Is memory schematic?

REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

1933 • 7,329 citations

Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View

1968 • 4,777 citations

Toward a model of text comprehension and production.

1978 • 4,734 citations

A FRAMEWORK FOR REPRESENTING KNOWLEDGE

1988 • 4,679 citations

Encoding specificity and retrieval processes in episodic memory.

1973 • 4,419 citations

Perception in chess

1973 • 4,216 citations

The psychology of computer vision

1976 • 2,609 citations

Remembering

1995 • 2,336 citations

Attention and Performance IX

1982 • 2,246 citations

Levels of processing versus transfer appropriate processing

1977 • 2,231 citations

Language, Memory, and Thought

1976 • 2,211 citations

Contextual prerequisites for understanding: Some investigations of comprehension and recall

1972 • 2,108 citations

The Representation of Meaning in Memory

1975 • 2,092 citations

Human Associative Memory

2013 • 2,084 citations

Remembrance of things parsed: Story structure and recall

1977 • 2,072 citations

On the prediction of occurrence of particular verbal intrusions in immediate recall.

1959 • 2,061 citations

Memory and cognition

1977 • 2,059 citations

The totalitarian ego: Fabrication and revision of personal history.

1980 • 1,899 citations

Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory

1974 • 1,728 citations

Hindsight is not equal to foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty.

1975 • 1,702 citations

Scripts in memory for text

1979 • 1,595 citations

Availability versus accessibility of information in memory for words

1966 • 1,501 citations

Attention and performance IV

1973 • 1,424 citations

Cognitive structures in comprehension and memory of narrative discourse

1977 • 1,401 citations

The use of advance organizers in the learning and retention of meaningful verbal material.

1960 • 1,340 citations

Semantic integration of verbal information into a visual memory.

1978 • 1,340 citations

Explorations in Cognition

1975 • 1,309 citations

The abstraction of linguistic ideas

1971 • 1,288 citations

Meaningfulness and Verbal Learning

1961 • 1,176 citations

New Directions in Discourse Processing

1980 • 1,143 citations

Leading questions and the eyewitness report

1975 • 1,137 citations

Recognition memory for syntactic and semantic aspects of connected discourse

1967 • 1,129 citations

What's new? Acquiring New information as a process in comprehension

1974 • 1,112 citations

Conceptual dependency: A theory of natural language understanding

1972 • 1,002 citations

Recall of previously unrecallable information following a shift in perspective

1978 • 1,000 citations

Schematic Bases of Social Information Processing

2022 • 930 citations

Sentence memory: A constructive versus interpretive approach

1972 • 923 citations

Subjective organization in free recall of "unrelated" words.

1962 • 876 citations

Hindsight-foresight: The effect of outcome knowledge on judgment under uncertainty.

1974 • 836 citations

Role of schemata in memory for places

1981 • 798 citations

Analysis of rehearsal processes in free recall.

1971 • 798 citations

Schooling and the Acquisition of Knowledge

2017 • 763 citations

I knew it would happen

1975 • 695 citations

False recognition produced by implicit verbal responses.

1965 • 676 citations

Knowledge structures and memory development.

1978 • 659 citations

Acquisition of domain-related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge

1979 • 634 citations

CONSIDERATIONS OF SOME PROBLEMS OF COMPREHENSION

1973 • 622 citations

Attributes of Memory

1983 • 615 citations

Taking different perspectives on a story.

1977 • 563 citations

Interpreting metaphors and idioms: Some effects of context on comprehension

1978 • 535 citations

Text processing of domain-related information for individuals with high and low domain knowledge

1979 • 528 citations

Hierarchical retrieval schemes in recall of categorized word lists

1969 • 501 citations

Rating the Importance of Structural Units of Prose Passages: A Problem of Metacognitive Development

1977 • 474 citations

The Processing of Memories: Forgetting and Retention

1980 • 471 citations

A code in the node: The use of a story schema in retrieval∗

1978 • 440 citations

On the permanence of stored information in the human brain.

1980 • 435 citations

Reading rate and retention as a function of the number of propositions in the base structure of sentences

1973 • 433 citations

Syntactic processing of connected speech

1971 • 425 citations

Critical issues in interference theory

1973 • 407 citations

Comprehension and recall of text as a function of content variables

1975 • 407 citations

Perceived informativeness of facts.

1977 • 390 citations

Recall of prose as a function of the structural importance of the linguistic units

1970 • 385 citations

Effects of comprehension on retention of prose.

1971 • 373 citations

Story understanding as problem-solving

1980 • 358 citations

Recognition memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities: Tests of a script pointer + tag hypothesis

1979 • 356 citations

Cognitive Operations and Decision Bias in Reality Monitoring

1981 • 330 citations

Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled?

1983 • 329 citations

Intrusion of a thematic idea in retention of prose.

1974 • 308 citations

The role of culture‐specific schemata in the comprehension and recall of stories∗

1978 • 296 citations

Memory for goal-directed events

1980 • 292 citations

The knew-it-all-along effect.

1978 • 281 citations

Pragmatics in memory: A study of natural conversation

1977 • 273 citations

Memory for tacit implications of sentences.

1973 • 267 citations

The Structure of Human Memory

1976 • 250 citations

Association, synonymity, and directionality in false recognition.

1968 • 250 citations

Memory for typical and atypical actions in scripted activities.

1980 • 249 citations

Recall of thematically relevant material by adolescent good and poor readers as a function of written versus oral presentation.

1977 • 243 citations

Readability and recall of short prose passages: A theoretical analysis.

1980 • 240 citations

The role of inference in children's comprehension and memory for sentences

1976 • 232 citations

Memory in reading and listening to discourse

1974 • 224 citations

Memory for the pragmatic implications of sentences

1977 • 224 citations

Instantiation of general terms

1976 • 220 citations

Leading questions and memory: Pragmatic constraints

1980 • 218 citations

Inducing resistance to misleading information

1982 • 214 citations

A critique of schema-based theories of human story memory

1980 • 208 citations

Structural components of reading time

1980 • 202 citations

The effects of organization and instructional set on story memory∗

1978 • 196 citations

Improving memory for prose: The relationship between depth of processing and context

1976 • 190 citations

What is recalled after hearing a passage?

1973 • 188 citations

Comprehension and memory for pictures

1975 • 183 citations

Organizer, general background, and antecedent learning variables in sequential verbal learning.

1962 • 182 citations

Do Advance Organizers Facilitate Learning? Recommendations for Further Research Based on an Analysis of 32 Studies

1975 • 181 citations

Stimulus Selection in Verbal Learning.

2006 • 180 citations

Altering comprehension: The effect of biasing titles on text comprehension

1977 • 174 citations

Memory for actions in scripted activities as a function of typicality, retention interval, and retrieval task

1981 • 173 citations

Episodes as chunks in narrative memory

1979 • 165 citations

Episodic and semantic aspects of memory for prose.

1977 • 161 citations

Recognition memory for statements from a classroom lecture.

1977 • 159 citations

Summarizing scrambled stories

1977 • 158 citations

Reactions to blatantly contradictory information

1979 • 157 citations

Locus of thematic effects in retention of prose.

1973 • 157 citations

Verbatim and propositional representation of sentences in immediate and long-term memory

1974 • 154 citations

Experiments on Story Understanding and Recall

1976 • 152 citations

Foregrounding effects in discourse comprehension

1979 • 152 citations

Semantic Distinctions and Memory for Complex Sentences

1968 • 150 citations

The role of discriminability in meaningful learning and retention.

1961 • 148 citations

The “soap opera” effect in story recall

1979 • 148 citations

Psychology of Pragmatic Implication: Information Processing Between the Lines.

1978 • 140 citations

Semantic and constructive aspects of sentence memory in children.

1973 • 139 citations

Accommodative reconstruction in prose recall

1980 • 139 citations

Intrusion of a Thematic Idea in Children's Comprehension and Retention of Stories

1977 • 137 citations

Good and bad structure in simple paragraphs: Effects on apparent theme, reading time, and recal

1978 • 136 citations

Event schemas, story schemas, and story grammars

1980 • 134 citations

Storage and later recognition of exemplars of concepts

1973 • 134 citations

The role of episodic structure and of story length in children's recall of simple stories

1978 • 134 citations

On the comprehension of active and passive sentences

1972 • 133 citations

Reconstructive and reproductive processes in memory.

1978 • 131 citations

Recall as an abstractive process

1956 • 130 citations

The role of comprehension in remembering sentences

1973 • 130 citations

SOME EXPERIMENTS RELATING TO BARTLETT'S THEORY OF REMEMBERING

1967 • 123 citations

Children's Memory for Inferential Relationships in Prose

1976 • 122 citations

Speech and language in the laboratory, school, and clinic

1978 • 118 citations

Errors in recognition learning and retention.

1968 • 115 citations

Illustrations, analogies, and facilitative transfer in prose learning.

1976 • 113 citations

Initial mention as a signal to thematic content in technical passages

1980 • 112 citations

I knew it all along: or, did I?

1981 • 111 citations

Instrument inferences in sentence encoding

1978 • 111 citations

Very long-term memory for prose and verse

1977 • 105 citations

Effects of analogy to prior knowledge on memory for new information

1979 • 105 citations

The role of inferences in discourse comprehension

1976 • 103 citations

Component processes in the comprehension of simple prose

1981 • 103 citations

Memory and thought.

1919 • 96 citations

Memory and comprehension of implications and inferences of complex sentences

1974 • 93 citations

Effects of context-induced processing operations on semantic information acquired from discourse

1975 • 93 citations

An evaluation of alternative functional models of narrative schemata

1981 • 91 citations

Memory for Syntax

1970 • 90 citations

Organization of information in text memory

1977 • 86 citations

Integration of knowledge from text

1979 • 86 citations

Micro- and macroprocesses in text comprehension

1980 • 86 citations

Constructive Processes in Memory

1973 • 80 citations

How to catch a fish: The memory and representation of common procedures∗

1978 • 78 citations

Processing temporal relationships in simple stories: Effects of input sequence

1978 • 77 citations

Recognition memory for aspects of dialogue.

1978 • 76 citations

Memory for ideas: Synonym substitution

1975 • 74 citations

The effect of a pragmatic presupposition on syntactic structure in question answering

1977 • 74 citations

Effects of the organization of text on memory: Texts of two implications of a selective attention hypothesis.

1979 • 73 citations

Reconstructive recall in sentences with alternative surface structures.

1974 • 73 citations

On remembering, forgetting, and understanding sentences

1974 • 72 citations

The role of presupposed and focal information in integrating sentences

1979 • 70 citations

Recognition memory for sentence meaning and wording

1971 • 69 citations

Acquisition of semantic information from discourse: Effects of repeated exposures

1975 • 69 citations

Images as mediators in one-trial paired-associate learning: II. Self-timing in successive lists.

1968 • 67 citations

Memory for words in sentences

1970 • 67 citations

Processes of inference during sentence encoding

1979 • 67 citations

Prior knowledge and story processing: Integration, selection, and variation

1980 • 64 citations

Inferential reasoning in episodic memory

1976 • 64 citations

Facilitated Learning in Connected Discourse.

1975 • 63 citations

The prominence of lexical information in memory representations of meaning

1977 • 62 citations

Integrating different types of information in text

1980 • 61 citations

The Development of Inferential Comprehension

1977 • 59 citations

Representation and retention of verbatim information

1977 • 58 citations

Children's memory

1980 • 58 citations

Answers to why-questions expose the organization of story plot and predict recall of actions

1980 • 56 citations

Imagery and theme in recall of connected discourse.

1974 • 56 citations

Effects of the organization of text on memory: Tests of retrieval and response criterion hypotheses.

1980 • 56 citations

Thematization and sentence retrieval

1974 • 56 citations

Memory for illocutionary forces and perlocutionary effects of utterances

1976 • 53 citations

Alcohol and elaborative schemas for sentences.

1980 • 53 citations

The reconstructive process in sentence memory

1973 • 52 citations

The role of context in the encoding of information.

1981 • 52 citations

Integration of Verbal and Visual Information as Evidenced by Distortions in Picture Memory

1979 • 49 citations

Recognition memory for the meaning and surface structure of sentences.

1975 • 49 citations

Recognition processes in episodic memory.

1977 • 49 citations

Context effects in sentence memory.

1974 • 48 citations

Prerequisites for the utilization of knowledge in the recall of prose passages.

1979 • 48 citations

The role of pronominalization and ellipsis in texts: Some memory experiments.

1980 • 46 citations

Pronominalization: A device for unifying sentences in memory

1972 • 45 citations

Developmental Trends in the Abstraction and Recall of Relevant versus Irrelevant Thematic Information from Connected Verbal Materials

1975 • 43 citations

Levels of Encoding and Retention of Prose

1977 • 41 citations

Retention functions for syntactic and lexical vs semantic information in sentence recognition memory

1974 • 41 citations

Prose memory: Forgetting rates for memory codes.

1980 • 38 citations

Encoding processes in the storage and retrieval of sentences.

1971 • 38 citations

Semantic integration in sentence memory?

1976 • 38 citations

Constructive memory in conserving and nonconserving first graders.

1976 • 35 citations

Emotional images as mediators in one-trial paired-associate learning.

1972 • 34 citations

"Storage of complex information in memory: Some implications of the speed with which inferences can be made": Erratum.

1972 • 34 citations

Age differences in integrated semantic memory.

1977 • 33 citations

The abstraction of linguistic ideas in “meaningless” sentences

1974 • 31 citations

Infering from text: Some factors influencing which inferences will be made∗

1979 • 30 citations

Substance Recall of Sentences

1974 • 28 citations

Invariance of inference time when information was presented in different linguistic formats

1974 • 28 citations

Superordinate—subordinate structure in semantic memory: The roles of comprehension and retrieval processes

1978 • 27 citations

Memory for scripts with organized vs. randomized presentations

1980 • 27 citations

The given-new contract and the constructive aspect of memory for ideas

1977 • 26 citations

Directionality and organizational processes in paired-associate learning.

1967 • 26 citations

Remembering prose: Productivity and accuracy constraints in recognition memory

1974 • 25 citations

Learning a network of comparisons.

1977 • 24 citations

Schema theory and prose retention: Boundary conditions for encoding and retrieval effects

1981 • 22 citations

Frequency Judgments for the 'Gist' of Sentences

1975 • 20 citations

The recall of linguistic ideas.

1974 • 20 citations

Representation of individual sentences and holistic ideas.

1977 • 19 citations

Integrating new and old information

1977 • 19 citations

The Bransford-Franks linear effect: Integration or artifact?

1974 • 18 citations

Verifying the assertions and implications of language

1981 • 17 citations

A replication of Bransford and Franks’ (1971) “The abstraction of linguistic ideas”

1973 • 16 citations

Modality of presentation and blocking in sentence recognition memory

1977 • 15 citations

Memory for redundant information

1973 • 15 citations

Artificial logical relations and their relevance to semantic memory.

1976 • 15 citations

The abstraction of arbitrary categories

1975 • 14 citations

The effects of complexity on confidence ratings in linguistic integration

1977 • 14 citations

The role of confusion in the semantic integration paradigm

1977 • 14 citations

Memory for meaningful connected discourse.

1975 • 13 citations

Obituary notice. Richard Charles Oldfield (1909-1972).

1972 • 13 citations

Accessing integrated and nonintegrated propositional structures in memory

1980 • 12 citations

Memory for the form and force of declaratives and interrogatives

1980 • 12 citations

Delayed Recall of Previously Memorized Material after Fifty Years

1963 • 12 citations

Sentence memory: Recognition and inferences.

1975 • 12 citations

Tests of a holistic chunking model of sentence memory through analyses of noun intrusions

1978 • 11 citations

Memory for marked semantic features versus memory for meaning

1974 • 11 citations

The role of test procedure in linguistic integration studies

1977 • 11 citations

How Permanent Are Memories for Real Life Events?

1982 • 10 citations

Facilitative Transfer in Prose Learning over an Extended Time Period

1977 • 10 citations

Factors affecting the use of world knowledge to complete a linear ordering.

1981 • 9 citations

Evidence for a selective storage mechanism in prose learning.

1978 • 9 citations

Performance biases and recognition memory for semantic and formal changes in connected discourse

1976 • 7 citations

Organizational encodings in the serial learning of prose

1977 • 6 citations

Prose and prejudice: Some effects of priming context on the immediate recall of information

1978 • 5 citations

Instructional Effects on Frequency Judgments for Sentence Meanings

1979 • 1 citations