Cerebral ischemia and inflammation

Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium.

1986 • 7,740 citations

Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide.

1990 • 7,068 citations

Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity

2001 • 4,673 citations

Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation

2002 • 4,011 citations

Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: an integrated view

1999 • 3,776 citations

A CD4+T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis

1997 • 3,625 citations

An Antidiabetic Thiazolidinedione Is a High Affinity Ligand for Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ)

1995 • 3,603 citations

Missing Pieces in the NF-κB Puzzle

2002 • 3,560 citations

Activators and Target Genes of Rel/NF-кB Transcription Factors

2003 • 3,164 citations

NF-κB: Ten Years After

1996 • 3,008 citations

Ischemic Cell Death in Brain Neurons

1999 • 2,974 citations

CYCLOOXYGENASES 1 AND 2

1998 • 2,700 citations

The Mechanisms of Action of PPARs

2002 • 2,544 citations

The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between Toll-like receptors

2000 • 2,076 citations

Regulatory T Cell Clones Induced by Oral Tolerance: Suppression of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

1994 • 1,995 citations

Mediation of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1-Dependent Cell Death by Apoptosis-Inducing Factor

2002 • 1,771 citations

IRF Family of Transcription Factors as Regulators of Host Defense

2001 • 1,566 citations

Systemic biosynthesis of prostacyclin by cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: The human pharmacology of a selective inhibitor of COX-2

1999 • 1,315 citations

‘Ischemic tolerance’ phenomenon found in the brain

1990 • 1,098 citations

Cytokines and acute neurodegeneration

2001 • 1,095 citations

Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury

1997 • 1,043 citations

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase gene disruption renders mice resistant to cerebral ischemia

1997 • 1,020 citations

Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors

1996 • 947 citations

Inflammatory Mediators and Stroke: New Opportunities for Novel Therapeutics

1999 • 928 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α

1997 • 864 citations

Manganous superoxide dismutase is essential for cellular resistance to cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor

1989 • 821 citations

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in ischemic neurons.

1994 • 793 citations

Peripheral deletion of antigen-reactive T cells in oral tolerance

1995 • 775 citations

Oral tolerance: immune mechanisms and treatment of autoimmune diseases

1997 • 757 citations

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes occlude capillaries following middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in baboons.

1991 • 741 citations

Cyclo-Oxygenase-2 Gene Expression in Neurons Contributes to Ischemic Brain Damage

1997 • 728 citations

Role of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in inflammation and ischaemia–reperfusion

1998 • 687 citations

Delayed Reduction of Ischemic Brain Injury and Neurological Deficits in Mice Lacking the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene

1997 • 655 citations

Inflammation and Stroke: Putative Role for Cytokines, Adhesion Molecules and iNOS in Brain Response to Ischemia

2000 • 653 citations

NF-κB is activated and promotes cell death in focal cerebral ischemia

1999 • 648 citations

Neurodegenerative and Neuroprotective Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) in Retinal Ischemia: Opposite Roles of TNF Receptor 1 and TNF Receptor 2

2002 • 577 citations

Interleukin-1 as a Pathogenetic Mediator of Ischemic Brain Damage in Rats

1995 • 572 citations

Resistance to endotoxic shock as a consequence of defective NF-kappa B activation in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 deficient mice

1999 • 569 citations

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist inhibits ischaemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat

1992 • 547 citations

Cerebral protection in homozygous null ICAM-1 mice after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Role of neutrophil adhesion in the pathogenesis of stroke.

1996 • 521 citations

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, nitric oxide and cell death

1999 • 518 citations

Correlation between myeloperoxidase-quantified neutrophil accumulation and ischemic brain injury in the rat. Effects of neutrophil depletion.

1994 • 485 citations

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Brain following Cerebral Ischemia

1995 • 479 citations

Roles of Nuclear Factor κB in Neuronal Survival and Plasticity

2000 • 465 citations

Neuroprotective Effects of Human Recombinant Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist in Focal Cerebral Ischaemia in the Rat

1996 • 456 citations

The High Mobility Group (Hmg) Boxes of the Nuclear Protein Hmg1 Induce Chemotaxis and Cytoskeleton Reorganization in Rat Smooth Muscle Cells

2001 • 454 citations

An Essential Role of the NF-κB/Toll-Like Receptor Pathway in Induction of Inflammatory and Tissue-Repair Gene Expression by Necrotic Cells

2001 • 431 citations

Reduced susceptibility to ischemic brain injury and N -methyl- <scp>d</scp> -aspartate-mediated neurotoxicity in cyclooxygenase-2-deficient mice

2001 • 419 citations

Cerebral Interleukin-6 is Neuroprotective during Permanent Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat

1998 • 417 citations

Prodromal Angina Limits Infarct Size

1995 • 413 citations

Cyclooxygenase-2: Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, and Neurobiology

1999 • 412 citations

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase ameliorates cerebral ischemic damage

1995 • 378 citations

Inflammatory Cell Adhesion Molecules in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease

2002 • 375 citations

The many faces of tumor necrosis factor in stroke

2002 • 369 citations

Inhibition of polymorphonuclear leukocyte adherence suppresses no-reflow after focal cerebral ischemia in baboons.

1992 • 368 citations

Anti‐ICAM‐1 antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat

1994 • 360 citations

TNF-α Pretreatment Induces Protective Effects against Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

1997 • 346 citations

Induction of Interleukin‐1β mRNA in Rat Brain After Transient Forebrain Ischemia

1992 • 336 citations

Interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression in ischemic rat cortex.

1993 • 335 citations

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Vascular Cells After Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

1996 • 331 citations

Oral Tolerance: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications

1999 • 318 citations

Cathelicidins: a family of endogenous antimicrobial peptides

2002 • 318 citations

Endogenous nitric oxide enhances prostaglandin production in a model of renal inflammation.

1994 • 314 citations

Interaction between inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 after cerebral ischemia

1998 • 298 citations

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase: killer or conspirator? The ‘suicide hypothesis’ revisited

2002 • 294 citations

A Role of Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase in NF- B Transcriptional Activation

1999 • 289 citations

Gene expression and function of interleukin I, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in the brain

1994 • 288 citations

Lipopolysaccharide pre-treatment induces resistance against subsequent focal cerebral ischemic damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats

1997 • 287 citations

Spreading depression and focal brain ischemia induce cyclooxygenase-2 in cortical neurons through N -methyl- <scp>d</scp> -aspartic acid-receptors and phospholipase A ₂

1997 • 286 citations

Do transient ischemic attacks have a neuroprotective effect?

2000 • 282 citations

Concomitant cortical expression of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNAs follows early response gene expression in transient focal ischemia

1994 • 278 citations

Activation of the Nuclear Factor-κB Is a Key Event in Brain Tolerance

2001 • 275 citations

Early increases in TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels following transient cerebral ischemia in gerbil brain

1996 • 262 citations

Target Depletion of Distinct Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Subtypes Reveals Hippocampal Neuron Death and Survival through Different Signal Transduction Pathways

2002 • 257 citations

Attenuation of Stroke Size in Rats Using an Adenoviral Vector to Induce Overexpression of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist in Brain

1995 • 245 citations

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Inflammatory Cells in Ischemic Rat Brain

2002 • 242 citations

Lack of the p50 subunit of nuclear factor-kappaB increases the vulnerability of hippocampal neurons to excitotoxic injury.

1999 • 241 citations

Attenuated Stroke Severity After Prodromal TIA

1999 • 239 citations

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases the number of necrotic neurons in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion.

1995 • 238 citations

Induction of interleukin-1β mRNA after focal cerebral ischaemia in the rat

1994 • 236 citations

Potential mechanisms of interleukin-1 involvement in cerebral ischaemia

1999 • 232 citations

Anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat

1994 • 231 citations

SB 239063, a second-generation p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, reduces brain injury and neurological deficits in cerebral focal ischemia.

2001 • 217 citations

Mice Deficient in Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) Are Less Susceptible to Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

1999 • 216 citations

Therapeutic neutralization of CD95-ligand and TNF attenuates brain damage in stroke

2001 • 211 citations

Interleukin-1 Mediates Induction of Tolerance to Global Ischemia in Gerbil Hippocampal CA1 Neurons

1996 • 198 citations

Exacerbation of Cerebral Injury in Mice That Express the P-Selectin Gene

1997 • 198 citations

Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor-Kappa B is Activated in Neurons after Focal Cerebral Ischemia

2000 • 196 citations

Cyclooxygenase‐2 is induced globally in infarcted human brain

1998 • 193 citations

Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha reduces focal cerebral ischemic injury in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

1996 • 190 citations

Increased IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-17 mRNA Expression in Blood Mononuclear Cells Observed in a Prospective Ischemic Stroke Study

1999 • 190 citations

Influence of Mild Hypothermia on Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Reactive Nitrogen Production in Experimental Stroke and Inflammation

2002 • 190 citations

Leukocyte Accumulation and Hemodynamic Changes in the Cerebral Microcirculation During Early Reperfusion After Stroke

2000 • 185 citations

Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human cerebral infarcts

1999 • 184 citations

CD18-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Reperfused but Not Nonreperfused Stroke

1999 • 178 citations

The Role of Leukocytes Following Cerebral Ischemia: Pathogenic Variable or Bystander Reaction to Emerging Infarct?

2002 • 172 citations

Inhibition of TNFα attenuates infarct volume and ICAM-1 expression in ischemic mouse brain

1998 • 169 citations

Cyclooxygenase-2 immunoreactivity in the human brain following cerebral ischemia

1999 • 169 citations

Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in the Mouse Hippocampus following Transient Forebrain Ischemia

1997 • 167 citations

Examination of Several Potential Mechanisms for the Negative Outcome in a Clinical Stroke Trial of Enlimomab, a Murine Anti-Human Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Antibody: A Bedside-to-Bench Study

2001 • 167 citations

High dose steroid treatment in cerebral infarction.

1986 • 166 citations

Hypoxic preconditioning protects cultured neurons against hypoxic stress via TNF-α and ceramide

2000 • 165 citations

The Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist (rhIL-1ra) Protects against Cerebral Infarction in a Rat Model of Hypoxia-Ischemia

1994 • 161 citations

Antibody to the α4 Integrin Decreases Infarct Size in Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

2001 • 161 citations

Neuroprotective Effects of Inhibiting Poly(ADP-Ribose) Synthetase on Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

1997 • 158 citations

The Type 1 Interleukin-1 Receptor Is Essential for the Efficient Activation of Microglia and the Induction of Multiple Proinflammatory Mediators in Response to Brain Injury

2002 • 157 citations

Post-treatment with an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase attenuates cerebral damage in focal ischemia

1999 • 155 citations

Selective inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase prevents ischaemic brain injury

1999 • 155 citations

Prevention of cerebral edema and infarct in cerebral reperfusion injury by an antibody to interleukin-8.

1997 • 154 citations

Immunologic tolerance to myelin basic protein decreases stroke size after transient focal cerebral ischemia

1997 • 153 citations

Alteration of Transcription Factor Binding Activities in the Ischemic Rat-Brain

1995 • 153 citations

Neutrophil inhibitory factor is neuroprotective after focal Ischemia in rats

1995 • 150 citations

Increase in Endogenous Brain Superoxide Dismutase as a Potential Mechanism of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Brain Ischemic Tolerance

2000 • 146 citations

Tumor necrosis factor-α pretreatment is protective in a rat model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

1992 • 141 citations

TNF-α–Induced Tolerance to Ischemic Injury Involves Differential Control of NF-κB Transactivation: The Role of NF-κB Association with p300 Adaptor

2002 • 140 citations

Preconditioning‐induced neuroprotection is mediated by reactive oxygen species and activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB

2001 • 137 citations

The Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor NS-398 Ameliorates Ischemic Brain Injury in Wild-Type Mice but not in Mice with Deletion of the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene

1999 • 133 citations

An Analysis of Time of Presentation After Stroke

1990 • 129 citations

Activation of nuclear factor-κB in the rat brain after transient focal ischemia

1999 • 126 citations

Anti-leukocyte Antibodies: LeukArrest (Hu23F2G) and Enlimomab (R6.5) in Acute Stroke

2002 • 126 citations

Anti-ICAM-1 Monoclonal Antibody R6.5 (Enlimomab) Promotes Activation of Neutrophils in Whole Blood

1999 • 125 citations

Hu23F2G, an Antibody Recognizing the Leukocyte CD11/CD18 Integrin, Reduces Injury in a Rabbit Model of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia

1998 • 119 citations

Reaction of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase with diethyldithiocarbamate.

1979 • 114 citations

E-Selectin in Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in the Rat

1996 • 111 citations

Cyclooxygenase Inhibition as a Strategy to Ameliorate Brain Injury

2002 • 111 citations

Neurotoxicity of advanced glycation endproducts during focal stroke and neuroprotective effects of aminoguanidine.

1995 • 110 citations

An in situ hybridization study on interleukin-1β mRNA induced by transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain

1994 • 109 citations

Inhibitors of ADP-Ribosylation Impair Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Transcription through Inhibition of NF Kappa B Activation

1998 • 107 citations

The Transcription Factor Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 Is Expressed after Cerebral Ischemia and Contributes to Ischemic Brain Injury

1999 • 104 citations

New therapeutic possibility of blocking cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant on transient ischemic brain damage in rats

1997 • 104 citations

Matrix Remodeling after Stroke: De Novo Expression of Matrix Proteins and Integrin Receptors

1999 • 103 citations

Effects of Lipopolysaccharide Priming on Acute Ischemic Brain Injury

2000 • 103 citations

Cellular euthanasia mediated by a nuclear enzyme: a central role for nuclear ADP-ribosylation in cellular metabolism

1987 • 101 citations

Gene-dosing effect and persistence of reduction in ischemic brain injury in mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase

2000 • 99 citations

Delayed Treatment with Aminoguanidine Decreases Focal Cerebral Ischemic Damage and Enhances Neurologic Recovery in Rats

1998 • 99 citations

Differential role of nitric oxide pathway and heat shock protein in preconditioning and lipopolysaccharide-induced brain ischemic tolerance

2000 • 96 citations

Leukocyte involvement in cerebral infarct generation after ischemia and reperfusion

1994 • 96 citations

Cyclooxygenase Inhibition in Ischemic Brain Injury

2008 • 94 citations

Inhibition of α4 Integrin Protects Against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

2001 • 90 citations

Involvement of interleukin-1 and lipocortin-1 in ischaemic brain damage.

1993 • 90 citations

Enhancement of immunoreactivity for NF-κB in human cerebral infarctions

1996 • 90 citations

Calcium‐independent NO‐synthase activity and nitrites/nitrates production in transient focal cerebral ischaemia in mice

1997 • 90 citations

Thrombolysis With Tissue Plasminogen Activator Alters Adhesion Molecule Expression in the Ischemic Rat Brain

1999 • 88 citations

Nuclear factor-κB activation during cerebral reperfusion: effect of attenuation with N-acetylcysteine treatment

1998 • 86 citations

Evidence for the delayed effect in human ischemic preconditioning

1999 • 81 citations

Induction of Mucosal Tolerance to E-Selectin Prevents Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in Spontaneously Hypertensive Genetically Stroke-Prone Rats

2002 • 81 citations

High levels of IL‐10 secreting cells are present in blood in cerebrovascular diseases

1999 • 76 citations

Lack of Evidence for Neutrophil Participation during Infarct Formation Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Rat

1996 • 71 citations

Nitrotyrosine generation via inducible nitric oxide synthase in vascular wall in focal ischemia-reperfusion

2000 • 69 citations

MRI and Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential Evidence of Eighth Cranial Nerve Involvement in Multiple Sclerosis

1997 • 66 citations

Anti-P-selectin antibody attenuates rat brain ischemic injury

1999 • 63 citations

Prodromal unstable angina in acute myocardial infarction: Prognostic value of short- and long-term outcome and predictor of infarct size

2000 • 61 citations

Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide to Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Protects against Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia—Induced Brain Injury

2001 • 61 citations

Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-activated Protein (MAPKAP) Kinase 2 Deficiency Protects Brain from Ischemic Injury in Mice

2002 • 57 citations

The NF-κB inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) increases brain cell death in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model of ischemia

2001 • 55 citations

Mucosal Tolerance in a Murine Model of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitisa

1996 • 55 citations

Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme Deficient Mice

1999 • 50 citations

Treatment of Focal Cerebral Ischemia With Synthetic Oligopeptide Corresponding to Lectin Domain of Selectin

1996 • 49 citations

Neuroprotection achieved with a novel proteasome inhibitor which blocks NF-κB activation

2000 • 48 citations

Neuroprotection by the Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor SC-236 Results in Improvements in Behavioral Deficits Induced by Reversible Spinal Cord Ischemia

2001 • 47 citations

Delayed protection against ischaemia‐induced ventricular arrhythmias and infarct size limitation by the prior administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin

1996 • 46 citations

Effects of induced tolerance to bacterial lipopolysaccharide on myocardial infarct size in rats

1996 • 42 citations

Stroke Therapy

1993 • 41 citations

Is nuclear factor-kappaB a good treatment target in brain ischemia/reperfusion injury?

2000 • 37 citations

Recombinant adenoviral expression of dominant negative IκBα protects brain from cerebral ischemic injury

2002 • 37 citations

LPS-induced delayed myocardial adaptation enhances acute preconditioning to optimize postischemic cardiac function

1997 • 35 citations

Biphasic effects of dithiocarbamates on the activity of nuclear factor-κB

2000 • 32 citations

An analysis of time of presentation after stroke

1990 • 22 citations

Intensive Care in Acute Stroke

1997 • 22 citations

Changes in interferon-regulatory factor-1 mRNA levels after transient ischemia in rat brain

1998 • 15 citations

Intrathecal Release of Nitric Oxide and Its Relation to Final Brain Damage in Patients with Stroke

2000 • 14 citations

Chemokines and ischemic stroke

2001 • 5 citations