How to use the evidence: assessment and application of scientific evidence

The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and Progression of Long-Term Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

1993 • 23,535 citations

Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?

1996 • 17,261 citations

A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE)

1996 • 6,350 citations

Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women

1998 • 6,250 citations

Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials

1995 • 5,696 citations

The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers

1994 • 4,626 citations

Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease

1996 • 3,608 citations

Does quality of reports of randomised trials affect estimates of intervention efficacy reported in meta-analyses?

1998 • 3,578 citations

Preliminary Report: Effect of Encainide and Flecainide on Mortality in a Randomized Trial of Arrhythmia Suppression after Myocardial Infarction

1989 • 3,227 citations

Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease

1996 • 2,429 citations

A Controlled Trial of Selegiline, Alpha-Tocopherol, or Both as Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease

1997 • 2,394 citations

Hormone Therapy To Prevent Disease and Prolong Life in Postmenopausal Women

1992 • 2,379 citations

Plasma Viral Load and CD4+ Lymphocytes as Prognostic Markers of HIV-1 Infection

1997 • 2,097 citations

A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease

1998 • 1,575 citations

Physical Activity and the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease

1987 • 1,471 citations

A Comparison of Results of Meta-analyses of Randomized Control Trials and Recommendations of Clinical Experts

1992 • 1,451 citations

A META-ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE

1990 • 1,411 citations

Assessing the quality of randomized controlled trials: An annotated bibliography of scales and checklists

1995 • 1,323 citations

A 30-Week Randomized Controlled Trial of High-Dose Tacrine in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease

1994 • 953 citations

A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, Hemoccult

1998 • 837 citations

Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis

1996 • 829 citations

Users' Guides to the Medical Literature

1995 • 816 citations

Donepezil Improves Cognition and Global Function in Alzheimer Disease<subtitle>A 15-Week, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Study</subtitle>

1998 • 753 citations

"AICLA" controlled trial of aspirin and dipyridamole in the secondary prevention of athero-thrombotic cerebral ischemia.

1983 • 615 citations

How to read a paper: Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)

1997 • 559 citations

European Stroke Prevention Study 2

1995 • 538 citations

Dietary Carotenes, Vitamin C, and Vitamin E as Protective Antioxidants in Human Cancers

1992 • 532 citations

How study design affects outcomes in comparisons of therapy. I: Medical

1989 • 528 citations

Aspirin and Risk of Hemorrhagic Stroke

1998 • 513 citations

Assessing the Quality of Randomized Controlled Trials:Current Issues and Future Directions

1996 • 452 citations

An evidence based approach to individualising treatment

1995 • 369 citations

Large Trials vs Meta-analysis of Smaller Trials

1996 • 337 citations

Are Surrogate Markers Adequate to Assess Cardiovascular Disease Drugs?

1999 • 332 citations

Individual risk assessment for intracranial haemorrhage during thrombolytic therapy

1993 • 302 citations

Can overall results of clinical trials be applied to all patients?

1995 • 298 citations

Systematic review of evidence on thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke

1997 • 285 citations

Clinical Decision Making: From Theory to Practice

1996 • 281 citations

Changes in Plasma HIV RNA Levels and CD4+ Lymphocyte Counts Predict Both Response to Antiretroviral Therapy and Therapeutic Failure

1997 • 267 citations

Anatomy of a Decision

1990 • 261 citations

INTRAVENOUS MAGNESIUM IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

1986 • 253 citations

How to review the evidence: systematic identification and review of the scientific literature

2000 • 238 citations

Effects of encainide, flecainide, imipramine and moricizine on ventricular arrhythmias during the year after acute myocardial infarction: The CAPS

1988 • 233 citations

An empirical study of the effect of the control rate as a predictor of treatment efficacy in meta-analysis of clinical trials

1998 • 213 citations

A Prognostic Model for Predicting 10-Year Survival in Patients with Primary Melanoma

1996 • 200 citations

Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Anatomy of a decision

1990 • 182 citations

The relation between treatment benefit and underlying risk in meta-analysis

1996 • 167 citations

Locating and Appraising Systematic Reviews

1997 • 166 citations

Life-Threatening Interaction of Mibefradil and β-Blockers With Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers

1998 • 156 citations

Methodologic standards and contradictory results in case-control research

1979 • 155 citations

Oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease: A critique of the epidemiologic studies

1985 • 151 citations

Clinical Trials and Statistical Verdicts: Probable Grounds for Appeal

1983 • 139 citations

Randomised controlled trial of effect of feedback on general practitioners' prescribing in Australia

1999 • 135 citations

THE POPULATION RISK AS AN EXPLANATORY VARIABLE IN RESEARCH SYNTHESIS OF CLINICAL TRIALS

1996 • 128 citations

Comparing benefits and harms: the balance sheet

1990 • 113 citations

Guidelines for reading case-control studies

1987 • 107 citations

Method for evaluating research and guideline evidence

1997 • 103 citations

Clinical Measurement in Drug Evaluation

1991 • 98 citations

Tailored thrombolytic therapy. A perspective.

1993 • 84 citations

Variation in baseline risk as an explanation of heterogeneity in meta-analysis

1997 • 82 citations

Statistical significance and confidence intervals

1986 • 74 citations

An approach to the development of practice guidelines for community health interventions.

1994 • 71 citations

Applying the results of trials and systematic reviews to individual patients.

1998 • 68 citations

An Effect Model for the Assessment of Drug Benefit

1993 • 60 citations

Large trials with simple protocols: Indications and contraindications

1989 • 44 citations

How to compare the costs and benefits: evaluation of the economic evidence

2001 • 38 citations

Interpretation of results from subset analyses within overviews of randomized clinical trials

1987 • 37 citations

Development of the AHCPR-Sponsored Heart Failure Guideline: Methodologic and Procedural Issues

1994 • 31 citations

Why is antihypertensive drug therapy needed in elderly patients with systolodiastolic hypertension?

1994 • 19 citations

Quality of published reports of the prognosis of community-acquired pneumonia

1994 • 16 citations

The short life and rapid death of a novel antihypertensive and antianginal agent

1998 • 6 citations