The Implicit Association Test at Age 7: A Methodological and Conceptual Review

A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice

1955 • 14,167 citations

Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.

1977 • 10,326 citations

Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.

1998 • 7,980 citations

Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.

1984 • 5,967 citations

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes.

1995 • 5,669 citations

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.

2003 • 5,512 citations

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.

2009 • 3,087 citations

Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meaning and Use

2002 • 2,515 citations

On the automatic activation of attitudes.

1986 • 2,004 citations

A model of dual attitudes.

2000 • 1,929 citations

The Illusion of Conscious Will

2018 • 1,693 citations

A Meta-Analysis on the Correlation Between the Implicit Association Test and Explicit Self-Report Measures

2005 • 1,586 citations

Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site.

2002 • 1,224 citations

The trouble of thinking: Activation and application of stereotypic beliefs.

1991 • 1,211 citations

Implicit memory: Retention without remembering.

1990 • 1,151 citations

The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice

2002 • 1,126 citations

The automaticity of everyday life.

1997 • 1,114 citations

Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variables and Construct Validity

2004 • 1,113 citations

Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept.

2000 • 1,063 citations

The Go/No-Go Association Task

2001 • 1,039 citations

The Single Category Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit social cognition.

2006 • 1,037 citations

Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?

2000 • 1,001 citations

Performance on Indirect Measures of Race Evaluation Predicts Amygdala Activation

2000 • 967 citations

Implicit Attitude Measures: Consistency, Stability, and Convergent Validity

2001 • 953 citations

On the malleability of automatic attitudes: Combating automatic prejudice with images of admired and disliked individuals.

2001 • 829 citations

The Development of Implicit Attitudes

2005 • 744 citations

Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping

2004 • 682 citations

Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures.

1997 • 680 citations

Separable Neural Components in the Processing of Black and White Faces

2004 • 680 citations

Moderators of the Relationship Between Implicit and Explicit Evaluation.

2005 • 660 citations

Double dissociation between implicit and explicit personality self-concept: The case of shy behavior.

2002 • 655 citations

Attitudes and the Implicit Association Test.

2001 • 651 citations

Predictive validity of an implicit association test for assessing anxiety.

2002 • 593 citations

The Psychology of Evaluation

2003 • 584 citations

The Extrinsic Affective Simon Task

2003 • 553 citations

The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias

2003 • 541 citations

Heuristics and Biases

2002 • 527 citations

Separating Multiple Processes in Implicit Social Cognition: The Quad Model of Implicit Task Performance.

2005 • 517 citations

Implicit Attitudes towards Homosexuality: Reliability, Validity, and Controllability of the IAT

2001 • 467 citations

"Unlearning" automatic biases: The malleability of implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

2001 • 457 citations

Replicable unconscious semantic priming.

1998 • 449 citations

Underlying Processes in the Implicit Association Test: Dissociating Salience From Associations.

2004 • 434 citations

Health of the Implicit Association Test at Age 3

2001 • 424 citations

An fMRI investigation of the impact of interracial contact on executive function

2003 • 411 citations

Social influence effects on automatic racial prejudice.

2001 • 408 citations

Demonstrations of implicit anti-fat bias: The impact of providing causal information and evoking empathy.

2003 • 397 citations

A Multitrait-Multimethod Validation of the Implicit Association Test

2007 • 386 citations

Automatic Preference for White Americans: Eliminating the Familiarity Explanation

2000 • 385 citations

Is the Implicit Association Test Immune to Faking?

2004 • 376 citations

TARGET ARTICLE: Attributions of Implicit Prejudice, or "Would Jesse Jackson 'Fail' the Implicit Association Test?"

2004 • 371 citations

Contextual variations in implicit evaluation.

2003 • 353 citations

A Structural and Process Analysis of the Implicit Association Test

2001 • 330 citations

Intention, awareness, and implicit memory: The retrieval intentionality criterion

1989 • 323 citations

Voluntary Controllability of the Implicit Association Test (IAT)

2003 • 291 citations

Measuring the Automatic Components of Prejudice: Flexibility and Generality of the Implicit Association Test

1999 • 288 citations

Implicit and Explicit Ethnocentrism: Revisiting the Ideologies of Prejudice

2004 • 288 citations

Method-Specific Variance in the Implicit Association Test.

2003 • 277 citations

Increasing Implicit Self-Esteem Through Classical Conditioning

2004 • 269 citations

From American City to Japanese Village: A Cross‐Cultural Investigation of Implicit Race Attitudes

2006 • 258 citations

On the Activation of Social Stereotypes: The Moderating Role of Processing Objectives

1997 • 250 citations

Automatic processing in spider phobia: Implicit fear associations over the course of treatment.

2003 • 246 citations

Putting the brakes on prejudice: On the development and operation of cues for control.

2002 • 238 citations

Relations Between Implicit Measures of Prejudice

2003 • 233 citations

Implicit and Explicit Attitudes Toward Cigarette Smoking: the Effects of Context and Motivation

2003 • 231 citations

How do indirect measures of evaluation work? Evaluating the inference of prejudice in the Implicit Association Test.

2001 • 227 citations

Implicit associations for fear-relevant stimuli among individuals with snake and spider fears.

2001 • 221 citations

Mood-induced changes on the Implicit Association Test in recovered depressed patients.

2001 • 216 citations

Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions.

2002 • 196 citations

Taking a Look Underground: Detecting, Interpreting, and Reacting to Implicit Racial Biases

2001 • 191 citations

Implicit Attitudes and Racism: Effects of Word Familiarity and Frequency on the Implicit Association Test

2001 • 175 citations

Implicit associations as the seeds of intergroup bias: How easily do they take root?

2001 • 171 citations

Implicit Romantic Fantasies and Women's Interest in Personal Power: A Glass Slipper Effect?

2003 • 166 citations

The Implicit Association Test as a measure of implicit consumer attitudes

2001 • 166 citations

Figure-Ground Asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test (IAT)

2001 • 158 citations

Changing the affective valence of the stimulus items influences the IAT by re-defining the category labels

2003 • 153 citations

A Latent State-Trait Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Personality Measures

2005 • 146 citations

Measuring alcohol expectancies with the implicit association test.

2003 • 146 citations

Implicit and Explicit Components of Prejudice

2000 • 145 citations

Effects of situational power on automatic racial prejudice

2003 • 144 citations

Assessment of multiple implicit self‐concept dimensions using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST)

2004 • 139 citations

Implicit Association Measurement with the IAT: Evidence for Effects of Executive Control Processes

2001 • 138 citations

A Cognitive Skill Confound on the Implicit Association Test

2002 • 137 citations

Employing Automatic Approach and Avoidance Tendencies for the Assessment of Implicit Personality Self-Concept

2006 • 128 citations

Items’ Cross-Category Associations as a Confounding Factor in the Implicit Association Test

2001 • 121 citations

Temporal Stability of the Implicit Association Test-Anxiety

2005 • 117 citations

Implicit Association Test: Separating Transsituationally Stable and Variable Components of Attitudes toward Gay Men

2003 • 103 citations

The power of a story: New, automatic associations from a single reading of a short scenario

2005 • 100 citations

Does the Implicit Association Test for assessing anxiety measure trait and state variance?

2004 • 99 citations

Heart Versus Reason in Condom Use: Implicit Versus Explicit Attitudinal Predictors of Sexual Behavior

2001 • 98 citations

Task-Set Inertia, Attitude Accessibility, and Compatibility-Order Effects: New Evidence for a Task-Set Switching Account of the Implicit Association Test Effect

2004 • 92 citations

The Implicit Association Test'sDMeasure Can Minimize a Cognitive Skill Confound: Comment on McFarland and Crouch (2002)

2004 • 88 citations

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the implicit association of concepts and attributes

2000 • 82 citations

A reaction time paradigm to assess (implicit) complaint-specific dysfunctional beliefs

2001 • 79 citations

Measuring Task-Switching Ability in the Implicit Association Test

2005 • 72 citations

Acquired equivalence and distinctiveness in human discrimination learning: Evidence for associative mediation.

2003 • 67 citations

Faulty assumptions: A comment on Blanton, Jaccard, Gonzales, and Christie (2006)

2006 • 52 citations

The First Ontological Challenge to the IAT: Attitude or Mere Familiarity?

2003 • 52 citations

Mere acceptance produces apparent attitude in the Implicit Association Test

2003 • 40 citations

The Constructive Nature of Automatic Evaluation

2003 • 40 citations

When do people accept cultural diversity?: Affect as determinant

2003 • 21 citations

Validity of the Salience Asymmetry Interpretation of the IAT

2004 • 16 citations