Safety of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Evidence Based Update 2016

Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation

2000 • 5,120 citations

Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research

2009 • 4,969 citations

Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue: design of efficacious and safe protocols

2005 • 1,862 citations

Clinical research with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Challenges and future directions

2011 • 1,326 citations

Gyri-precise head model of transcranial direct current stimulation: Improved spatial focality using a ring electrode versus conventional rectangular pad

2009 • 1,181 citations

A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools

2015 • 1,174 citations

A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation

2011 • 1,052 citations

Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients

2007 • 1,014 citations

Selective review of cognitive aging

2010 • 1,010 citations

Partially non‐linear stimulation intensity‐dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans

2013 • 919 citations

Electric field depth–focality tradeoff in transcranial magnetic stimulation: Simulation comparison of 50 coil designs

2012 • 902 citations

tDCS polarity effects in motor and cognitive domains: a meta-analytical review

2011 • 810 citations

Induction of Late LTP-Like Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex by Repeated Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation

2012 • 760 citations

Shaping the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex

2007 • 719 citations

Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro

2004 • 696 citations

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with Parkinson's disease

2006 • 620 citations

Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation

2015 • 597 citations

Quality of Life After Stroke

1996 • 592 citations

Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target

2011 • 546 citations

The Sertraline vs Electrical Current Therapy for Treating Depression Clinical Study

2013 • 541 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation for depression: 3-week, randomised, sham-controlled trial

2012 • 445 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation improves recognition memory in Alzheimer disease

2008 • 433 citations

Physiological and modeling evidence for focal transcranial electrical brain stimulation in humans: A basis for high-definition tDCS

2013 • 417 citations

Animal models of epilepsy: use and limitations

2014 • 415 citations

Noninvasive cortical stimulation with transcranial direct current stimulation in Parkinson's disease

2006 • 404 citations

Fundamentals of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation dose: Definition, selection, and reporting practices

2011 • 391 citations

Safety limits of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation in rats

2009 • 381 citations

Temporal cortex direct current stimulation enhances performance on a visual recognition memory task in Alzheimer disease

2008 • 355 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease

2010 • 324 citations

Individualized model predicts brain current flow during transcranial direct-current stimulation treatment in responsive stroke patient

2010 • 310 citations

Speech Facilitation by Left Inferior Frontal Cortex Stimulation

2011 • 303 citations

Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2015 • 296 citations

Psychosocial function and life satisfaction after stroke.

1992 • 295 citations

Prolonged visual memory enhancement after direct current stimulation in Alzheimer's disease

2011 • 291 citations

tDCS selectively improves working memory in older adults with more education

2012 • 281 citations

Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

2011 • 280 citations

A Controlled Clinical Trial of Cathodal DC Polarization in Patients with Refractory Epilepsy

2006 • 272 citations

Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Temporarily Reverses Age-Associated Cognitive Decline and Functional Brain Activity Changes

2013 • 268 citations

Corticospinal activity evoked and modulated by non‐invasive stimulation of the intact human motor cortex

2014 • 253 citations

Regulatory considerations for the clinical and research use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): Review and recommendations from an expert panel

2014 • 251 citations

Epilepsy in elderly people

2000 • 251 citations

Neurobiological Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Review

2012 • 249 citations

Differences in the experience of active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation

2011 • 248 citations

Electrodes for high-definition transcutaneous DC stimulation for applications in drug delivery and electrotherapy, including tDCS

2010 • 244 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a realistic head model

2010 • 235 citations

Successful aging: Advancing the science of physical independence in older adults

2015 • 234 citations

Poststroke Seizures

2002 • 219 citations

Preconditioning is hormesis part I: Documentation, dose-response features and mechanistic foundations

2016 • 213 citations

Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampus

2012 • 212 citations

Anticonvulsant Effects of Transcranial Direct‐current Stimulation (tDCS) in the Rat Cortical Ramp Model of Focal Epilepsy

2006 • 212 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with skull defects and skull plates: High-resolution computational FEM study of factors altering cortical current flow

2010 • 199 citations

Simulating Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With a Detailed Anisotropic Human Head Model

2014 • 196 citations

Dosage Considerations for Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children: A Computational Modeling Study

2013 • 187 citations

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Brief Versus Ultrabrief Right Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy for Depression

2015 • 181 citations

Non-invasive brain stimulation improves object-location learning in the elderly

2011 • 176 citations

The Natural History of Depression up to 15 Years After Stroke

2013 • 172 citations

Remotely-supervised transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for clinical trials: guidelines for technology and protocols

2015 • 167 citations

Long-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with computer-assisted cognitive training in healthy older adults

2013 • 167 citations

Effects of tDCS on executive function in Parkinson's disease

2014 • 167 citations

What does the ratio of injected current to electrode area tell us about current density in the brain during tDCS?

2009 • 166 citations

Suppression and control of epileptiform activity by electrical stimulation: a review

2001 • 164 citations

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Treatment of Refractory Childhood Focal Epilepsy

2013 • 162 citations

Longitudinal Neurostimulation in Older Adults Improves Working Memory

2015 • 161 citations

MRI study of human brain exposed to weak direct current stimulation of the frontal cortex

2004 • 156 citations

Modulation of decision‐making in a gambling task in older adults with transcranial direct current stimulation

2010 • 154 citations

Targeted transcranial direct current stimulation for rehabilitation after stroke

2013 • 153 citations

Anodal tDCS during face-name associations memory training in Alzheimer's patients

2014 • 152 citations

Cerebellar direct current stimulation enhances motor learning in older adults

2014 • 152 citations

A new model of partial status epilepticus based on kindling

1982 • 152 citations

Interactions between transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and pharmacological interventions in the Major Depressive Episode: Findings from a naturalistic study

2012 • 150 citations

A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial on the Efficacy of Cortical Direct Current Stimulation for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease

2014 • 148 citations

Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: treatments for cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the neurodegenerative dementias?

2014 • 140 citations

Seizure-like events in brain slices: suppression by interictal activity

1987 • 137 citations

Treatment of Primary Progressive Aphasias by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Language Training

2014 • 133 citations

Combining physical training with transcranial direct current stimulation to improve gait in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot randomized controlled study

2014 • 133 citations

Enhancing verbal episodic memory in older and young subjects after non-invasive brain stimulation

2013 • 129 citations

Electrical Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex Exerts Antiapoptotic, Angiogenic, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Ischemic Stroke Rats Through Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway

2009 • 128 citations

Combination Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Virtual Reality Therapy for Upper Extremity Training in Patients With Subacute Stroke

2013 • 128 citations

A Comparison of the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Caffeine on Vigilance and Cognitive Performance During Extended Wakefulness

2014 • 127 citations

Predicting the behavioral impact of transcranial direct current stimulation: issues and limitations

2013 • 126 citations

Safety and Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Acute Experimental Ischemic Stroke

2013 • 126 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation induces polarity-specific changes of cortical blood perfusion in the rat

2010 • 124 citations

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Epilepsy

2015 • 119 citations

Tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation in childhood-onset schizophrenia

2011 • 116 citations

Effects of a Non-focal Plasticity Protocol on Apathy in Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-blind, Sham-controlled Trial

2013 • 115 citations

Effect of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation Combined with Treadmill Training on Balance and Functional Performance in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

2014 • 112 citations

Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils: An Effective Antimicrobial Force

1989 • 110 citations

Noninvasive stimulation of prefrontal cortex strengthens existing episodic memories and reduces forgetting in the elderly

2014 • 110 citations

Patient-conducted anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex alleviates pain in trigeminal neuralgia

2014 • 109 citations

Stimulation intensities of transcranial direct current stimulation have to be adjusted in children and adolescents

2014 • 105 citations

Computational analysis shows why transcranial alternating current stimulation induces retinal phosphenes

2013 • 101 citations

The challenge of crafting policy for do-it-yourself brain stimulation

2013 • 99 citations

Treatment of Primary Progressive Aphasia

2015 • 98 citations

Perception of Comfort During Active and Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Double Blind Study

2013 • 97 citations

The practices of do-it-yourself brain stimulation: implications for ethical considerations and regulatory proposals

2015 • 94 citations

Suppression of Seizure by Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in an Epileptic Patient - A Case Report -

2011 • 94 citations

Effect of Serotonin on Paired Associative Stimulation-Induced Plasticity in the Human Motor Cortex

2013 • 92 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation during treadmill training in children with cerebral palsy: A randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial

2014 • 92 citations

Once- to Twice-Daily, 3-Year Domiciliary Maintenance Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Severe, Disabling, Clozapine-Refractory Continuous Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia

2013 • 91 citations

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Enhances Error Awareness in Older Age

2014 • 89 citations

Improved Proper Name Recall in Aging after Electrical Stimulation of the Anterior Temporal Lobes

2011 • 88 citations

The timing of cognitive plasticity in physiological aging: a tDCS study of naming

2014 • 87 citations

Toward rational design of electrical stimulation strategies for epilepsy control

2009 • 87 citations

Physical treatments for bipolar disorder: A review of electroconvulsive therapy, stereotactic surgery and other brain stimulation techniques

2010 • 86 citations

Chronic Enhancement of Serotonin Facilitates Excitatory Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Neuroplasticity

2015 • 84 citations

Modulation of Burst Frequency, Duration, and Amplitude in the Zero-Ca²⁺ Model of Epileptiform Activity

1999 • 84 citations

Safety and Feasibility of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pediatric Hemiparesis: Randomized Controlled Preliminary Study

2014 • 84 citations

Anodal tDCS Combined With Radial Nerve Stimulation Promotes Hand Motor Recovery in the Acute Phase After Ischemic Stroke

2015 • 82 citations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Human Sleep Homeostasis

2013 • 82 citations

Nonlinear Dose-Dependent Impact of D1 Receptor Activation on Motor Cortex Plasticity in Humans

2014 • 81 citations

Feasibility of focal transcranial DC polarization with simultaneous EEG recording: Preliminary assessment in healthy subjects and human epilepsy

2012 • 79 citations

The effect of single session bi-cephalic transcranial direct current stimulation on gait performance in sub-acute stroke: A pilot study

2014 • 77 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex improves word-retrieval in older adults

2014 • 77 citations

Low-frequency electric cortical stimulation decreases interictal and ictal activity in human epilepsy

2006 • 75 citations

Computer-assisted three-dimensional image analysis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.

1993 • 75 citations

Is neural hyperpolarization by cathodal stimulation always detrimental at the behavioral level?

2014 • 75 citations

Duration-dependent effects of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on anodal tDCS induced motor cortex plasticity in older adults: a group and individual perspective

2015 • 74 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation decreases convulsions and spatial memory deficits following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus in immature rats

2010 • 74 citations

The Ineffective Role of Cathodal tDCS in Enhancing the Functional Motor Outcomes in Early Phase of Stroke Rehabilitation: An Experimental Trial

2014 • 70 citations

Exploring the efficacy of a 5-day course of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) on depression and memory function in patients with well-controlled temporal lobe epilepsy

2015 • 69 citations

Cognitive, Mood, and Electroencephalographic Effects of Noninvasive Cortical Stimulation With Weak Electrical Currents

2010 • 68 citations

Pediatric stroke and transcranial direct current stimulation: methods for rational individualized dose optimization

2014 • 68 citations

HORMESIS: A Fundamental Concept with Widespread Biological and Biomedical Applications

2015 • 68 citations

Dosage-Dependent Effect of Dopamine D2 Receptor Activation on Motor Cortex Plasticity in Humans

2014 • 68 citations

Hypomania Induction in a Patient With Bipolar II Disorder by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

2011 • 67 citations

Functional and Histologic Changes After Repeated Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Rat Stroke Model

2010 • 67 citations

Long-Term Effects of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation in Chronic Post-Stroke Aphasia: A Pilot Study

2014 • 67 citations

Effect of a single session of transcranial direct-current stimulation on balance and spatiotemporal gait variables in children with cerebral palsy: A randomized sham-controlled study

2014 • 66 citations

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on naming and cortical excitability in stroke patients with aphasia

2015 • 65 citations

Time up and go task performance improves after transcranial direct current stimulation in patient affected by Parkinson's disease

2014 • 64 citations

Facilitation of corticospinal excitability by virtual reality exercise following anodal transcranial direct current stimulation in healthy volunteers and subacute stroke subjects

2014 • 64 citations

“Unfocus” on foc.us: commercial tDCS headset impairs working memory

2015 • 63 citations

Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and home-based occupational therapy for upper limb motor impairment following intracerebral hemorrhage: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

2015 • 62 citations

Formation of cortical plasticity in older adults following tDCS and motor training

2013 • 62 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation in adolescent and adult Rasmussen's encephalitis

2010 • 60 citations

Reducing Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation-Induced Erythema With Skin Pretreatment: Considerations for Sham-Controlled Clinical Trials

2014 • 59 citations

Cortical Neuromodulation Modifies Cerebral Vasomotor Reactivity

2010 • 56 citations

Induction of Hypomanic Episode With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

2010 • 55 citations

Neuromodulation Therapies for Geriatric Depression

2015 • 54 citations

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on multiscale complexity of dual-task postural control in older adults

2015 • 53 citations

Acute seizure suppression by transcranial direct current stimulation in rats

2015 • 52 citations

Lack of clinically detectable acute changes on autonomic or thermoregulatory functions in healthy subjects after transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)

2011 • 51 citations

Effect of mirror therapy with tDCS on functional recovery of the upper extremity of stroke patients

2015 • 49 citations

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

2015 • 47 citations

Transcranial direct current stimulation to the parietal cortex in hemispatial neglect: A feasibility study

2015 • 45 citations

Palliative and Supportive Care for Glioma Patients

2014 • 45 citations

Electrode assembly design for transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A FEM modeling study

2012 • 44 citations

After vs. priming effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on upper extremity motor recovery in patients with subacute stroke

2014 • 43 citations

Reduction of spasticity in cerebral palsy by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation.

2014 • 43 citations

Cognitive effects and autonomic responses to transcranial pulsed current stimulation

2014 • 42 citations

Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation upon attention and visuoperceptual function in Lewy body dementia: a preliminary study

2015 • 42 citations

Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children With Dystonia

2013 • 41 citations

Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Children With Dystonia

2012 • 39 citations

Hypomanic episode in unipolar depression during transcranial direct current stimulation

2010 • 38 citations

Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation induces regional, long-lasting reductions of cortical blood flow in rats

2013 • 35 citations

EEG changes following repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

1994 • 33 citations

Combined exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation intervention for knee osteoarthritis: protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial

2015 • 30 citations

Multiday Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Causes Clinically Insignificant Changes in Childhood Dystonia

2015 • 27 citations

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Treadmill Gait Training in Delayed Neuro-psychomotor Development

2014 • 26 citations

Clinical Pilot Study and Computational Modeling of Bitemporal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, and Safety of Repeated Courses of Treatment, in Major Depression

2015 • 26 citations

Treatment‐emergent mania/hypomania in unipolar patients

2008 • 25 citations

Mechanisms of Nicotinic Modulation of Glutamatergic Neuroplasticity in Humans

2015 • 25 citations

On the role of electric field orientation in optimal design of transcranial current stimulation

2012 • 24 citations

Safety of Repeated Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Impaired Skin

2013 • 24 citations

Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Control of Finger Force during Dexterous Manipulation in Healthy Older Adults

2015 • 20 citations

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of parietal cortex enhances action naming in Corticobasal Syndrome

2015 • 19 citations

Transient reduction of visual distraction following electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex

2015 • 19 citations

Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation affects seizures and cognition in fully amygdala-kindled rats

2013 • 17 citations

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

2015 • 12 citations

Contribution of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Inhibitory Control to Assess the Neurobiological Aspects of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial

2015 • 11 citations

The relationship between transcranial Current Stimulation electrode montages and the effect of the skull orbital openings

2012 • 10 citations

The tolerability of transcranial electrical stimulation used across extended periods in a naturalistic context by healthy individuals

2015 • 6 citations

The double generalization phenomenon in juvenile absence epilepsy

2011 • 2 citations