Socioeconomic status and the brain: mechanistic insights from human and animal research

Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior

2004 • 5,974 citations

Socioeconomic Status and Child Development

2002 • 4,987 citations

School readiness and later achievement.

2007 • 4,886 citations

Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children

1998 • 4,347 citations

Socioeconomic Status and Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research

2005 • 4,102 citations

The cognitive control of emotion

2005 • 4,095 citations

Meaningful differences in the everyday experience of young American children

1996 • 4,054 citations

Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development.

1998 • 3,592 citations

More hippocampal neurons in adult mice living in an enriched environment

1997 • 3,476 citations

Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse

2009 • 3,349 citations

Maternal Care, Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress

1997 • 3,131 citations

The Effects of Poverty on Children

1997 • 2,790 citations

Risky families: Family social environments and the mental and physical health of offspring.

2002 • 2,622 citations

Measuring Social Class in US Public Health Research: Concepts, Methodologies, and Guidelines

1997 • 2,580 citations

Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators

2006 • 2,428 citations

Neural consequences of enviromental enrichment

2000 • 2,376 citations

The Environment of Childhood Poverty.

2004 • 2,276 citations

Neurotrophins and their receptors: A convergence point for many signalling pathways

2003 • 2,173 citations

Neuroscience, Molecular Biology, and the Childhood Roots of Health Disparities

2009 • 2,161 citations

The Impact of Economic Hardship on Black Families and Children: Psychological Distress, Parenting, and Socioemotional Development

1990 • 2,029 citations

Socioeconomic Status in Health Research

2005 • 2,005 citations

The Influence of Social Hierarchy on Primate Health

2005 • 1,975 citations

Preschool Program Improves Cognitive Control

2007 • 1,942 citations

Nongenomic Transmission Across Generations of Maternal Behavior and Stress Responses in the Rat

1999 • 1,909 citations

Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development

1994 • 1,881 citations

How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?

1998 • 1,611 citations

An Interactionist Perspective on the Socioeconomic Context of Human Development

2006 • 1,600 citations

An experimental investigation of Reactive Atomization and Deposition Processing of Ni3Al/Y2O3 Using N2-O2 Atomization

1992 • 1,554 citations

Economic Stress, Coercive Family Process, and Developmental Problems of Adolescents

1994 • 1,514 citations

Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin.

2008 • 1,438 citations

Socioeconomic status and the developing brain

2009 • 1,431 citations

Maternal care during infancy regulates the development of neural systems mediating the expression of fearfulness in the rat

1998 • 1,410 citations

Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children

2003 • 1,368 citations

Risk and Protective Factors in the Development of Psychopathology

1990 • 1,317 citations

Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders: The Causation-Selection Issue

1992 • 1,261 citations

Lasting Epigenetic Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the BDNF Gene

2009 • 1,230 citations

Economic Deprivation and Early Childhood Development

1994 • 1,188 citations

Maternal care, hippocampal synaptogenesis and cognitive development in rats

2000 • 1,166 citations

Brain foods: the effects of nutrients on brain function

2008 • 1,160 citations

U.S. Disparities in Health: Descriptions, Causes, and Mechanisms

2007 • 1,160 citations

Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress

2009 • 1,151 citations

Long-term Effects of Nurse Home Visitation on Children's Criminal and Antisocial Behavior

1998 • 1,123 citations

Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure

2008 • 1,106 citations

Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders Among US Children in the 2001–2004 NHANES

2009 • 1,098 citations

Relationships Between Poverty and Psychopathology

2003 • 1,041 citations

A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function

2000 • 1,007 citations

The long-term behavioural consequences of prenatal stress

2008 • 1,003 citations

Training and transfer effects of executive functions in preschool children

2008 • 996 citations

Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children

2004 • 982 citations

Economic, neurobiological, and behavioral perspectives on building America’s future workforce

2006 • 980 citations

Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities

2007 • 970 citations

Targeting abnormal neural circuits in mood and anxiety disorders: from the laboratory to the clinic

2007 • 948 citations

Stress-Induced Alterations in Prefrontal Cortical Dendritic Morphology Predict Selective Impairments in Perceptual Attentional Set-Shifting

2006 • 895 citations

Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development

2006 • 779 citations

Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control

2009 • 776 citations

Epigenetic mechanisms and the transgenerational effects of maternal care

2008 • 761 citations

Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. Latent structure.

2008 • 758 citations

Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates

1989 • 746 citations

Enrichment induces structural changes and recovery from nonspatial memory deficits in CA1 NMDAR1-knockout mice

2000 • 744 citations

The mechanisms mediating the effects of poverty on children’s intellectual development

2000 • 725 citations

Child Maltreatment

2004 • 724 citations

Family processes as pathways from income to young children's development.

2002 • 700 citations

Childhood poverty, chronic stress, and adult working memory

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Persistent elevations of cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotropin-releasing factor in adult nonhuman primates exposed to early-life stressors: implications for the pathophysiology of mood and anxiety disorders.

1996 • 653 citations

Epigenetic mechanisms of perinatal programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function and health

2007 • 636 citations

Maternal Care and Hippocampal Plasticity: Evidence for Experience-Dependent Structural Plasticity, Altered Synaptic Functioning, and Differential Responsiveness to Glucocorticoids and Stress

2008 • 635 citations

Remissions in Maternal Depression and Child Psychopathology

2006 • 628 citations

The development of cognitive and academic abilities: Growth curves from an early childhood educational experiment.

2001 • 618 citations

The Influence of Temperament and Mothering on Attachment and Exploration: An Experimental Manipulation of Sensitive Responsiveness among Lower‐Class Mothers with Irritable Infants

1994 • 614 citations

Maternal Glucocorticoid Secretion Mediates Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Stress

1996 • 611 citations

Alerting, Orienting, and Executive Attention: Developmental Properties and Sociodemographic Correlates in an Epidemiological Sample of Young, Urban Children

2004 • 590 citations

Can poverty get under your skin? Basal cortisol levels and cognitive function in children from low and high socioeconomic status

2001 • 585 citations

Outcomes at School Age after Postnatal Dexamethasone Therapy for Lung Disease of Prematurity

2004 • 579 citations

Unequal chances: family background and economic success

2005 • 565 citations

Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: an analysis of Mexico's Oportunidades

2008 • 561 citations

Prenatal stress and long-term consequences: implications of glucocorticoid hormones

2003 • 516 citations

Growth, Development, and Behavior in Early Childhood Following Prenatal Cocaine Exposure

2001 • 507 citations

The Transcription Factor Nerve Growth Factor-Inducible Protein A Mediates Epigenetic Programming: Altering Epigenetic Marks by Immediate-Early Genes

2007 • 502 citations

Stress During Gestation Alters Postpartum Maternal Care and the Development of the Offspring in a Rodent Model

2006 • 493 citations

Executive and prefrontal dysfunction in unipolar depression: a review of neuropsychological and imaging evidence

2004 • 481 citations

Characteristics of resilient youths living in poverty: The role of self-regulatory processes

2003 • 478 citations

Socioeconomic Disparities Affect Prefrontal Function in Children

2008 • 446 citations

Adult Functional Outcome of Those Born Small for Gestational Age

2000 • 429 citations

Long-term poverty and child development in the United States: Results from the NLSY

1995 • 427 citations

The effects of early experience on problem-solving at maturity

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Executive Function and Theory of Mind in 2 Year Olds: A Family Affair?

2005 • 381 citations

Fetal origins of mental health: Evidence and mechanisms

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The Influence of the Parents' Educational Level on the Development of Executive Functions

2005 • 375 citations

Cognitive and School Outcomes for High-Risk African-American Students at Middle Adolescence: Positive Effects of Early Intervention

1995 • 365 citations

Genotype-environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting.

