Ketamine: review of its pharmacology and its use in pediatric anesthesia.

Subanesthetic Effects of the Noncompetitive NMDA Antagonist, Ketamine, in Humans

1994 • 3,182 citations

Glutamate Receptor Dysfunction and Schizophrenia

1995 • 1,682 citations

Ketamine—Its Pharmacology and Therapeutic Uses

1982 • 1,490 citations

The dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively reduce excitation of central mammalian neurones by N‐methyl‐aspartate

1983 • 1,400 citations

Excitatory amino acid receptors and synaptic plasticity

1990 • 872 citations

Pharmacologic effects of CI‐581, a new dissociative anesthetic, in man

1965 • 717 citations

Ketamine: an update on the first twenty-five years of clinical experience

1989 • 714 citations

A role for the Ras signalling pathway in synaptic transmission and long-term memory

1997 • 474 citations

Pharmacology of Ketamine Isomers in Surgical Patients

1980 • 419 citations

Differential psychopathology and patterns of cerebral glucose utilisation produced by (S)- and (R)-ketamine in healthy volunteers using positron emission tomography (PET)

1997 • 388 citations

Norketamine, the main metabolite of ketamine, is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist in the rat cortex and spinal cord

1997 • 238 citations

Release-regulating D-2 dopamine receptors are located on striatal glutamatergic nerve terminals.

1988 • 229 citations

Correlation between the Pharmacology of Long-Term Potentiation and the Pharmacology of Memory

1995 • 228 citations

Ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures: Part 1, a prospective series

1990 • 221 citations

Comparison of sedation with midazolam and ketamine: effects on airway muscle activity

1996 • 198 citations

Activation of dopamine receptors inhibits calcium-dependent glutamate release from cotico-striatal terminals in vitro

1980 • 189 citations

Effects of excitatory amino acids and their antagonists on membrane and action potentials of cat caudate neurones.

1983 • 182 citations

Midazolam and diazepam in ketamine anaesthesia

1984 • 170 citations

The interaction of ketamine with the opiate receptor

1980 • 160 citations

Inhibition by Ketamine of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Function

1995 • 160 citations

KETAMINE DISPOSITION IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS

1983 • 151 citations

Safety and effectiveness of intranasal administration of sedative medications (ketamine, midazolam, or sufentanil) for urgent brief pediatric dental procedures.

1993 • 146 citations

The Neuroprotective Action of Ketamine and MK-801 after Transient Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

1988 • 143 citations

PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF KETAMINE ENANTIOMERS IN SURGICAL PATIENTS USING A STEREOSELECTIVE ANALYTICAL METHOD

1993 • 134 citations

Differential effects of ketamine enantiomers on NMDA receptor currents in cultured neurons

1992 • 132 citations

Ketamine kinetics in unmedicated and diazepam-premedicated subjects

1984 • 129 citations

KETAMINE IN THE ANESTHETIC MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMATIC PATIENTS

1973 • 124 citations

Bidirectional Synaptic Plasticity in the Rat Basolateral Amygdala: Characterization of an Activity-Dependent Switch Sensitive to the Presynaptic Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist 2S-α-Ethylglutamic Acid

1998 • 116 citations

Differential Effects of Ketamine Isomers on Neuronal and Extraneuronal Catecholamine Uptake Mechanisms

1986 • 114 citations

Ventilatory Pattern and Chest Wall Mechanics during Ketamine Anesthesia in Humans

1986 • 114 citations

Respiratory Interactions of Ketamine and Morphine

1987 • 106 citations

Studies on the biotransformation of ketamine 1—Identification of metabolites producedin vitro from rat liver microsomal preparations

1981 • 101 citations

Oral premedication for paediatric ambulatory anaesthesia: a comparison of midazolam and ketamine

1994 • 100 citations

Ketamine by continuous infusion in status asthmaticus

1986 • 94 citations

Postoperative analgesia and sedation following pediatric cardiac surgery using a constant infusion of ketamine

1993 • 91 citations

Phencyclidine induction of the hsp70 stress gene in injured pyramidal neurons is mediated via multiple receptors and voltage gated calcium channels

1994 • 89 citations

NMDA and AMPA receptors in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are postsynaptic to auditory thalamic afferents

1997 • 85 citations

Intramuscular ketamine, midazolam, and glycopyrrolate for pediatric sedation in the emergency department

1995 • 84 citations

Efficacy of oral ketamine for providing sedation and analgesia to children requiring laceration repair

1995 • 77 citations

Ketamine and Intraocular Pressure in Children

1976 • 73 citations

Intramuscular Ketamine Is Superior to Meperidine, Promethazine, and Chlorpromazine for Pediatric Emergency Department Sedation

1996 • 73 citations

Conscious sedation by rectal administration of midazolam or midazolam plus ketamine as alternatives to general anesthesia for dental treatment of uncooperative children

1994 • 73 citations

Rectal ketamine and midazolam for premedication in pediatric dentistry

1991 • 72 citations

THE EFFECT OF KETAMINE ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN CHILDREN

1972 • 68 citations

Nasal midazolam and ketamine for paediatric sedation during computerised tomography

1994 • 66 citations

Ketamine and Intraocular Pressure

1975 • 63 citations

Ventilatory Response to CO2 Following Intravenous Ketamine in Children

1989 • 59 citations

Intranasal ketamine preinduction of paediatric outpatients

1997 • 59 citations

HAEMODYNAMIC STUDIES DURING INDUCTION OF ANAESTHESIA FOR OPEN-HEART SURGERY USING DIAZEPAM AND KETAMINE

1978 • 52 citations

Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Effects of Esmolol after Ketamine Induction and Intubation

1986 • 51 citations

An evaluation of the effect of oral ketamine and standard oral premedication in the sedation of paediatric dental patients.

1996 • 51 citations

Effects of Pharmacologic Alterations of Adrenergic Mechanisms by Cocaine, Tropolone, Aminophylline, and Ketamine on Epinephrine-induced Arrhythmias during Halothane-Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia

1977 • 50 citations

Oxygen desaturation in a child receiving a combination of ketamine and midazolam for dental extractions.

1997 • 47 citations

Taste-potentiated odor conditioning: Impairment produced by infusion of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist into basolateral amygdala.

1995 • 47 citations

Interaction of GABA and Excitatory Amino Acids in the Basolateral Amygdala: Role in Cardiovascular Regulation

1997 • 46 citations

Sympathoneuronal and sympathoadrenal activation during ketamine anesthesia

1979 • 45 citations

Stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerves increases intraocular pressure.

1993 • 43 citations

Comparison of midazolam and diazepam to supplement total intravenous anaesthesia with ketamine for endoscopy

1987 • 43 citations

Glycopyrrolate during ketamine/diazepam anaesthesia A double‐blind comparison with atropine

1986 • 41 citations

Efficacy of ketamine hydrochloride sedation in children for interventional radiologic procedures.

1997 • 39 citations

Nmda antagonists: Antiepileptic-neuroprotective drugs with diversified neuropharmacological profiles

1995 • 38 citations

Aqueous humor catecholamines

1984 • 36 citations

Effect of diazepam on emergence from ketamine anaesthesia. A double-blind study.

1979 • 36 citations

Aspiration Pneumonitis Following Ketamine Induction For General Anesthesia

1972 • 32 citations

Effects of Ketamine on Ventricular Conduction, Refractoriness, and Wavelength

1997 • 31 citations

Plasma Free Norepinephrine and Epinephrine Concentrations Following Diazepam‐Ketamine Induction in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

1978 • 30 citations

Haemodynamic response to induction of anaesthesia with ketamine/midazolam

1991 • 29 citations

The cardiovascular response to ketamine: the effects of clonidine and lignocaine

1993 • 29 citations

EVIDENCE FOR DIRECT INTERACTION OF KETAMINE WITH α‐ AND β₂‐ADRENOCEPTORS

1997 • 28 citations

Ketamine anesthesia and intraocular pressure.

1978 • 25 citations

TIVA mit S-(+)-Ketamin in der orthop�dischen Alterschirurgie

1994 • 25 citations

Ketamine: Myoneural activity and interaction with neuromuscular blocking agents

1973 • 24 citations

Sedation with ketamine during cataract surgery

1997 • 24 citations

Reduction of Psychotomimetic Side Effects of Ketalar® (Ketamine) by Rohypnol®(Flunitrazepam) A Randomized, Double‐Blind Trial

1976 • 23 citations

Ketamine in paediatric ophthalmic practice

1973 • 23 citations

Polyamine-enhanced NMDA receptor activity: effect of ethanol

1993 • 22 citations

On the Use of Ketamine in Ocular Pharmacological Studies

1986 • 21 citations

Generalized Extensor Spasm in Infants Following Ketamine Anesthesia

1973 • 21 citations

Reduction of the ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine by ketamine administration in halothane-anesthetized cats.

1988 • 18 citations

Ketamine Potentiates Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Relaxants in a Primate

1989 • 17 citations

THE EFFECT OF KETAMINE ON TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIALS OF PURKINJÉ FIBRES OF THE PIG HEART

1974 • 17 citations

Differences in Thermal Salivation between the FOK Rat (a Model of Genotypic Heat Adaptation) and Three Other Rat Strains

1998 • 16 citations

Cardiorespiratory effects of induction and maintenance of anesthesia with ketamine-midazolam combination, with and without prior administration of butorphanol or oxymorphone.

1994 • 16 citations

Cardiovascular Effects of Ketamine in Humans with Cervical or Lumbar Epidural Blockade

1985 • 15 citations

[Ketamine--anticonvulsive and proconvulsive actions].

1994 • 11 citations

Cardiovascular Reactions Associated with the Use of Ketamine and Epinephrine in Plastic Surgery

1985 • 11 citations

Involvement of nitric oxide and N-methyl-D-aspartate in acute hypoxic altitude convulsion in mice.

1997 • 10 citations

Cortically evoked responses of superior salivary nucleus neurons in the cat.

1989 • 9 citations

Safety, efficacy, and acceptance of intramuscular sedation: assessment of 900 dental cases.

1994 • 8 citations

Balanced Total Intravenous Anaesthesia and Intraocular Pressure

1981 • 6 citations

[Propofol, isoflurane and neuroleptanesthesia. Ophthalmic surgery in geriatric patients].

1993 • 2 citations