The Role of Leptin in Human Obesity and Disease: A Review of Current Evidence

Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue

1994 • 12,975 citations

Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans

1996 • 6,254 citations

Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting

1996 • 3,106 citations

Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans

1997 • 2,900 citations

Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice

1996 • 2,361 citations

A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction

1998 • 2,333 citations

Evidence That the Diabetes Gene Encodes the Leptin Receptor: Identification of a Mutation in the Leptin Receptor Gene in db/db Mice

1996 • 2,185 citations

A role for glucagon-like peptide-1 in the central regulation of feeding

1996 • 1,880 citations

Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans

1998 • 1,666 citations

Menstrual Cycles: Fatness as a Determinant of Minimum Weight for Height Necessary for Their Maintenance or Onset

1974 • 1,421 citations

The Leptin Receptor

1997 • 1,300 citations

Nonadipose tissue production of leptin: Leptin as a novel placenta-derived hormone in humans

1997 • 1,299 citations

Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin

1998 • 1,283 citations

A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity

1998 • 1,187 citations

Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance

1996 • 1,170 citations

Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene

1997 • 1,125 citations

Physiological response to long-term peripheral and central leptin infusion in lean and obese mice

1997 • 1,043 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: Relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans

1996 • 1,004 citations

Identification of SOCS-3 as a Potential Mediator of Central Leptin Resistance

1998 • 1,000 citations

Leptin: The Tale of an Obesity Gene

1996 • 987 citations

Endotoxin and cytokines induce expression of leptin, the ob gene product, in hamsters.

1996 • 864 citations

Multiple Cytokines and Acute Inflammation Raise Mouse Leptin Levels: Potential Role in Inflammatory Anorexia

1997 • 798 citations

Nocturnal rise of leptin in lean, obese, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects.

1996 • 784 citations

Effects of gender, body composition, and menopause on plasma concentrations of leptin.

1996 • 769 citations

Nutritional and insulin regulation of fatty acid synthetase and leptin gene expression through ADD1/SREBP1.

1998 • 768 citations

Uncoupling Protein-3 Is a Mediator of Thermogenesis Regulated by Thyroid Hormone, β3-Adrenergic Agonists, and Leptin

1997 • 755 citations

Role of leptin in hypothalamic–pituitary function

1997 • 744 citations

Overexpression of the obese (ob) gene in adipose tissue of human obese subjects

1995 • 716 citations

Acute and Chronic Effect of Insulin on Leptin Production in Humans: Studies In Vivo and In Vitro

1996 • 716 citations

Chronic Leptin Infusion Increases Arterial Pressure

1998 • 694 citations

Crystal structure of the obese protein Ieptin-E100

1997 • 658 citations

Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age, and metabolic covariates.

1996 • 641 citations

Human leptin levels are pulsatile and inversely related to pituitary–ardenal function

1997 • 632 citations

Depot- and Sex-Specific Differences in Human Leptin mRNA Expression: Implications for the Control of Regional Fat Distribution

1997 • 554 citations

Evidence of free and bound leptin in human circulation. Studies in lean and obese subjects and during short-term fasting.

1996 • 552 citations

Hypothalamic Pro-Opiomelanocortin mRNA Is Reduced By Fasting in ob/ob and db/db Mice, but Is Stimulated by Leptin

1998 • 518 citations

Responses of Leptin to Short-Term Fasting and Refeeding in Humans: A Link With Ketogenesis but Not Ketones Themselves

1996 • 516 citations

Sexual Dimorphism in Plasma Leptin Concentration

1997 • 497 citations

Regulation of Expression of ob mRNA and Protein by Glucocorticoids and cAMP

1996 • 497 citations

Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Plasma Leptin Concentration in Lean and Obese Men

1996 • 494 citations

Leptin Prevents Fasting-Induced Suppression of Prothyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Neurons of the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus*

1997 • 488 citations

Estrogen increases in vivo leptin production in rats and human subjects

1997 • 482 citations

A role for leptin and its cognate receptor in hematopoiesis

1996 • 478 citations

Insulin and Cortisol Promote Leptin Production in Cultured Human Fat Cells

1996 • 464 citations

Serum Leptin Levels in Normal Children: Relationship to Age, Gender, Body Mass Index, Pituitary-Gonadal Hormones, and Pubertal Stage¹

1997 • 456 citations

Obesity and the Hypothalamus: Novel Peptides for New Pathways

1998 • 448 citations

A Longitudinal Assessment of Hormonal and Physical Alterations during Normal Puberty in Boys. V. Rising Leptin Levels May Signal the Onset of Puberty¹

1997 • 435 citations

Leptin Directly Alters Lipid Partitioning in Skeletal Muscle

1997 • 434 citations

Intracerebroventricular Leptin Increases Lumbar and Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure in Normal Rats

1997 • 418 citations

Response of leptin to short-term and prolonged overfeeding in humans.

1996 • 409 citations

Serum leptin levels in women with anorexia nervosa.

1996 • 400 citations

Serum Leptin in Children With Obesity: Relationship to Gender and Development

1996 • 394 citations

Leptin activates distinct projections from the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei

1998 • 376 citations

Human blood-brain barrier leptin receptor. Binding and endocytosis in isolated human brain microvessels.

1997 • 374 citations

Leptin, Leptin Receptors, and the Control of Body Weight

2009 • 372 citations

Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity.

1995 • 367 citations

Identification and Characterization of the Mouse Obesity Gene tubby: A Member of a Novel Gene Family

1996 • 366 citations

Thiazolidinediones repress ob gene expression in rodents via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.

1996 • 362 citations

Expression of Functional Leptin Receptors in the Human Ovary1

1997 • 359 citations

Adipose tissue leptin production and plasma leptin kinetics in humans

1996 • 356 citations

Sympathetic and Cardiorenal Actions of Leptin

1997 • 354 citations

Regulation of in VivoGrowth Hormone Secretion by Leptin

1997 • 351 citations

Antidiabetic thiazolidinediones inhibit leptin (ob) gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

1996 • 342 citations

Levels of Leptin in Maternal Serum, Amniotic Fluid, and Arterial and Venous Cord Blood: Relation to Neonatal and Placental Weight

1997 • 338 citations

The Adipose Obese Gene Product, Leptin: Evidence of a Direct Inhibitory Role in Ovarian Function*

1997 • 328 citations

Presence of Leptin in Colostrum and/or Breast Milk from Lactating Mothers: A Potential Role in the Regulation of Neonatal Food Intake

1997 • 327 citations

Evidence for a Novel Peripheral Action of Leptin as a Metabolic Signal to the Adrenal Gland: Leptin Inhibits Cortisol Release Directly

1997 • 320 citations

Activation of β3 Adrenergic Receptors Suppresses Leptin Expression and Mediates a Leptin-Independent Inhibition of Food Intake in Mice

1996 • 315 citations

Glucocorticoids as Counterregulatory Hormones of Leptin: Toward an Understanding of Leptin Resistance

1997 • 312 citations

Direct Intraovarian Effects of Leptin: Impairment of the Synergistic Action of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I on Follicle-Stimulating Hormone-Dependent Estradiol-17β Production by Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells*

1997 • 307 citations

Synchronicity of frequently sampled, 24-h concentrations of circulating leptin, luteinizing hormone, and estradiol in healthy women

1998 • 293 citations

Leptin Concentrations in Relation to Body Mass Index and the Tumor Necrosis Factor-α System in Humans¹

1997 • 278 citations

Effects of Leptin on Insulin Sensitivity in Normal Rats*

1997 • 271 citations

Neuroendocrine Responses to Starvation and Weight Loss

1997 • 270 citations

Regulation of ob gene mRNA levels in cultured adipocytes

1996 • 268 citations

Threading analysis suggests that the obese gene product may be a helical cytokine

1995 • 261 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor Increases Serum Leptin Levels in Humans

1997 • 256 citations

Serum Leptin Concentration in Cord Blood: Relationship to Birth Weight and Gender

1997 • 253 citations

Insulin increases plasma leptin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with NIDDM

1996 • 249 citations

A pathogenic role of visceral fat beta 3-adrenoceptors in obesity.

1995 • 247 citations

Genomic Structure and Promoter Analysis of the Human obese Gene

1996 • 245 citations

Evidence for Leptin Binding to Proteins in Serum of Rodents and Humans: Modulation With Obesity

1996 • 236 citations

Increased Plasma Leptin Concentration in End-Stage Renal Disease1

1997 • 232 citations

Leptin secretion from adipose tissue in women. Relationship to plasma levels and gene expression.

1997 • 225 citations

Leptin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa are reduced in the acute stage and elevated upon short-term weight restoration

1997 • 222 citations

Immunohistochemical Localization of Leptin and Uncoupling Protein in White and Brown Adipose Tissue¹

1997 • 218 citations

Ciliary neurotrophic factor corrects obesity and diabetes associated with leptin deficiency and resistance

1997 • 212 citations

A Short Form of Leptin Receptor Performs Signal Transduction

1997 • 211 citations

Short-term dexamethasone treatment increases plasma leptin independently of changes in insulin sensitivity in healthy women.

1996 • 203 citations

Interleukin 1α Increases Serum Leptin Concentrations in Humans

1997 • 203 citations

Supraphysiological Hyperinsulinemia Increases Plasma Leptin Concentrations After 4 h in Normal Subjects

1996 • 197 citations

Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

1996 • 195 citations

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leptin in Anorexia Nervosa: Correlation with Nutritional Status and Potential Role in Resistance to Weight Gain¹

1997 • 195 citations

Leptin Concentrations in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome1

1997 • 193 citations

Glucocorticoid Regulation of Leptin Synthesis and Secretion in Humans: Elevated Plasma Leptin Levels in Cushing’s Syndrome1

1997 • 184 citations

Ultradian Oscillations of Leptin Secretion in Humans

1996 • 184 citations

Dexamethasone Increases Leptin Expression in Humans in Vivo

1997 • 182 citations

Gender-dependent effects of exercise training on serum leptin levels in humans

1997 • 178 citations

Dexamethasone Induces an Acute and Sustained Rise in Circulating Leptin Levels in Normal Human Subjects

1996 • 174 citations

Leptin is cleared from the circulation primarily by the kidney.

1996 • 171 citations

Indication for Linkage of the Human OB Gene Region With Extreme Obesity

1996 • 171 citations

Leptin: its role in obesity and beyond

1997 • 170 citations

Zinc May Regulate Serum Leptin Concentrations in Humans

1998 • 169 citations

Absence of Mutations in the Human OB Gene in Obese/Diabetic Subjects

1996 • 165 citations

The adipocyte specific transcription factor C/EBPalpha modulates human ob gene expression.

1996 • 160 citations

Serum Leptin Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: The Role of Insulin Resistance/ Hyperinsulinemia1

1997 • 157 citations

Extreme Obesity May Be Linked to Markers Flanking the Human OB Gene

1996 • 157 citations

The Mouse obese Gene

1995 • 153 citations

Regulation of Leptin Promoter Function by Sp1, C/EBP, and a Novel Factor¹

1998 • 145 citations

Serum Leptin Concentrations in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

1997 • 145 citations

Leptin Stimulates Fetal and Adult Erythroid and Myeloid Development

1997 • 144 citations

Radiommunological measurement of leptin in plasma of obese and diabetic human subjects.

1996 • 142 citations

Human leptin has natriuretic activity in the rat

1997 • 136 citations

The effects of acute hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on plasma leptin levels: its relationships with body fat, visceral adiposity, and age in women.

1996 • 129 citations

Isoproterenol and Somatostatin Decrease Plasma Leptin in Humans: A Novel Mechanism Regulating Leptin Secretion¹

1997 • 128 citations

Effect of Birth Weight and Maternal Smoking on Cord Blood Leptin Concentrations of Full-Term and Preterm Newborns¹

1997 • 123 citations

Plasma Leptin in Depressed Patients and Healthy Controls

1996 • 120 citations

Stimulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone release by the obese (ob) gene product, leptin, from hypothalamic explants

1997 • 119 citations

Serum leptin concentrations in patients with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and non‐specific eating disorders correlate with the body mass index but are independent of the respective disease

1997 • 119 citations

Carbohydrate intake and short-term regulation of leptin in humans

1997 • 118 citations

Circulating leptin concentrations in polycystic ovary syndrome: relation to anthropometric and metabolic parameters

1997 • 117 citations

Circulating Insulin Concentrations, Smoking, and Alcohol Intake Are Important Independent Predictors of Leptin in Young Healthy Men

1998 • 114 citations

Relationship Between Muscle Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Plasma Leptin Concentration

1997 • 112 citations

Effect of Troglitazone on Leptin Production: Studies In Vitro and in Human Subjects

1996 • 111 citations

Influence of Thyroid Status on Serum Immunoreactive Leptin Levels¹

1997 • 109 citations

Relation between Plasma Leptin Levels and Measures of Body Fat in Identical Twins Discordant for Obesity

1997 • 105 citations

Leptin in relation to resumption of menses in women with anorexia nervosa

1998 • 104 citations

Autoradiographic Localization of Leptin Binding in the Choroid Plexus ofob/obanddb/dbMice

1996 • 102 citations

Leptin Is Present in Human Cord Blood

1997 • 101 citations

Leptin concentrations and insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic men

1997 • 101 citations

Regulation of Expression of Leptin mRNA and Secretion of Leptin by Thyroid Hormone in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes

1997 • 98 citations

Insulin resistance: the clinical spectrum.

1995 • 91 citations

Ciliary neurotrophic factor is catabolic and shares with IL-6 the capacity to induce an acute phase response

1996 • 89 citations

Short-Term Hyperthyroidism Has No Effect on Leptin Levels in Man¹

1997 • 86 citations

Serum leptin levels in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

1996 • 82 citations

Serum leptin and gonadotropin levels in patients with anorexia nervosa during weight gain

1999 • 82 citations

High Leptin Concentrations in Serum of Very Obese Children are Further Stimulated by Dexamethasone

1996 • 77 citations

Mutation Screening and Identification of a Sequence Variation in the Human OB Gene Coding Region

1996 • 74 citations

Serum leptin concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men with low adiposity

1997 • 73 citations

Is leptin an insulin counter‐regulatory hormone?

1997 • 67 citations

Severe Leptin Resistance in Brown Fat-Deficient Uncoupling Protein Promoter-Driven Diphtheria Toxin A Mice Despite Suppression of Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y and Circulating Corticosterone Concentrations

1998 • 67 citations

Plasma Leptin Levels Do not Change in Patients with Cushing’s Disease Shortly after Correction of Hypercortisolism

1997 • 62 citations

Effect of diet composition on leptin concentration in lean subjects

1997 • 61 citations

Obesity Results as a Consequence of Glucocorticoid Induced Leptin Resistance

1996 • 60 citations

Physiological Effects of CNTF-Induced Wasting

1996 • 59 citations

Dissociation of Serum Leptin Concentration and Body Fat Content During Long Term Dietary Intervention in Obese Individuals

1996 • 59 citations

Human Obese Gene: Molecular Screening in Japanese and Asian Indian NIDDM Patients Associated With Obesity

1996 • 51 citations

Leptin and the hypothalamus: neuroendocrine regulation of food intake

1999 • 42 citations

Neuroscience Meeting Brief 2: Leptin: A Trigger for Puberty?

1996 • 36 citations

Neuropeptides Responding to Leptin

2009 • 29 citations

GENOMIC ORGANIZATION, PROMOTER ACTIVITY, AND ACTIVATION BY CCAAT/ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEIN a*

1995 • 27 citations

Lords and ladies leapin' on leptin.

1996 • 26 citations

Obesity, eating disorders and restrained eating: is leptin the missing link?

1997 • 11 citations