Molecular Biology of the Clostridium difficile Toxins

Zinc coordination, function, and structure of zinc enzymes and other proteins

1990 • 1,731 citations

Antibiotic-Associated Pseudomembranous Colitis Due to Toxin-Producing Clostridia

1978 • 1,392 citations

Glucosylation of Rho proteins by Clostridium difficile toxin B

1995 • 1,025 citations

INTESTINAL FLORA IN NEW-BORN INFANTS

1935 • 739 citations

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE AND THE ÆTIOLOGY OF PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS

1978 • 658 citations

Vibrio cholerae produces a second enterotoxin, which affects intestinal tight junctions.

1991 • 570 citations

Role of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis

1978 • 514 citations

The Enterotoxin from Clostridium difficile (ToxA) Monoglucosylates the Rho Proteins

1995 • 478 citations

Identification of Clostridium difficile as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis.

1978 • 467 citations

Clindamycin-Associated Colitis Due to a Toxin-Producing Species of Clostridium in Hamsters

1977 • 462 citations

Clostridium difficile toxin A perturbs cytoskeletal structure and tight junction permeability of cultured human intestinal epithelial monolayers.

1988 • 398 citations

Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins given intragastrically to animals

1985 • 398 citations

Purification and characterization of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile

1982 • 366 citations

Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro.

1995 • 344 citations

Molecular characterization of the Clostridium difficile toxin A gene

1990 • 279 citations

Biological activities of toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile

1982 • 259 citations

Undescribed toxin in pseudomembranous colitis.

1977 • 259 citations

Cell surface binding site for Clostridium difficile enterotoxin: evidence for a glycoconjugate containing the sequence Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc

1986 • 242 citations

Ras-related GTPases and the cytoskeleton.

1992 • 232 citations

PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS: PRESENCE OF CLOSTRIDIAL TOXIN

1977 • 231 citations

Isolation and analysis of the C-terminal signal directing export of Escherichia coli hemolysin protein across both bacterial membranes.

1989 • 231 citations

Clostridium difficile toxin B acts on the GTP-binding protein Rho.

1994 • 204 citations

ÆTIOLOGY OF ANTIMICROBIAL-AGENT-ASSOCIATED COLITIS

1978 • 195 citations

Cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 2 produced by virulent Escherichia coli modifies the small GTP-binding proteins Rho involved in assembly of actin stress fibers.

1994 • 193 citations

Nucleotide sequence ofClostridium difficiletoxin B gene

1990 • 177 citations

Purification and characterization of an ADP-ribosyltransferase produced by Clostridium limosum.

1992 • 169 citations

Clindamycin-induced enterocolitis in hamsters as a model of pseudomembranous colitis in patients

1978 • 161 citations

Gastroenterostomy for cicatrizing ulcer of the pylorus.

1983 • 160 citations

Effects of the two toxins of Clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated cecitis in hamsters

1982 • 160 citations

Comparative sequence analysis of theClostridium difficile toxins A and B

1992 • 160 citations

Effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in rabbit small and large intestine in vivo and on cultured cells in vitro

1988 • 159 citations

Biochemical Characterization and Biologic Actions of Two Toxins (D-l and D-2) from Clostridium difficile

1984 • 155 citations

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Clostridium difficile toxin A

1983 • 154 citations

Toxin A of Clostridium difficile binds to the human carbohydrate antigens I, X, and Y

1991 • 154 citations

Purification and characterization of Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin and cross-reactivity with Clostridium difficile cytotoxin

1987 • 142 citations

Characterization of a toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strain of Clostridium difficile

1992 • 130 citations

Evidence for a modular structure of the homologous repetitive C-terminal carbohydrate-binding sites of Clostridium difficile toxins and Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases

1992 • 126 citations

Alteration of the cytoskeleton of mammalian cells cultured in vitro by Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin and C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase.

1991 • 126 citations

Molecular, immunological, and biological characterization of a toxin A-negative, toxin B-positive strain of Clostridium difficile

1992 • 126 citations

The low molecular mass GTP-binding protein Rho is affected by toxin A from Clostridium difficile.

1995 • 122 citations

Epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor ADP-ribosylates small GTP-binding proteins and induces hyperplasia of epidermis.

1992 • 120 citations

Genetic analysis of a tetracycline resistance element from Clostridium difficile and its conjugal transfer to and from Bacillus subtilis

1990 • 116 citations

Clostridium difficile toxin A carries a C-terminal repetitive structure homologous to the carbohydrate binding region of streptococcal glycosyltransferases

1990 • 110 citations

Purification and characterization of Clostridium difficile toxin

1979 • 108 citations

Cultures for Clostridium difficile in stools containing a cytotoxin neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin

1979 • 106 citations

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis (antibiotic-related colitis).

1977 • 102 citations

Involvement of Ras-related Rho proteins in the mechanisms of action of Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B

1995 • 97 citations

Growth of Clostridium difficile and production of toxins A and B in complex and defined media

1986 • 95 citations

A New Method for the Large-Scale Production of High-Titre Botulinum Formol-Toxoid Types C and D

1950 • 89 citations

Purification and properties of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin B.

1986 • 89 citations

Internalization of Clostridium difficile cytotoxin into cultured human lung fibroblasts

1983 • 88 citations

Cellular internalisation of Clostridium difficile toxin A

1987 • 83 citations

Neutralization of Clostridium difficile toxin by Clostridium sordellii antitoxins

1978 • 79 citations

Purification and properties of toxins A and B ofClostridium difficile

1986 • 79 citations

Localization of two epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibody PCG-4 on Clostridium difficile toxin A

1992 • 75 citations

Clostridium difficile toxin B induces reorganization of actin, vinculin, and talin in cultured cells

1988 • 73 citations

Mutagenesis of the Clostridium difficile toxin B gene and effect on cytotoxic activity

1994 • 73 citations

Purification of Clostridium difficile toxin A by affinity chromatography on immobilized thyroglobulin

1987 • 70 citations

A comparative biochemical, pharmacological and immunological study of Clostridium novyi α-toxin, C. difficile toxin B and C. sordellii lethal toxin

1991 • 65 citations

Purification and characterisation of toxin B from a strain of Clostridium difficile that does not produce toxin A

1991 • 64 citations

Toxin A of Clostridium difficile is a potent cytotoxin

1990 • 62 citations

Comparison of Clostridium sordellii toxins HT and LT with toxins A and B of C. difficile

1992 • 62 citations

Prevention of clindamycin-induced colitis in hamsters by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin.

1979 • 61 citations

Purification and characterization of Clostridium sordellii hemorrhagic toxin and cross-reactivity with Clostridium difficile toxin A (enterotoxin)

1988 • 60 citations

Partial Purification and Characterization of a Cytotoxin from Clostridium difficile

1979 • 59 citations

Rapid death of infant rhesus monkeys injected with Clostridium difficile toxins A and B: Physiologic and pathologic basis

1984 • 58 citations

Interaction of Clostridium difficile toxin A with cultured cells: cytoskeletal changes and nuclear polarization

1990 • 58 citations

Biochemical studies on the effect of Clostridium difficile toxin B on actin in vivo and in vitro

1987 • 58 citations

Transient expression of RhoA, -B, and -C GTPases in HeLa cells potentiates resistance to Clostridium difficile toxins A and B but not to Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin

1995 • 58 citations

Interaction of cytopathogenic toxin from Clostridium difficile with cells in tissue culture.

1980 • 58 citations

Further Studies on Bacillus Difficilis (Hall and O'Toole)

1937 • 55 citations

Immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin components of human milk inhibit Clostridium difficile toxin A-receptor binding

1995 • 54 citations

ADP-ribosylation of small GTP-binding proteins by Bacillus cereus

1992 • 48 citations

Cloning of the carbohydrate-binding portion of the toxin A gene ofClostridium difficile

1987 • 47 citations

Gene Cloning in Clostridium difficile Using Tn916 as a Shuttle Conjugative Transposon

1994 • 47 citations

Active and passive immunization to protect against antibiotic associated caecitis in hamsters.

1983 • 46 citations

The Toxins Responsible For The Lesions Of Clostridium Sordellii Gas Gangrene

1969 • 46 citations

Prevention of clindamycin-induced colitis in hamsters by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin

1979 • 46 citations

Transfer of Tn916 and Tn916ΔE into Clostridium difficile: demonstration of a hot-spot for these elements in the C. difficile genome

1991 • 45 citations

Cloning and expression of the toxin B gene ofClostridium difficile

1990 • 44 citations

Sequencing and analysis of the gene encoding the α-toxin of Clostridium novyi proves its homology to toxins A and B of Clostridium difficile

1995 • 40 citations

Construction and expression of the complete Clostridium difficile toxin A gene in Escherichia coli

1991 • 37 citations

Cloning and characterization of the cytotoxin L-encoding gene of clostridium sordellii: homology with clostridium difficile cytotoxin B

1995 • 34 citations

A new purification procedure for Clostridium difficile enterotoxin

1984 • 33 citations

Cloning and Characterization of Overlapping DNA Fragments of the Toxin A Gene of Clostridium difficile

1989 • 33 citations

Purification of a Functional Receptor for Clostridium difficile Toxin A from Intestinal Brush Border Membranes of Infant Hamsters

1993 • 33 citations

Pharmacological and biochemical studies of cytotoxicity of Clostridium novyi type A alpha-toxin

1989 • 31 citations

Cecal toxin(s) from guinea pigs with clindamycin-associated colitis, neutralized by Clostridium sordellii antitoxin

1980 • 28 citations

Purification and characterization of alpha-toxin produced by Clostridium novyi type A

1993 • 26 citations

Molecular cloning and expression of Clostridium difficile toxin A in Escherichia coli K 12

1987 • 26 citations

Production and Release of Toxins A and B by Clostridium Difficile

1984 • 21 citations

Enhanced fermentation of mannitol and release of cytotoxin by Clostridium difficile in alkaline culture media

1995 • 19 citations

Separation of Two Cytotoxins of Clostridium sordellii Strains

1985 • 18 citations

Molecular cloning of Clostridium difficile toxin A gene fragment in λ gtll

1987 • 16 citations

Sporogenesis and Toxin a Production by Clostridium Difficile

1986 • 14 citations

Biochemical and pathological effects of Clostridium difficile toxins in mice

1982 • 13 citations

Degradation of 2‐phosphoglycerate by cytotoxin B of Clostridium difficile

1990 • 10 citations

A chemically defined and minimal medium for Clostridium difficile

1989 • 9 citations