1998 • 361 citations

Child-care effect sizes for the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.

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Low-Income Children's After-School Care: Are There Beneficial Effects of After-School Programs?

1994 • 352 citations

Duration and Developmental Timing of Poverty and Children's Cognitive and Social Development From Birth Through Third Grade

2005 • 351 citations

The Public Health Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Depression and Obesity

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Socioeconomic Status Modifies the Sex Difference in Spatial Skill

2005 • 346 citations

Differences in the neural mechanisms of selective attention in children from different socioeconomic backgrounds: an event‐related brain potential study

2009 • 339 citations

Intelligence and how to get it: why schools and cultures count

2009 • 331 citations

The Influence of Temperament and Mothering on Attachment and Exploration: An Experimental Manipulation of Sensitive Responsiveness among Lower-Class Mothers with Irritable Infants

1994 • 328 citations

Bringing basic research on early experience and stress neurobiology to bear on preventive interventions for neglected and maltreated children

2006 • 325 citations

Birth weight, childhood socioeconomic environment, and cognitive development in the 1958 British birth cohort study

2002 • 324 citations

Genotype–environment correlations in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting.

1998 • 323 citations

Enrich the environment to empower the brain

2009 • 321 citations

Neuropsychological function in children with blood lead levels <10μg/dL

2007 • 311 citations

Motivation and Self-Regulation as Predictors of Achievement in Economically Disadvantaged Young Children

2003 • 304 citations

The fetal placental hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, parturition and post natal health

2001 • 299 citations

A longitudinal investigation of social causation and social selection processes involved in the association between socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders.

1999 • 294 citations

Brain–behavior relationships in reading acquisition are modulated by socioeconomic factors

2006 • 289 citations

Preventive Intervention for Maltreated Preschool Children: Impact on Children's Behavior, Neuroendocrine Activity, and Foster Parent Functioning

2000 • 284 citations

Neuroethics: the practical and the philosophical

2004 • 284 citations

A longitudinal investigation of social causation and social selection processes involved in the association between socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders.

1999 • 279 citations

Changes of spine density and dendritic complexity in the prefrontal cortex in offspring of mothers exposed to stress during pregnancy

2006 • 275 citations

The Contribution of Emotionality and Self‐Regulation to the Understanding of Children’s Response to Multiple Risk

2002 • 271 citations

Developmental psychopathology

2007 • 255 citations

Effects of Family Support Intervention: A Ten-Year Follow-Up

1985 • 251 citations

Explaining the Link Between Low Socioeconomic Status and Psychopathology: Testing Two Mechanisms of the Social Causation Hypothesis.

2005 • 248 citations

The NIH MRI study of normal brain development: Performance of a population based sample of healthy children aged 6 to 18 years on a neuropsychological battery

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Socioeconomic status predicts hemispheric specialisation of the left inferior frontal gyrus in young children

2008 • 243 citations

Assessment of effects of socio-economic status on IQ in a full cross-fostering study

1989 • 239 citations

Glucocorticoids, developmental ‘programming’ and the risk of affective dysfunction

2007 • 238 citations

Antecedents and consequences of mothers' autonomy support: An experimental investigation.

2002 • 238 citations

The Relationship between Early Childhood Blood Lead Levels and Performance on End-of-Grade Tests

2007 • 234 citations

Socioeconomic Position Across the Lifecourse and Cognitive Function in Late Middle Age

2002 • 227 citations

Environmental stimulation, parental nurturance and cognitive development in humans

2008 • 224 citations

Variations in Maternal Care Alter GABAA Receptor Subunit Expression in Brain Regions Associated with Fear

2003 • 224 citations

Antecedents and consequences of mothers' autonomy support: An experimental investigation.

