Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system

Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach

1999 • 8,261 citations

Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents

2000 • 3,915 citations

A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding

2001 • 3,415 citations

Targeted Disruption of the Melanocortin-4 Receptor Results in Obesity in Mice

1997 • 2,992 citations

A Preprandial Rise in Plasma Ghrelin Levels Suggests a Role in Meal Initiation in Humans

2001 • 2,865 citations

Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus

2001 • 2,288 citations

Gut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake

2002 • 2,263 citations

Role of Brain Insulin Receptor in Control of Body Weight and Reproduction

2000 • 2,178 citations

Antagonism of Central Melanocortin Receptors in Vitro and in Vivo by Agouti-Related Protein

1997 • 1,835 citations

Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans

1998 • 1,666 citations

Clinical Spectrum of Obesity and Mutations in the Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene

2003 • 1,665 citations

The Distribution and Mechanism of Action of Ghrelin in the CNS Demonstrates a Novel Hypothalamic Circuit Regulating Energy Homeostasis

2003 • 1,617 citations

AMP-kinase regulates food intake by responding to hormonal and nutrient signals in the hypothalamus

2004 • 1,610 citations

The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product

1995 • 1,521 citations

Stomach Is a Major Source of Circulating Ghrelin, and Feeding State Determines Plasma Ghrelin-Like Immunoreactivity Levels in Humans

2001 • 1,231 citations

Human distribution and release of a putative new gut hormone, peptide YY

1985 • 1,063 citations

Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain.

1994 • 1,059 citations

The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats

2002 • 1,055 citations

Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin

1999 • 1,000 citations

Melanocortin-4 receptor mutations are a frequent and heterogeneous cause of morbid obesity

2000 • 896 citations

Ghrelin, an Endogenous Growth Hormone Secretagogue, Is a Novel Orexigenic Peptide That Antagonizes Leptin Action Through the Activation of Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y/Y1 Receptor Pathway

2001 • 862 citations

Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production

2002 • 852 citations

REGULATION OF ENERGY INTAKE AND THE BODY WEIGHT: THE GLUCOSTATIC THEORY AND THE LIPOSTATIC HYPOTHESIS

1955 • 838 citations

Leptin Increases Hypothalamic Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA Expression in the Rostral Arcuate Nucleus

1997 • 837 citations

Attenuation of the Obesity Syndrome of ob/ob Mice by the Loss of Neuropeptide Y

1996 • 814 citations

The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice

1998 • 802 citations

Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency

2000 • 795 citations

Abdominal Vagotomy Blocks the Satiety Effect of Cholecystokinin in the Rat

1981 • 788 citations

AMP-activated Protein Kinase Plays a Role in the Control of Food Intake

2004 • 745 citations

Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat: Sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts

1989 • 737 citations

Post-prandial decrease of circulating human ghrelin levels

2001 • 691 citations

A Unique Metalolic Sysdrone Causes Obesity in the Melanocortin-3 Receptor-Deficient Mouse

2000 • 677 citations

Central Administration of Oleic Acid Inhibits Glucose Production and Food Intake

2002 • 640 citations

Co-Localization of Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor and NPY mRNA in the Arcuate Nucleus of the Rat

1999 • 592 citations

Expression of melanocortin 4 receptor mRNA in the central nervous system of the rat

2003 • 553 citations

Inhibition of hypothalamic carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 decreases food intake and glucose production

2003 • 523 citations

Hypothalamic Pro-Opiomelanocortin mRNA Is Reduced By Fasting in ob/ob and db/db Mice, but Is Stimulated by Leptin

1998 • 518 citations

Ghrelin: discovery of the natural endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor

2001 • 517 citations

Synaptic Interaction between Hypocretin (Orexin) and Neuropeptide Y Cells in the Rodent and Primate Hypothalamus: A Novel Circuit Implicated in Metabolic and Endocrine Regulations

1999 • 502 citations

Insulin activates ATP-sensitive K+ channels in hypothalamic neurons of lean, but not obese rats

2000 • 501 citations

Activation of Central Melanocortin Pathways by Fenfluramine

2002 • 481 citations

Leptin Activates Neurons in Ventrobasal Hypothalamus and Brainstem

1997 • 428 citations

Evidence for two separate opiate peptide neuronal systems

1978 • 413 citations

Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Is Inhibited by Leptin and Stimulated by Fasting*

1999 • 374 citations

Binge Eating as a Major Phenotype of Melanocortin 4 Receptor Gene Mutations

2003 • 371 citations

Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY _3-36

2004 • 363 citations

Central Effect of Ghrelin, an Endogenous Growth Hormone Secretagogue, on Hypothalamic Peptide Gene Expression

2000 • 362 citations

Two molecular forms of Peptide YY (PYY) are abundant in human blood: characterization of a radioimmunoassay recognizing PYY 1–36 and PYY 3–36

1994 • 354 citations

Systemic Administration of Ghrelin Induces Fos and Egr‐1 Proteins in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of Fasted and Fed Rats

2000 • 352 citations

alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone: immunohistochemical identification and mapping in neurons of rat brain.

1978 • 352 citations

Hypothalamic Proopiomelanocortin Neurons Are Glucose Responsive and Express K_ATPChannels

2003 • 341 citations

Melanocortin-4 receptor is required for acute homeostatic responses to increased dietary fat

2001 • 332 citations

Peripheral ghrelin selectively increases Fos expression in neuropeptide Y – synthesizing neurons in mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus

2002 • 330 citations

Obesity, diabetes, and neoplasia in yellow A ^vy /‐ mice: ectopic expression of the agouti gene

1994 • 306 citations

Fasting Induces a Large, Leptin-Dependent Increase in the Intrinsic Action Potential Frequency of Orexigenic Arcuate Nucleus Neuropeptide Y/Agouti-Related Protein Neurons

2005 • 291 citations

Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system

2004 • 291 citations

The role of gastrointestinal vagal afferents in the control of food intake: current prospects

2000 • 283 citations

Brainstem Application of Melanocortin Receptor Ligands Produces Long-Lasting Effects on Feeding and Body Weight

1998 • 279 citations

Central Autonomic System

2014 • 278 citations

The Central Melanocortin System Can Directly Regulate Serum Insulin Levels*

2000 • 273 citations

Cholecystokinin-decreased food intake in rhesus monkeys

1976 • 272 citations

Rapid development of tolerance to the behavioural actions of cholecystokinin

1983 • 240 citations

Insulin and its evolving partnership with leptin in the hypothalamic control of energy homeostasis

2004 • 238 citations

Peptide YY_3–36Inhibits Food Intake in Mice through a Melanocortin-4 Receptor-Independent Mechanism

2004 • 238 citations

Characterization of the Neuroanatomical Distribution of Agouti-Related Protein Immunoreactivity in the Rhesus Monkey and the Rat*

1999 • 226 citations

Neuropeptide Y-Mediated Inhibition of Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in the Arcuate Nucleus Shows Enhanced Desensitization in ob/ob Mice

2004 • 197 citations

Cholecystokinin and leptin act synergistically to reduce body weight

2000 • 185 citations

Peripheral administration of PYY3–36 produces conditioned taste aversion in mice

2005 • 185 citations

Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Nucleus Tractus Solitarius Are Activated by Visceral Afferents: Regulation by Cholecystokinin and Opioids

2005 • 183 citations

Hypothalamic Responses to Long-chain Fatty Acids Are Nutritionally Regulated

2004 • 181 citations

The Role of the Dorsal Vagal Complex and the Vagus Nerve in Feeding Effects of Melanocortin-3/4 Receptor Stimulation*

2000 • 174 citations

Synergy Between Leptin and Cholecystokinin (CCK) to Control Daily Caloric Intake

1997 • 172 citations

Distribution and neurochemical phenotypes of caudal medullary neurons activated to express cFos following peripheral administration of cholecystokinin

1993 • 169 citations

Immunocytochemical localization of ACTH perikarya in nucleus tractus solitarius: evidence for a second opiocortin neuronal system

1983 • 168 citations

The Melanocortin Receptors

2000 • 168 citations

Central insulin enhances sensitivity to cholecystokinin

1995 • 168 citations

Expression of leptin receptor mRNA in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus - relationship with NPY neurones

1996 • 164 citations

Ghrelin Stimulates GH But Not Food Intake in Arcuate Nucleus Ablated Rats

2002 • 153 citations

GH-Releasing Peptide-2 Increases Fat Mass in Mice Lacking NPY: Indication for a Crucial Mediating Role of Hypothalamic Agouti-Related Protein

2002 • 151 citations

GABA Release from Proopiomelanocortin Neurons

2004 • 148 citations

Melanocortin Antagonists Define Two Distinct Pathways of Cardiovascular Control by α- and γ-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones

1996 • 148 citations

Andrenocorticotropin and β-lipotropin in the hypothalamus

1979 • 148 citations

Pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides (ACTH/β-endorphin/ α-MSH) in brainstem baroreceptor areas of the rat

1987 • 138 citations

Plasma membrane and vesicular glutamate transporter mRNAs/proteins in hypothalamic neurons that regulate body weight

2003 • 124 citations

Estrogen Modulation of G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptor Activation of Potassium Channels in the Central Nervous System

2003 • 120 citations

Evidence that decreased feeding induced by systemic injection of cholecystokinin is mediated by CCK-A receptors

1989 • 116 citations

Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra®

2004 • 82 citations

CNS effects of circulating CCK8: involvement of brainstem neurones responding to gastric distension

1985 • 79 citations

Melanocortin Receptors and Erectile Function

2004 • 72 citations

Efferent ACTH-ir opiocortin projections from nucleus tractus solitarius: A hypothalamic deafferentation study

1988 • 68 citations

Genetic disruption of γ-melanocyte–stimulating hormone signaling leads to salt-sensitive hypertension in the mouse

2003 • 64 citations

Androgen Regulation of Proopiomelanocortin Gene Expression and Peptide Content in the Basal Hypothalamus*

1989 • 62 citations

Relationships between the morphology and function of gastric‐ and intestine‐sensitive neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract

1995 • 60 citations

Genetic disruption of γ-melanocyte–stimulating hormone signaling leads to salt-sensitive hypertension in the mouse

2003 • 59 citations

γ-MSH, sodium metabolism, and salt-sensitive hypertension

2004 • 51 citations

Exercise in rats does not alter hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase activity

2005 • 43 citations

Differential sensitivity of hypothalamic and medullary opiocortin and tyrosine hydroxylase neurons to the neurotoxic effects of Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)

1986 • 31 citations

Prevention of reflex natriuresis after acute unilateral nephrectomy by melanocortin receptor antagonists

1998 • 29 citations

Nerve growth factor regulates HCO 3 − absorption in thick ascending limb: modifying effects of vasopressin

1998 • 24 citations

Norepinephrine is not required for reduction of feeding induced by cholecystokinin

2003 • 16 citations