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From normal fear to pathological anxiety.

Data up to Jan 2025

Published1998
Citations812
References304

Total Citations Per Year

Abstract

References (304)

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Low urinary cortisol excretion in Holocaust survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder

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Involvement of the central nucleus and basolateral complex of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli

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The periaqueductal gray and defensive behavior: Functional representation and neuronal organization

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1988 • 457 citations

Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex

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Fear‐Potentiated Startle in Humans: Effects of Anticipatory Anxiety on the Acoustic Blink Reflex

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The organization of the efferent projections from the pontine parabrachial area to the amygdaloid complex: Aphaseolus vulgarisleucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) study in the rat

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Role of the Amygdala in the Coordination of Behavioral, Neuroendocrine, and Prefrontal Cortical Monoamine Responses to Psychological Stress in the Rat

1996 • 383 citations

Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear- potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli

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Acquisition of contextual Pavlovian fear conditioning is blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist D,L-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid to the basolateral amygdala.

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Emotion and the amygdala.

1992 • 345 citations

Emotion, novelty, and the startle reflex: Habituation in humans.

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Neuroanatomy and neurotransmitter regulation of defensive behaviors and related emotions in mammals.

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Efferent pathway of the amygdala involved in conditioned fear as measured with the fear-potentiated startle paradigm.

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Glucocorticoid Receptor Agonist and Antagonist Administration into the Basolateral but Not Central Amygdala Modulates Memory Storage

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Retrograde abolition of conditional fear after excitotoxic lesions in the basolateral amygdala of rats: Absence of a temporal gradient.

1996 • 280 citations

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1991 • 267 citations

Selective associations in the observational conditioning of fear in rhesus monkeys.

1990 • 266 citations

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1978 • 266 citations

Amygdaloid contributions to conditioned arousal and sensory information processing.

1992 • 257 citations

A direct projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the acoustic startle pathway: Anterograde and retrograde tracing studies.

1991 • 257 citations

Effect of inflation of the unconditioned stimulus value following conditioning.

1974 • 255 citations

Physiological plasticity in auditory cortex: Rapid induction by learning

1987 • 245 citations

Effects of corticosterone on CRH mRNA and content in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; comparison with the effects in the central nucleus of the amygdala and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

1994 • 243 citations

Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System

1998 • 237 citations

The Role of Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor in Behavioural Responses to Stress

2007 • 235 citations

Fear-potentiated startle in posttraumatic stress disorder

1995 • 234 citations

Induction of the c-fos proto-oncogene in rat amygdala during unconditioned and conditioned fear

1991 • 232 citations

Seizure-Induced Changes in Neurotrophin Expression: Implications for Epilepsy

1993 • 229 citations

Amygdaloid complex lesions differentially affect retention of tasks using appetitive and aversive reinforcement.

1990 • 227 citations

Attachment, temperament, and adrenocortical activity in infancy: A study of psychoendocrine regulation.

1989 • 227 citations

Induction of c-Fos immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain by conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli

1992 • 225 citations

Normal conditioning inhibition and extinction of freezing and fear-potentiated startle following electrolytic lesions of medial prefrontal cortex in rats.

1997 • 225 citations

Adult psychopathology and diagnosis

1984 • 223 citations

Induction of c-fos mRNA by kindled seizures: complex relationship with neuronal burst firing

1993 • 223 citations

Symptoms of PTSD in 124 survivors of the Holocaust

1992 • 221 citations

Transmitter systems involved in neural plasticity undelying increased anxiety and defense— Implications for understanding anxiety following traumatic stress

1997 • 217 citations

Organization of amygdaloid projections to brainstem dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and adrenergic cell groups in the rat

1992 • 217 citations

The anatomy, physiology and functions of the perirhinal cortex

1996 • 216 citations

Baseline and fear-potentiated startle in panic disorder patients

1994 • 210 citations

Changes in the numerical density of synaptic contacts with long‐term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus

1986 • 210 citations

N-methyl-D-aspartate lesions of the lateral and basolateral nuclei of the amygdaloid block fear-potentiated startle and shock sensitization of startle.

1992 • 210 citations

Social phobia: An analysis of possible developmental factors.

1995 • 207 citations

Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the rabbit

1982 • 207 citations

Corticotropin-releasing factor: long-lasting facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex

1992 • 205 citations

5-HT1A and benzodiazepine receptors in the basolateral amygdala modulate anxiety in the social interaction test, but not in the elevated plus-maze

1996 • 202 citations

Immediate-early gene expression in the amygdala following footshock stress and contextual fear conditioning

1998 • 198 citations

Attenuation of stress-induced behavior by antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the central amygdala in the rat

1993 • 198 citations

Fear-potentiated startle: Relationship to the level of state/trait anxiety in healthy subjects

1993 • 196 citations

The role of worrisome thinking in the suppression of cardiovascular response to phobic imagery

1993 • 195 citations

Behavioral Measurement of Conditioned Fear11This chapter was completed in February, 1969, while the authors were at Syracuse University.

1971 • 192 citations

Neuromodulatory systems and memory storage: Role of the amygdala

1993 • 192 citations

Regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in the rat brain and pituitary by glucocorticoids and stress.

1995 • 189 citations

Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat.

1988 • 185 citations

Adverse early experiences affect noradrenergic and serotonergic functioning in adult primates

1994 • 181 citations

Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion.

1996 • 178 citations

Emotion: Systems, Cells, Synaptic Plasticity

1996 • 177 citations

Quenching

1995 • 175 citations

Enhancement of acoustic startle by electrical stimulation of the amygdala.

1988 • 174 citations

Amygdaloid connections with posterior insular and temporal cortical areas in the rat

1987 • 174 citations

Induction of c-fos mRNA in rat brain by conditioned and unconditioned stressors

1992 • 174 citations

Recent life events and panic disorder

1989 • 169 citations

The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock.

1993 • 168 citations

Increased pituitary activation following metyrapone administration in post-traumatic stress disorder

1996 • 167 citations

Amygdala central nucleus lesions disrupt increments, but not decrements, in conditioned stimulus processing.

1993 • 165 citations

Infusion of the non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX into the amygdala blocks the expression of fear-potentiated startle

1993 • 164 citations

Life events and the onset of panic disorder

1986 • 159 citations

Potentiation of acoustic startle by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and by fear are both reversed by ?-helical CRF (9?41)

1989 • 159 citations

Lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala, but not the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, block the excitatory effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on the acoustic startle reflex

1992 • 159 citations

Brain and MemoryModulation and Mediation of Neuroplasticity

1995 • 155 citations

Persistent c-fos expression in the brains of mice with chronic social stress

1996 • 154 citations

Observational conditioning of snake fear in unrelated rhesus monkeys.

1985 • 153 citations

Quantitative trait loci analysis affecting contextual conditioning in mice

1997 • 150 citations

The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior

1982 • 148 citations

Induction of c‐fos mRNA Expression by Afterdischarge in the Hippocampus of Naive and Kindled Rats

1990 • 146 citations

Conditioning and ethological models of anxiety disorders: stress-in-dynamic-context anxiety models.

1996 • 145 citations

Electrode placement and kindling-induced experiemental epilepsy

1978 • 141 citations

Participation of the Central Amygdaloid Nucleus in the Response of Adrenocorticotropin Secretion to Immobilization Stress: Opposing Roles of the Noradrenergic and Dopaminergic Systems

1987 • 141 citations

Anxiety and the Amygdala: Pharmacological and Anatomical Analysis of the Fear-Potentiated Startle Paradigm

1988 • 139 citations

Disruptive effects of posttraining perirhinal cortex lesions on conditioned fear: Contributions of contextual cues.

1995 • 138 citations

Individual differences in freezing and cortisol in infant and mother rhesus monkeys.

1998 • 137 citations

Synaptic transmission and plasticity in the amygdala

1996 • 132 citations

Cellular Mechanisms of Conditioning and Behavioral Plasticity

1988 • 132 citations

Patterning mechanisms, patterned reflexes, and attack behavior in cats.

1972 • 131 citations

Dissociating the anti-fear effects of septal and amygdaloid lesions using two pharmacologically validated models of rat anxiety.

1993 • 130 citations

Animal Models of Anxiety-Based Disorders

2019 • 130 citations

Fear conditioned with escapable and inescapable shock: Effects of a feedback stimulus.

1984 • 129 citations

Effects of Lesions in the Parabrachial Nucleus on the Mechanisms for Central and Reflex Termination of Inspiration in the Cat

1976 • 128 citations

Effects of electrical stimulation of the amygdaloid central nucleus on neocortical arousal in the rabbit.

1994 • 127 citations

Potentiated startle: Its relation to freezing and shock intensity in rats.

1985 • 127 citations

The effect of kindling of different nuclei in the left and right amygdala on anxiety in the rat

1994 • 124 citations

Facilitation of kindling by prior induction of long-term potentiation in the perforant path

1987 • 123 citations

Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear

1996 • 122 citations

Individual Differences in the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Stress Response and the Hypothalamic CRF Systema

1993 • 121 citations

Tonic immobility and heterophil/lymphocyte responses of the domestic fowl to corticosterone infusion

1988 • 121 citations

Remodeling of synaptic architecture during hippocampal "kindling".

1988 • 118 citations

Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci for Fear-like Behaviors in Mice

1997 • 117 citations

Effects of Intrathecal Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (Protirelin) in Refractory Depressed Patients

1997 • 112 citations

Alterations in mRNA of enkephalin, dynorphin and thyrotropin releasing hormone during amygdala kindling: an in situ hybridization study

1992 • 110 citations

Bilateral lesions of the amygdala attenuate analgesia induced by diverse environmental challenges

1994 • 109 citations

Projections from the lateral nucleus to the basal nucleus of the amygdala: A light and electron microscopic PHA‐L study in the rat

1992 • 104 citations

Serotonergic activation reduces defensive freezing in the conditioned fear paradigm

1996 • 104 citations

Bilateral destruction of neocortical and perirhinal projection targets of the acoustic thalamus does not disrupt auditory fear conditioning

1992 • 103 citations

Hormonal effects of early rearing conditions in the infant rhesus monkey

1989 • 103 citations

Effect of corticosterone on the enhancement of the acoustic startle reflex by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)

1994 • 102 citations

Behavioural and physiological consequences of a single social defeat in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats

1997 • 101 citations

Transgenic approaches to cognition

1995 • 101 citations

Regional expression of c-fos mRNA in rat brain during the evolution of amygdala kindled seizures

1991 • 100 citations

Exposure to inescapable stress persistently facilitates associative and nonassociative learning in rats.

1994 • 99 citations

The Cholecystokinin Hypothesis of Anxiety and Panic Disordera

1994 • 95 citations

Stress‐Activated Hormonal Systems and the Regulation of Memory Storagea

1997 • 94 citations

Panic disorder and agoraphobia: hypothesis hothouse.

1996 • 92 citations

Amygdala kindling in the rat: anxiogenic-like consequences

1996 • 92 citations

Differentiating orienting, startle, and defense responses: The role of affect and its implications for psychopathology.

1997 • 91 citations

Effect of tone-dependent fear conditioning on heart rate and behavior of C57BL/6N mice.

1997 • 91 citations

Impact of life events on subjects with panic disorder and on comparison subjects

1990 • 88 citations

Cognitive bias in the anxiety disorders.

1996 • 87 citations

Hyperexcitability: Exaggerated fear-potentiated startle produced by partial amygdala kindling.

1996 • 86 citations

Activation of Amygdala CholecystokininBReceptors Potentiates the Acoustic Startle Response in the Rat

1997 • 84 citations

Learning and unlearning fear: A clinical and evolutionary perspective

1990 • 83 citations

Persistent Effects of Maternal Deprivation on HPA Regulation Can Be Reversed By Feeding and Stroking, But Not By Dexamethasone

1999 • 82 citations

Genetically Defined Animal Models of Neurobehavioral Dysfunctions

1992 • 82 citations

Enhancement of the acoustic startle response by stimulation of an excitatory pathway from the central amygdala/basal nucleus of Meynert to the pontine reticular formation

1993 • 80 citations

Differential effect of lesioning of the central amygdala on the bradycardiac and behavioral response of the rat in relation to conditioned social and solitary stress

1990 • 80 citations

Inputs and Outputs of the Amygdala: What the Amygdala is Trying to Tell the Rest of the Brain

1978 • 80 citations

Amygdala kindling and anxiety in the rat

1990 • 78 citations

Human aggression: naturalistic approaches

1990 • 78 citations

Memory processing by the limbic system: Role of specific neurotransmitter systems

1993 • 77 citations

The Influence of Social Factors on the Response to Stress

1993 • 75 citations

Anxiogenic-like consequences in animal models of complex partial seizures

1997 • 72 citations

Amygdala lesions and CER learning: Long term effect of kindling

1972 • 71 citations

Contribution to the amygdaloid projection field in the rat. A quantitative autoradiographic study.

1980 • 71 citations

Relationship of antecedent stressful life events to childhood and family history of anxiety and the course of panic disorder

1996 • 71 citations

Organizing action of corticosterone on the development of behavioral inhibition in the preweanling rat

1994 • 70 citations

Issues in the Developmental Neurobiology of Traumatic Stress

1997 • 70 citations

Different effects on learning ability after injection of the cholinergic immunotoxin ME20.4IgG-saporin into the diagonal band of Broca, basal nucleus of Meynert, or both in monkeys.

1999 • 66 citations

Amygdala kindling increased fear-response, but did not impair spatial memory in rats

1992 • 65 citations

Memory of rats with amygdala lesions induced 30 days after footshock-motivated escape training reflects degree of original training.

1994 • 59 citations

Is Hyperarousal Essential to Obsessive-compulsive Disorder?

1995 • 59 citations

Persistence of kindling: Effect of partial kindling, retention interval, kindling site, and stimulation parameters

1995 • 56 citations

The Basic, Somatic, And Emotional Components Of The Motor System In Mammals.

1995 • 54 citations

Enhancement of electrically elicited startle by amygdaloid stimulation

1990 • 54 citations

Stress-induced sensitization and facilitated learning require NMDA receptor activation

1995 • 54 citations

Involvement of the dorsal periaqueductal gray in the loss of fear-potentiated startle accompanying high footshock training.

1997 • 51 citations

Role of the Septum in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex

1997 • 51 citations

Ascending and descending components of the medial forebrain bundle in the rat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase-blue reaction

1980 • 50 citations

Temporal characteristics of enhancement of startle by stimulation of the amygdala

1988 • 49 citations

Bilateral kindled amygdala foci and inhibitory avoidance behavior in rats: A functional lesion effect

1977 • 48 citations

Normal and Abnormal Limbic System Mechanisms of Emotive Biasing

1978 • 47 citations

Neural Mechanisms of Associative Memory:Role of Long-Term Potentiation

1995 • 40 citations

Corticotropin release inhibiting factor is encoded within prepro-TRH.

1995 • 39 citations

The neuropsychology of Lashley : selected papers of K.S. Lashley

1960 • 37 citations

Influence of conspecific and predatory Stressors and their associated odors on defensive burying and freezing responses

1989 • 36 citations

Glucocorticoid treatment increases the ability of CRH to induce seizures

1994 • 29 citations

Changes in cholecystokinin mRNA expression after amygdala kindled seizures: an in situ hybridization study

1996 • 29 citations

Fear potentiation of acoustic startle stimulus-evoked heart rate changes in rats.

1994 • 28 citations

Individual Differences in the Activity of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenocortical System After Stressors: Use of Psychogenetically Selected Rat Lines as a Model

1992 • 27 citations

Excitatory amino acid receptors and epilepsy.

1993 • 25 citations

The Psycho- and Neurobiology of Fear Systems in the Brain

1991 • 24 citations

The activation and regulation of fear and anxiety.

1996 • 22 citations

Colocalization of TRH mRNA and Fos-like Immunoreactivity in Limbic Structures Following Amygdala Kindling

1993 • 19 citations

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: An Overview*

1992 • 18 citations

On the Concepts of Fear

1995 • 16 citations

Neurochemical mechanisms underlying amygdaloid modulation of aggressive behavior in the cat

1995 • 15 citations

Stomach pathology and the amygdala.

1992 • 15 citations

Amygdala kindling does not change emotional responding as measured by the acoustic startle response in the rat

1996 • 13 citations

The effect of amygdaloid kindling on heart period and heart period variability

1995 • 10 citations

A new method for aversive pavlovian conditioning of heart rate in rhesus monkeys

1996 • 9 citations

On the Possible Non‐Existence of Emotions: The Passions

1996 • 8 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations

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