2002 • 222 citations

Are Head Start Effects Sustained? A Longitudinal Follow-up Comparison of Disadvantaged Children Attending Head Start, No Preschool, and Other Preschool Programs

1990 • 214 citations

Effects of a preschool plus follow-on intervention for children at risk.

1994 • 213 citations

Perigenual anterior cingulate morphology covaries with perceived social standing

2007 • 210 citations

Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of Their Home Environments

1994 • 207 citations

The impact of prenatal stress, fetal alcohol exposure, or both on development: perspectives from a primate model

2002 • 199 citations

Social disadvantage and adolescent stress

2005 • 198 citations

Peripubertal environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal care on hippocampal development and glutamate receptor subunit expression

2004 • 194 citations

Effects of antenatal stress and anxiety

2002 • 191 citations

Maternal Care Modulates the Relationship between Prenatal Risk and Hippocampal Volume in Women But Not in Men

2007 • 187 citations

Low-Income Children's After-School Care: Are There Beneficial Effects of After-School Programs?

1994 • 185 citations

Children's event-related potentials of auditory selective attention vary with their socioeconomic status.

2008 • 180 citations

Early parental care is important for hippocampal maturation: Evidence from brain morphology in humans

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Potential neural embedding of parental social standing

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Effects of socioeconomic status on brain development, and how cognitive neuroscience may contribute to leveling the playing field

2010 • 172 citations

Competence under stress: risk and protective factors

1990 • 168 citations

Specificity of putative psychosocial risk factors for psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents

2007 • 163 citations

Early Child Language Mediates the Relation Between Home Environment and School Readiness

2009 • 160 citations

Effects of poverty and quality of the home environment on changes in the academic and behavioral adjustment of elementary school-age children

1994 • 154 citations

Are Head Start Effects Sustained? A Longitudinal Follow-Up Comparison of Disadvantaged Children Attending Head Start, No Preschool, and Other Preschool Programs

1990 • 154 citations

Socioeconomic status and birth weight: comparison of an area-based measure with the Registrar General's social class

1999 • 151 citations

Are Working Memory Measures Free of Socioeconomic Influence?

2008 • 150 citations

The Epidemiology of Drinking Among Women of Child‐Bearing Age

2006 • 149 citations

Resting frontal brain activity: linkages to maternal depression and socio-economic status among adolescents

2004 • 148 citations

What explains the relation between family poverty and childhood depressive symptoms?

2008 • 128 citations

Minireview: Transgenerational Inheritance of the Stress Response: A New Frontier in Stress Research

2009 • 119 citations

Performance on the a-not-b task of Argentinean infants from unsatisfied and satisfied basic needs homes

2005 • 113 citations

Socio-economic status covaries with central nervous system serotonergic responsivity as a function of allelic variation in the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region

2003 • 108 citations

Poverty Experiences of Young Children and the Quality of Their Home Environments

1994 • 106 citations

A ten-year follow-up

1979 • 96 citations

Preschool-to-third grade programs and practices: A review of research

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Planar Asymmetry Tips the Phonological Playground and Environment Raises the Bar

2001 • 77 citations

Stability of Psychiatric Outcomes of Low Birth Weight

2008 • 76 citations

A natural experiment.

1992 • 66 citations

A Study of how Socioeconomic Status Moderates the Relationship between SNPs Encompassing BDNF and ADHD Symptom Counts in ADHD Families

2007 • 53 citations

Genetic and environmental influences on internalizing psychopathology vary as a function of economic status

2010 • 52 citations

From the laboratory to the clinic

2003 • 48 citations

Memory Performance and Socio-Economic Status

1997 • 44 citations

Crime Prevention by the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program

2007 • 30 citations

Substance Use and Prenatal Care During Pregnancy Among Young Women

1991 • 29 citations

Effects of nutrients on brain function

2000 • 21 citations

Prediction of preterm delivery using plasma corticotrophin-releasing hormone and other biochemical variables

2002 • 13 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations