Overview of Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure<SUBTITLE>The JNC 7 Report</SUBTITLE>

2003 • 25,662 citations

The Effect of Intensive Treatment of Diabetes on the Development and Progression of Long-Term Complications in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

1993 • 23,535 citations

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

2010 • 14,003 citations

Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report

2002 • 12,876 citations

Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study

2004 • 11,353 citations

Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

2002 • 10,002 citations

Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: The evidence report

1998 • 9,277 citations

Prevalence and Trends in Obesity Among US Adults, 1999-2008

2010 • 7,684 citations

Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Subjects with and without Prior Myocardial Infarction

1998 • 7,057 citations

Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90 056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins

2005 • 6,633 citations

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update

2009 • 5,669 citations

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2011 Update

2010 • 5,459 citations

Effects on Blood Pressure of Reduced Dietary Sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet

2001 • 5,241 citations

Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

2009 • 4,962 citations

The Effect of Vitamin E and Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Lung Cancer and Other Cancers in Male Smokers

1994 • 4,626 citations

Multifactorial Intervention and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2003 • 4,328 citations

Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study.

1983 • 4,204 citations

Effects of a Combination of Beta Carotene and Vitamin A on Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease

1996 • 3,608 citations

Effect of a Multifactorial Intervention on Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes

2008 • 3,390 citations

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies.

1989 • 3,169 citations

Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women

1989 • 3,149 citations

Diet, Lifestyle, and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women

2001 • 2,812 citations

Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991

1994 • 2,623 citations

Lack of Effect of Long-Term Supplementation with Beta Carotene on the Incidence of Malignant Neoplasms and Cardiovascular Disease

1996 • 2,429 citations

Vitamin E Consumption and the Risk of Coronary Disease in Women

1993 • 2,158 citations

Impact of High-Normal Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

2001 • 2,092 citations

Socioeconomic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

1992 • 1,961 citations

Vitamin Status and Intake as Primary Determinants of Homocysteinemia in an Elderly Population

1993 • 1,920 citations

Overweight and Obesity as Determinants of Cardiovascular Risk

2002 • 1,845 citations

Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature.

1993 • 1,842 citations

Low-Density Lipoprotein Subclass Patterns and Risk of Myocardial Infarction

1988 • 1,722 citations

The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension

1989 • 1,560 citations

Reduction in Weight and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes

2007 • 1,494 citations

Excess risk of fatal coronary heart disease associated with diabetes in men and women: meta-analysis of 37 prospective cohort studies

2005 • 1,485 citations

A Prospective Study of Obesity and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women

1990 • 1,429 citations

Adherence to a DASH-Style Diet and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women

2008 • 1,341 citations

Effects of Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification on Blood Pressure Control

2003 • 1,314 citations

Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA Study of young black and white adults.

1996 • 1,301 citations

Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension in the Adult US Population

1995 • 1,268 citations

Genetic Susceptibility to Death from Coronary Heart Disease in a Study of Twins

1994 • 1,261 citations

Association between Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations and Extracranial Carotid-Artery Stenosis

1995 • 1,244 citations

Abdominal Adiposity and Coronary Heart Disease in Women

1998 • 1,238 citations

Cystatin C and the Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events among Elderly Persons

2005 • 1,215 citations

Effects on Coronary Heart Disease of Increasing Polyunsaturated Fat in Place of Saturated Fat: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

2010 • 1,139 citations

Low-Fat Dietary Pattern and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

2006 • 1,097 citations

Major types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies

2009 • 989 citations

Dietary Antioxidant Vitamins and Death from Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women

1996 • 976 citations

Association of levels of lipoprotein Lp(a), plasma lipids, and other lipoproteins with coronary artery disease documented by angiography.

