants

1990 • 92 citations

Absolute Rate Constants for Hydrocarbon Autoxidation

1968 • 90 citations

Activity of rat liver microsomal glutathione transferase toward products of lipid peroxidation and studies of the effect of inhibitors on glutathione-dependent protection against lipid peroxidation

1989 • 89 citations

Oxidation by superoxide of tocopherols dispersed in aqueous media with deoxycholate

1980 • 88 citations

ANTIOXIDANTS AND THE AUTOXIDATION OF FATS

1931 • 84 citations

Recycling and antioxidant activity of tocopherol homologs of differing hydrocarbon chain lengths in liver microsomes

1990 • 83 citations

Comparative evaluation of the antioxidant activity of α-tocopherol, α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and α-tocopherol succinate in isolated hepatocytes and liver microsomal suspensions

1990 • 81 citations

The effect of concentration on the antioxidant effectiveness of α-tocopherol in lipid peroxidation induced by superoxide free radicals

1985 • 79 citations

Oxidation of vitamin E during iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation: evidence for electron-transfer reactions of the tocopheroxyl radical

1992 • 79 citations

Simultaneous measurement of tocopherols and tocopheryl quinones in tissue fractions using high-performance liquid chromatography with redox-cycling electrochemical detection

1987 • 79 citations

Activation of Rat Liver Microsomal Glutathione S-Transferase by Reduced Oxygen Species

1989 • 77 citations

Tocopheroxyl Radical Persistence and Tocopherol Consumption in Liposomes and in Vitamin E-enriched Rat Liver Mitochondria and Microsomes

1989 • 72 citations

Enhancement of the Transfer of α‐Tocopherol between Liposomes and Mitochondria by Rat‐Liver Protein(s)

1981 • 70 citations

The effect of glutathione on the vitamin E requirement for inhibition of liver microsomal lipid peroxidation

1990 • 68 citations

Oxygen toxicity: Unique cytoprotective properties of vitamin E succinate in hepatocytes

1990 • 67 citations

Radical-scavenging reactions of vitamin E and its model compound, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-ol, in a tert-butylperoxyl radical generating system

1989 • 66 citations

Activation of the microsomal glutathione-s-transferase and reduction of the glutathione dependent protection against lipid peroxidation by acrolein

1988 • 65 citations

Radical initiated α-tocopherol depletion and lipid peroxidation in mitochondrial membranes

1989 • 65 citations

Products of stoichiometry of reaction of vitamin E with alkylperoxy radicals

1984 • 62 citations

Redox cycles of vitamin E: hydrolysis and ascorbic acid dependent reduction of 8a-(alkyldioxy)tocopherones

1989 • 61 citations

Vitamin E protection against chemical-induced cell injury

1987 • 61 citations

Influence of vitamin E and nitrogen dioxide on lipid peroxidation in rat lung and liver microsomes

1982 • 61 citations

4-Hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal stimulates microsomal lipid peroxidation by reducing the glutathione-dependent protection

1987 • 59 citations

Evidence That Alpha‐Tocopherol Functions Cyclically to Quench Free Radicals in Hepatic Microsomes Requirement for Glutathione and a Heat‐Labile Factor

1989 • 54 citations

The Chemistry of 9-Hydroxy-α-tocopherone, a Quinone Hemiacetal

1964 • 52 citations

Peroxyl radical trapping and autoxidation reactions of .alpha.-tocopherol in lipid bilayers

1991 • 51 citations

Regulation of cell division in a human glioma cell clone by arachidonic acid and α-tocopherolquinone

1982 • 51 citations

Characterization of glutathione-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation of isolated rat liver nuclei

1988 • 51 citations

Electrochemical studies of the redox behavior of α-tocopherol

1970 • 46 citations

THE OXIDATION OF PHENOLS: I. THE OXIDATION OF 2,6-DI-t-BUTYL-4-METHYLPHENOL, 2,6-DI-t-BUTYLPHENOL, AND 2,6-DIMETHYLPHENOL WITH PEROXY RADICALS

1966 • 46 citations

On the occurrence of α‐tocopherolquinone in rat tissue

1981 • 45 citations

The Preparation of a Reversible Oxidation Product of α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopheroxide and of Related Oxides¹

1951 • 45 citations

Electron transport between cytochrome c and alpha tocopherol

1992 • 45 citations

Reduction of α-tocopherolquinone to α-tocopherolhydroquinone in rat hepatocytes

1992 • 44 citations

Oxidations of vitamin E (.alpha.-tocopherol) and its model compound. 2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman. A new dimer

1988 • 44 citations

Increased vitamin E content in the lung after ozone exposure: A possible mobilization in response to oxidative stress

1990 • 43 citations

Interconversion of α-tocopherol and its oxidation products

1956 • 43 citations

Comparison of Two Precipitating Derivatives of Rabbit Antibody: Fragment I Dimer and the Product of Pepsin Digestion^*

1965 • 43 citations

Identification of an endogenous electron donor for biohydrogenation as alpha-tocopherolquinol.

1980 • 43 citations

Membrane-bound glutathione transferase

1987 • 42 citations

Effects of vitamin E on the killing of cultured hepatocytes by tert-butyl hydroperoxide.

1992 • 41 citations

ESR DETECTION OF ENDOGENOUS ASCORBATE FREE RADICAL IN MOUSE SKIN: ENHANCEMENT OF RADICAL PRODUCTION DURING UV IRRADIATION FOLLOWING TOPICAL APPLICATION OF CHLORPROMAZINE

1987 • 41 citations

Kinetics of ozonation. 4. Reactions of ozone with .alpha.-tocopherol and oleate and linoleate esters in carbon tetrachloride and in aqueous micellar solvents

1986 • 41 citations

Temporal relationships between the loss of vitamin E, protein sulfhydryls and lipid peroxidation in microsomes challenged with different prooxidants

1990 • 37 citations

Oxygenations of vitamin E (.alpha.-tocopherol) and its model compound 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-ol in the presence of the superoxide radical solubilized in aprotic solvents: unique epoxidations and recyclizations

1987 • 37 citations

Vitamin E protection against in vivo lipid peroxidation initiated in rats by methyl ethyl ketone peroxide as monitored by pentane

1981 • 37 citations

Reaction products of α‐tocopherol with a free radical initiator, 2,2′‐azobis(2,4‐dimethylvaleronitrile)

1989 • 36 citations

Different effects of Triton X-100, deoxycholate, and fatty acids on the kinetics of glutathione peroxidase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase

1986 • 34 citations

Relationship between cellular calcium and vitamin E metabolism during protection against cell injury

1987 • 33 citations

Transfer of α-tocopherol to microsomes mediated by a partially purified liver α-tocopherol binding protein

1982 • 33 citations

Effects of glutathione on the alpha-tocopherol-dependent inhibition of nuclear lipid peroxidation.

1989 • 32 citations

Reduced glutathione effects on α‐tocopherol concentration of rat liver microsomes undergoing NADPH‐dependent lipid peroxidation

1989 • 32 citations

Effect of vitamin E on pentane exhaled by rats treated with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide

1982 • 30 citations

Modification of hepatic vitamin E stores in vivo

1991 • 30 citations

Distribution and metabolism of two orally administered esters of tocopherol.

1971 • 27 citations

Reactions of Vitamin E with Peroxides. II. Reaction of Benzoyl Peroxide with d-α-Tocopherol in Alcohols^*

1965 • 27 citations

Distribution and metabolism of two orally administered esters of tocopherol

1971 • 27 citations

The metabolism of C¹⁴‐α‐tocopheryl quinone and C¹⁴‐α‐tocopheryl hydroquinone

1967 • 26 citations

Isolation of a trimer of α‐tocopherol from mammalian liver

1967 • 24 citations

An assay for the α-tocopherol binding protein mediated transfer of vitamin E between membranes

1988 • 23 citations

Oxygenations of vitamin E (.alpha.-tocopherol) and its model compound, 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-ol, in the presence of potassium superoxide suspended in tetrahydrofuran, and unusual acyloin rearrangements

1986 • 23 citations

Regeneration of vitamin E in rat polymorphonuclear leucocytes

1992 • 22 citations

Dye-sensitized photooxidation of vitamin E revisited. New 7-oxaspiro[4.5]dec-1-ene-3,6-dione products by oxygenation and ring-contraction of .alpha.-tocopherol

1991 • 21 citations

α‐tocopherol oxidation mediated by superoxide anion (O₂⁻). II. Identification of the stable α‐tocopherol oxidation products

1992 • 20 citations

Reactions of vitamin E with peroxides I. Reaction of benzoylperoxide with d-α-tocopherol in hydrocarbons

1964 • 18 citations

Role of a partially purified glutathione S-transferase from rat liver nuclei in the inhibition of nuclear lipid peroxidation

1989 • 18 citations

α‐tocopherol oxidation mediated by superoxide anion (O₂⁻) I. Reactions in aprotic and protic conditions

1992 • 18 citations

Effect of alcohols on the oxidation of the vitamin E model compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol

1989 • 17 citations

ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS: AN OVERVIEW

1991 • 16 citations

Oxidation of the α‐tocopherol model compound 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol in the presence of alcohols

1992 • 15 citations

The Effect of α-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherylhydroquinone and Their Esters on Experimental Muscular Dystrophy in the Rat

1959 • 15 citations

Reduction of doxyl stearates by ascorbate in unilamellar liposomes

1990 • 14 citations

Importance of the polyunsaturated fatty acid to vitamin E ratio in the resistance of rat lung microsomes to lipid peroxidation

1986 • 14 citations

Lipid peroxidation inhibitory factors in liver and muscle of rat, mouse, and chicken

1989 • 13 citations

Air Oxidation of Hydrocarbons

1952 • 13 citations

ChemInform Abstract: Radical‐Scavenging Reactions of Vitamin E (I) and Its Model Compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐Pentamethylchroman‐6‐ol, (V), in a tert.‐Butylperoxyl Radical‐Generating System

1989 • 12 citations

Studies on protection by glutathione against lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Effect of bromosulfophthalein.

1986 • 12 citations

Tissue uptake and metabolism of d,l-3,4- 3 H 2 -a-tocopheryl nicotinate and d,l-a-tocopheryl-1',2'- 3 H 2 -acetate following intravenous administration.

1971 • 11 citations

Bromosulfophthalein abolishes glutathione dependent protection against lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria

1987 • 11 citations

Reactions of vitamin E and its model compound 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-ol with ozone

1993 • 11 citations

The Antisterility Activity of Alpha-Tocohydroquinone in the Female Rat

1960 • 11 citations

Simon metabolites of α-tocopherol are not formed via a rate-controlling scission of the 3′C-H bond

1990 • 10 citations

Modulation of the effects of ascorbic acid on lipid peroxidation by tocopherol in adrenocortical mitochondria

1989 • 10 citations

Modification of hepatic vitamin E stores in vivo

1991 • 9 citations

ChemInform Abstract: Oxygenations of Vitamin E (α‐Tocopherol) and Its Model Compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐Pentamethylchroman‐6‐ol, in the Presence of Potassium Superoxide Suspended in Tetrahydrofuran and Unusual Acyloin Rearrangements.

1986 • 3 citations