1986 • 933 citations

Trends in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control Rates in United States Adults Between 1988–1994 and 1999–2004

2008 • 921 citations

Health Implications of Overweight and Obesity in the United States

1985 • 919 citations

Weight, Weight Change, and Coronary Heart Disease in Women

1995 • 910 citations

Long-Term Weight Loss and Changes in Blood Pressure: Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase II

2001 • 872 citations

Mediterranean Diet and Incidence of and Mortality From Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women

2009 • 811 citations

The Obesity Paradox

2005 • 785 citations

Parental Cardiovascular Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged Adults

2004 • 755 citations

Impact of Diabetes on Long-Term Prognosis in Patients With Unstable Angina and Non–Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction

2000 • 754 citations

Executive Summary

1998 • 739 citations

Inflammatory Biomarkers, Hormone Replacement Therapy, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease

2002 • 677 citations

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: The “Common Soil” Hypothesis

1995 • 673 citations

A Prospective Study of Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women

1991 • 664 citations

Increasing Cardiovascular Disease Burden Due to Diabetes Mellitus

2007 • 652 citations

NATIONAL TRENDS IN EDUCATIONAL DIFFERENTIALS IN MORTALITY

1989 • 621 citations

Trends in All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Women and Men With and Without Diabetes Mellitus in the Framingham Heart Study, 1950 to 2005

2009 • 598 citations

Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

1998 • 567 citations

Elevated Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Prior to Clinical Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes

2002 • 566 citations

Impact of Intensive Lifestyle and Metformin Therapy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Diabetes Prevention Program

2005 • 561 citations

C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

2009 • 547 citations

The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Mortality From All Causes and Coronary Heart Disease in Women

2001 • 538 citations

Cholesterol-Lowering Therapy in Women and Elderly Patients With Myocardial Infarction or Angina Pectoris

1997 • 516 citations

The effect of diabetes mellitus on prognosis and serial left ventricular function after acute myocardial infarction: Contribution of both coronary disease and diastolic left ventricular dysfunction to the adverse prognosis

1989 • 514 citations

Diet and Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated With Incident Hypertension in Women

2009 • 512 citations

Effects of Dietary Patterns on Blood Pressure

1999 • 506 citations

The Impact of Diabetes on Survival Following Myocardial Infarction in Men vs Women

1988 • 481 citations

The role of reducing intakes of saturated fat in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: where does the evidence stand in 2010?

2011 • 475 citations

Carotid artery intimal-medial wall thickening and plasma homocyst(e)ine in asymptomatic adults. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study.

1993 • 460 citations

Obesity as Compared With Physical Activity in Predicting Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women

2006 • 458 citations

Type 2 Diabetes as a “Coronary Heart Disease Equivalent”

2005 • 435 citations

Effects of Serum Lipoproteins and Smoking on Atherosclerosis in Young Men and Women

1997 • 435 citations

Hyperhomocysteinemia and Low Pyridoxal Phosphate

1995 • 401 citations

Smoking and Mortality among Older Men and Women in Three Communities

1991 • 400 citations

Elevated Plasma Lipoprotein(a) and Coronary Heart Disease in Men Aged 55 Years and Younger

1996 • 394 citations

Deteriorating Dietary Habits Among Adults With Hypertension

2008 • 376 citations

Cholesterol and heart disease in older persons and women review of an NHLBI workshop

1992 • 368 citations

Association Between a Literature-Based Genetic Risk Score and Cardiovascular Events in Women

2010 • 364 citations

Beneficial Six-Year Outcome of Smoking Cessation in Older Men and Women with Coronary Artery Disease

1988 • 364 citations

C-Reactive Protein and the 10-Year Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease in Older Men and Women

2005 • 361 citations

Explaining the Sex Difference in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2002 • 353 citations

Prognostic impact of body weight and abdominal obesity in women and men with cardiovascular disease

2005 • 351 citations

Summary of American Heart Association Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations Revision 2006

2006 • 345 citations

Physical activity decreases cardiovascular disease risk in women

2004 • 320 citations

Ethnic Variation in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Children and Young Adults

1999 • 318 citations

Statins for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events in Women With Elevated High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein or Dyslipidemia

2010 • 317 citations

Protein-bound homocyst(e)ine. A possible risk factor for coronary artery disease.

1986 • 307 citations

Body Mass Index and Mortality Among Nonsmoking Older Persons

1988 • 307 citations

SEX DIFFERENTIAL IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE MORTALITY IN DIABETICS: A PROSPECTIVE POPULATION-BASED STUDY

1983 • 300 citations

Prehypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in the Women’s Health Initiative

2007 • 287 citations

Smoking Cessation in Relation to Total Mortality Rates in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

1993 • 278 citations

Mortality Rates and Risk Factors for Coronary Disease in Black as Compared with White Men and Women

1993 • 277 citations

A Prospective Study of Coronary Heart Disease in Relation to Fasting Insulin, Glucose, and Diabetes: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

1997 • 271 citations

Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease.

1991 • 267 citations

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction With and Without Knowledge of Genetic Variation at Chromosome 9p21.3

2009 • 264 citations

Impact of Impaired Fasting Glucose on Cardiovascular Disease

2008 • 263 citations

Sibling Cardiovascular Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-aged Adults

2005 • 263 citations

Maternal and Paternal History of Myocardial Infarction and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men and Women

2001 • 262 citations

A prospective investigation of elevated lipoprotein (a) detected by electrophoresis and cardiovascular disease in women. The Framingham Heart Study.

1994 • 258 citations

Does Walking Decrease the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Hospitalizations and Death in Older Adults?

1996 • 251 citations

Myocardial Infarction in Young Women in Relation to Plasma Total Homocysteine, Folate, and a Common Variant in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene

1997 • 233 citations

Relation between mortality and treated blood pressure in elderly patients with hypertension: report of the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly.

1989 • 232 citations

Physical activity and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged women and men

1997 • 230 citations

Cholesterol, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease in women.

1988 • 228 citations

A Prospective Study of Passive Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease

1997 • 223 citations

High-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and coronary artery disease

1990 • 223 citations

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF PARENTAL HISTORY OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN WOMEN

1986 • 220 citations

Race and Sex Differentials in the Impact of Hypertension in the United States

1989 • 210 citations

Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prehypertensive individuals.

1992 • 208 citations

Association between certain foods and risk of acute myocardial infarction in women.

1990 • 203 citations

Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The "common soil" hypothesis

1995 • 201 citations

Homocysteine and coronary artery disease in French Canadian subjects: Relation with vitamins B12, B6, pyridoxal phosphate, and folate

1995 • 197 citations

Serum Cholesterol as a Prognostic Factor after Myocardial Infarction: The Framingham Study

1991 • 197 citations

Socioeconomic and Ethnic Disparities in Cardiovascular Risk In the United States, 2001–2006

2010 • 196 citations

Cardiovascular risk factor trends and options for reducing future coronary heart disease mortality in the United States of America

2009 • 193 citations

Body Mass Index and Body Girths as Predictors of Mortality in Black and White Women

1992 • 189 citations

Central adiposity and increased risk of coronary artery disease mortality in older women

1993 • 188 citations

Sex Differences in Risk for Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Associated With Diabetes and Established Coronary Heart Disease

2003 • 187 citations

Effect of Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy on Lipoprotein(a) Concentration

1998 • 186 citations

Comparison of the plasma levels of apolipoproteins B and A-1, and other risk factors in men and women with premature coronary artery disease

1992 • 183 citations

Lipoprotein Lp(a) Excess and Coronary Heart Disease

1997 • 179 citations

Women and Heart Disease

2004 • 171 citations

Hormone replacement therapy may reduce high serum homocysteine in postmenopausal women

1994 • 165 citations

Sex Disparities in Control and Treatment of Modifiable Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Patients With Diabetes

2007 • 159 citations

Association Between 9p21 Genomic Markers and Heart Disease

2010 • 158 citations

Trends in hypercholesterolemia, treatment and control among United States adults

2008 • 157 citations

Family History of Coronary Heart Disease, a Strong Risk Factor for Myocardial Infarction Interacting with Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Results from the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)

2001 • 155 citations

Systematic Review: Association of Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions With Cardiovascular Outcomes

2009 • 154 citations

Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in African Americans

2002 • 148 citations

Plasma total homocysteine in a representative sample of 972 British men and women aged 65 and over

1997 • 148 citations

Cohort study of effect of being overweight and change in weight on risk of coronary heart disease in old age

1997 • 148 citations

Body Mass Index, Waist/Hip Ratio, and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in African Americans and Whites

1998 • 146 citations

Role of family history in patients with myocardial infarction. An Italian case-control study. GISSI-EFRIM Investigators.

1992 • 144 citations

Parental history of premature coronary heart disease: An independent risk factor of myocardial infarction

1996 • 143 citations

Physical Activity in Young Adults and Incident Hypertension Over 15 Years of Follow-Up: The CARDIA Study

2007 • 139 citations

RISK FACTORS FOR LONG-TERM CORONARY PROGNOSIS AFTER INITIAL MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: THE FRAMINGHAM STUDY

1989 • 136 citations

Trend of coronary heart disease and its relationship to risk factors in a Japanese population: A 26-year follow-up, Hiroshima/Nagasaki study.

1990 • 135 citations

Development of Predictive Models for Long-Term Cardiovascular Risk Associated With Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure

2002 • 128 citations

The Tromso study: physical fitness, self reported physical activity, and their relationship to other coronary risk factors.

1992 • 128 citations

Blood Pressure in Young Blacks and Whites: Relevance of Obesity and Lifestyle Factors in Determining Differences

1996 • 126 citations

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN

1989 • 120 citations

Relation of risk factor levels in young adulthood to parental history of disease. The CARDIA study.

1991 • 118 citations

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS AND MORTALITY AMONG BLACK WOMEN AND WHITE WOMEN AGED 40–64 YEARS IN EVANS COUNTY, GEORGIA

1986 • 117 citations

Cardiovascular risk in women with diabetes

2010 • 115 citations

High fasting plasma insulin is an indicator of coronary heart disease in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients and nondiabetic subjects.

1991 • 112 citations

Older Adults and Smoking

1992 • 112 citations

Menstrual and reproductive factors and the risk of myocardial infarction in women under fifty-five years of age

1987 • 112 citations

Multimarker Prediction of Coronary Heart Disease Risk

2010 • 110 citations

Prevention and Rehabilitation

2003 • 107 citations

Folic acid responsive postmenopausal homocysteinemia

1985 • 105 citations

Kidney dysfunction and fatal cardiovascular disease—an association independent of atherosclerotic events: Results from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study

2007 • 104 citations

Coronary heart disease and stroke deaths - United States, 2006.

2011 • 103 citations

Associations between Changes in Physical Activity and Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease in a Community-based Sample of Men and Women: The Stanford Five-City Project

1993 • 101 citations

Prevention of Myocardial Infarction

1996 • 100 citations

New perspectives on cardiovascular risk factors

1987 • 98 citations

The Impact of Gender and General Risk Factors on the Occurrence of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease in Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

1996 • 98 citations

Longitudinal assessment of blood pressures in black and white children.

1993 • 95 citations

Antioxidant vitamins and coronary artery disease risk

1994 • 84 citations

Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in Copenhagen. I: Hereditary, educational and socioeconomic factors

1989 • 83 citations

Inflammatory, Lipid, Thrombotic, and Genetic Markers of Coronary Heart Disease Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Trials of Hormone Therapy

2008 • 83 citations

Perimenopausal Increase in Serum Cholesterol: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study

1993 • 81 citations

Randomised controlled trial of intensive multifactorial treatment for cardiovascular risk in patients with screen-detected type 2 diabetes: 1-year data from the ADDITION Netherlands study

2008 • 77 citations

Prevention of hypertension

2002 • 76 citations

Geographic and Demographic Variability in 20-Year Hypertension Incidence

2010 • 75 citations

Burden of smoking on cause-specific mortality: application to the Nurses' Health Study

2010 • 74 citations

Benefit of Intensive Statin Therapy in Women

2011 • 70 citations

Family history as a risk factor for early onset myocardial infarction in young women

2001 • 68 citations

Cardiorespiratory fitness and coronary heart disease risk factor association in women

1995 • 68 citations

The role of antioxidants in preventive cardiology

1997 • 65 citations

Longitudinal Correlates of Change in Blood Pressure in Adolescent Girls

1998 • 65 citations

Short- and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction: comparison of patients with and without diabetes mellitus

2007 • 64 citations

Family history of heart disease and cardiovascular disease risk-reducing behaviors

2004 • 64 citations

Expanding the definition of a positive family history for early-onset coronary heart disease

2006 • 62 citations

Tissue Plasminogen Activator Antigen and D-Dimer as Markers for Atherothrombotic Risk Among Healthy Postmenopausal Women

2004 • 61 citations

Smoking and mortality among residents of a California retirement community.

1994 • 54 citations

Alcohol consumption, diet, coronary risk factors, and prevalent coronary heart disease in men and women in the Scottish heart health study.

1995 • 49 citations

Women, High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Exercise

1993 • 45 citations

Beta-carotene intake and risk of nonfatal acute myocardial infarction in women.

1997 • 44 citations

Regional Obesity as a Health Hazard in Women‐a Prospective Study

1987 • 38 citations

Coronary heart disease: black-white differences.

1991 • 38 citations

Implications of family history of myocardial infarction in young women

2007 • 38 citations

Alcohol intake and survival in the elderly: a 77 month follow‐up in the Dubbo study

1996 • 34 citations

Coronary Heart Disease Attributable to Passive Smoking

2008 • 31 citations

A prospective assessment of moderate alcohol intake and major chronic diseases

1990 • 31 citations

Lipids, lipoproteins and coronary heart disease in minority populations

1994 • 30 citations

Prevalence of Hypercholesterolemia Among Siblings of Persons With Premature Coronary Heart Disease

1996 • 28 citations

Diabetes and coronary heart disease risk in Mexican Americans

1992 • 27 citations

TREATMENT OF HOOKWORM DISEASE WITH CARBON TETRACHLORIDE*

1923 • 20 citations

Sedentary lifestyle and risk of coronary heart disease in women

1995 • 18 citations

Multifactorial Intervention to Reduce Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes

2010 • 17 citations

Dietary antioxidants and cardioprotection—fact or fallacy?

1997 • 16 citations

Prognostic Factors for Mortality in a Population-Based Study of Men and Women With a History of Heart Disease

1986 • 15 citations

Elevated Mortality Rates from Circulatory Disease in African American Men and Women of Los Angeles County, California—A Possible Genetic Susceptibility?

2000 • 14 citations

The Associations between Family History of Coronary Heart Disease, Physical Activity, Dietary Intake and Body Size

1993 • 12 citations

Is weight loss a modifier of the cholesterol-heart disease relationship in older persons? Data from the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study

1992 • 12 citations

HeartWatchers

1986 • 11 citations

Elevated Mortality Rates from Circulatory Disease in African American Men and Women of Los Angeles County, California???A Possible Genetic Susceptibility?

2000 • 11 citations

Association of Body Mass Index with Reinfarction and Survival After First Myocardial Infarction in Women

1996 • 10 citations

Baseline Serum Total Cholesterol and Coronary Heart Disease Incidence in African-American Women (The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study)

1998 • 9 citations

Workshop IX—Lipids, insulin, diabetes

1991 • 7 citations

Mortality from stroke, coronary heart disease and all causes related to blood pressure and length of follow-up

1994 • 5 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations