Electrodermal responses to words in an irrelevant message: A partial reappraisal

Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions.

1935 • 17,279 citations

Signal detection theory and psychophysics

1966 • 10,366 citations

A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.

1975 • 7,571 citations

Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.

1980 • 7,533 citations

Attention and Effort

1975 • 7,136 citations

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1977 • 7,025 citations

The Architecture of Cognition

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The Modularity of Mind

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1977 • 5,510 citations

Architecture of Cognition

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The Modularity of Mind.

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Perception and Communication

2016 • 4,827 citations

Reading Senseless Sentences: Brain Potentials Reflect Semantic Incongruity

1980 • 4,707 citations

An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: I. An account of basic findings.

1981 • 4,633 citations

Some Experiments on the Recognition of Speech, with One and with Two Ears

1953 • 4,254 citations

Cognitive representations of semantic categories.

1975 • 4,122 citations

Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1955

1957 • 4,104 citations

Perception and communication.

1958 • 4,039 citations

The information available in brief visual presentations.

1960 • 3,875 citations

Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading

1974 • 3,715 citations

Review of personality and social psychology

1980 • 3,589 citations

High-Speed Scanning in Human Memory

1966 • 3,576 citations

Attention and the detection of signals.

1980 • 3,539 citations

Facilitation in recognizing pairs of words: Evidence of a dependence between retrieval operations.

1971 • 2,868 citations

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1977 • 2,652 citations

Early selective-attention effect on evoked potential reinterpreted

1978 • 2,647 citations

Toward a theory of schizophrenia

2007 • 2,645 citations

Cognition and reality

1976 • 2,562 citations

Chronometric explorations of mind

1978 • 2,422 citations

Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium

1976 • 2,356 citations

On data-limited and resource-limited processes

1975 • 2,356 citations

Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention

1984 • 2,173 citations

Interaction of information in word recognition.

1969 • 2,125 citations

Visual Information Processing

1974 • 2,079 citations

Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man

1975 • 2,044 citations

Attention: Some theoretical considerations.

1963 • 1,807 citations

Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects

1979 • 1,736 citations

Decision and stress

1971 • 1,686 citations

Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.

1982 • 1,676 citations

Selective attention and the organization of visual information.

1984 • 1,657 citations

The discrimination of speech sounds within and across phoneme boundaries.

1957 • 1,644 citations

Categorization of action slips.

1981 • 1,639 citations

Reading Research Advances in Theory and Practice

1985 • 1,615 citations

On the economy of the human-processing system.

1979 • 1,599 citations

Varieties of attention

1984 • 1,569 citations

Selective attention and the organization of visual information.

1984 • 1,526 citations

An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: II. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model.

1982 • 1,482 citations

Perceptual Organization

1982 • 1,417 citations

VISUAL CAPACITY IN THE HEMIANOPIC FIELD FOLLOWING A RESTRICTED OCCIPITAL ABLATION

1974 • 1,399 citations

Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition

1983 • 1,395 citations

Illusory conjunctions in the perception of objects

1982 • 1,366 citations

Attention in Dichotic Listening: Affective Cues and the Influence of Instructions

1959 • 1,352 citations

Visual Information Processing

1973 • 1,316 citations

Decision processes in perception.

1961 • 1,283 citations

Attention and Performance

2001 • 1,281 citations

Repetition priming and frequency attenuation in lexical access.

1984 • 1,278 citations

Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material.

1969 • 1,237 citations

Implications of sustained and transient channels for theories of visual pattern masking, saccadic suppression, and information processing.

1976 • 1,234 citations

Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes

1982 • 1,096 citations

Primary memory.

1965 • 1,082 citations

Patterns of paralexia: A psycholinguistic approach

1973 • 1,021 citations

Contextual Cues in Selective Listening

1960 • 996 citations

Iconic memory and visible persistence

1980 • 984 citations

Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes

1983 • 921 citations

The locus of interference in the perception of simultaneous stimuli.

1980 • 896 citations

The information that amnesic patients do not forget.

1984 • 893 citations

The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud.

1979 • 885 citations

Visual Masking: An Integrative Approach

1984 • 873 citations

On peripheral and central processes in vision: Inferences from an information-processing analysis of masking with patterned stimuli.

1973 • 853 citations

A Model for Visual Memory Tasks

1963 • 831 citations

Sentence Processing: Psycholinguistic Studies Presented to Merrill Garrett

1980 • 783 citations

Auditory frequency discrimination and event-related potentials

1985 • 781 citations

Précis of Elements of episodic memory

1984 • 781 citations

Remembering the data: analyzing interactive processes in reading

1983 • 755 citations

Progress in physiological psychology

1966 • 747 citations

Processes in word recognition

1970 • 739 citations

Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory

1970 • 731 citations

Progress in Physiological Psychology.

1967 • 697 citations

Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies

1980 • 656 citations

Discrimination and learning without awareness: A methodological survey and evaluation.

1960 • 640 citations

A new look at the new look: Perceptual defense and vigilance.

1974 • 634 citations

Method, findings, and theory in studies of visual masking.

1968 • 629 citations

The interaction of contextual constraints and parafoveal visual information in reading

1985 • 612 citations

Stimulus deviance and evoked potentials

1982 • 598 citations

Successive approximations to a model for short term memory

1967 • 590 citations

Cognition and the Symbolic Processes

2024 • 585 citations

Attention and human performance

1973 • 579 citations

Priming with and without awareness

1984 • 573 citations

Resources—a theoretical soup stone?

1984 • 565 citations

Cognitive Psychology: New Directions

1981 • 555 citations

The Psychology of Visual Perception

1976 • 553 citations

Spatial extent of attention to letters and words.

1983 • 532 citations

Psychoanalysis: Freud's Cognitive Psychology

1985 • 527 citations

A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position

1974 • 513 citations

Accessing lexical ambiguities during sentence comprehension: Effects of frequency of meaning and contextual bias

1981 • 511 citations

Controlled and Automatic Human Information Processing: 1. Detection, Search, and Attention.

1977 • 511 citations

The information that amnesic patients do not forget.

1984 • 509 citations

Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Evidence for facilitatory and inhibitory processes

1976 • 508 citations

Against direct perception

1980 • 502 citations

Visual interference in the parafoveal recognition of initial and final letters of words

1973 • 479 citations

Orthography and Word Recognition in Reading

1983 • 478 citations

Integrating information across eye movements

1980 • 471 citations

Preparatory states and processes

1986 • 462 citations

The semantic nature of response competition in the picture-word interference task

1979 • 461 citations

Reading Without a Fovea

1979 • 449 citations

Responses of the primary auditory cortex to pitch changes in a sequence of tone pips: Neuromagnetic recordings in man

1984 • 444 citations

Eye Movements in Reading: Perceptual and Language Processes

1983 • 431 citations

Is blindsight an effect of scattered light, spared cortex, and near-threshold vision?

1983 • 421 citations

Tests of the automaticity of reading: Dilution of Stroop effects by color-irrelevant stimuli.

1983 • 409 citations

Attention and performance

1983 • 388 citations

Cognition and the Symbolic Processes

2014 • 382 citations

Contrasting orientations to the theory of visual information processing.

1977 • 362 citations

Attention: selective processes in vision and hearing

1969 • 360 citations

Syntactic and semantic errors in paralexia

1966 • 354 citations

Lexical access with and without awareness.

1981 • 343 citations

Monitoring and storage of irrelevant messages in selective attention

1964 • 340 citations

Perspectives on Mental Representation

2017 • 340 citations

Autonomic responses to shock-associated words in an unattended channel.

1972 • 336 citations

Motivation, motor and sensory processes of the brain: Electrical potentials, behaviour and clinical use

1982 • 332 citations

Preconscious Processing

2007 • 332 citations

The impending demise of the icon: A critique of the concept of iconic storage in visual information processing

1983 • 331 citations

The effect of inattention on form perception.

1981 • 329 citations

Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual-route theory of reading

1985 • 327 citations

Automatic semantic activation and episodic memory encoding

1983 • 325 citations

Cumulative development of attentional theory.

1982 • 320 citations

Perceptual objects and the cost of filtering

1983 • 319 citations

Selective Attention: Perception or Response?

1967 • 306 citations

Words, pictures, and priming: On semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing.

1982 • 305 citations

Tracing the time course of picture-word processing.

1980 • 304 citations

Unmasking visual masking: A look at the "why" behind the veil of the "how."

1980 • 303 citations

The Use of Abstract Graphemic Information in Lexical Access

1981 • 300 citations

Semantic processing of unattended messages using dichotic listening.

1970 • 299 citations

The cost of visual filtering.

1983 • 296 citations

A Threshold Theory for Simple Detection Experiments.

1963 • 291 citations

The Attention Operating Characteristic: Examples from Visual Search

1978 • 287 citations

Laboratory studies of behavior without awareness.

1957 • 282 citations

Convenient fixation location within isolated words of different length and structure.

1984 • 281 citations

Metacontrast and lateral inhibition.

1971 • 280 citations

Preliminary letter identification in the perception of words and nonwords.

1976 • 270 citations

A review of right hemisphere linguistic capabilities.

1977 • 260 citations

Semantic-context effects on word recognition: Influence of varying the proportion of items presented in an appropriate context

1977 • 259 citations

Hypnosis, compliance, and belief

1981 • 259 citations

Preparatory States & Processes

2019 • 256 citations

Visual masking: Mechanisms and theories.

1980 • 256 citations

Lexical ambiguity, semantic context, and visual word recognition.

1976 • 254 citations

Aspects of the Theory of Comprehension, Memory and Attention

1973 • 252 citations

The psychological unconscious: A necessary assumption for all psychological theory?

1980 • 251 citations

Flexibility and capacity demands of attention.

1978 • 250 citations

Tracing the time course of picture–word processing.

1980 • 249 citations

Eye movements and integrating information across fixations.

1978 • 247 citations

A significance test for one parameter isosensitivity functions

1967 • 241 citations

Context effects in sentence comprehension: A study of the subjective lexicon

1974 • 241 citations

Semantic priming effects on picture and word processing

1979 • 240 citations

Automatic phonological priming in visual word recognition

1982 • 229 citations

Picture-Word Interference Is Semantically Based

1977 • 227 citations

Multiple perspectives on modularity

1984 • 227 citations

Central sources of visual masking: Indexing structures supporting seeing at a single, brief glance

1979 • 224 citations

Latency of associative activation in memory.

1978 • 219 citations

Resolving ambiguity: Effects of biasing context in the unattended ear

1972 • 219 citations

Perception of print: Reading research in experimental psychology

1984 • 215 citations

Temporal luminance summation effects in backward and forward masking

1966 • 210 citations

Sources of intratrial interference in immediate recall of paired associates

1963 • 210 citations

The range of automatic spreading activation in word priming

1983 • 208 citations

Failure of spatial selectivity in vision

1978 • 205 citations

The Neurophysiology of Remembering

1969 • 204 citations

Temporal response characteristics of cells in monkey striate cortex measured with metacontrast masking and brightness discrimination

1980 • 199 citations

Semantic processing in dichotic listening? A replication

1974 • 195 citations

Unconscious perception revisited

1982 • 190 citations

Indicators of perception: I. Subliminal perception, subception, unconscious perception: An analysis in terms of psychophysical indicator methodology.

1958 • 187 citations

Distributed sensory coding applied to simulations of iconic storage and metacontrast

1978 • 187 citations

Integrating pictorial information across eye movements.

1984 • 186 citations

Integrating pictorial information across eye movements.

1984 • 182 citations

Early extraction of meaning from pictures and its relation to conscious identification.

1980 • 182 citations

The case for mental duality: Evidence from split-brain data and other considerations

1981 • 178 citations

Memory While Shadowing

1969 • 176 citations

SEMANTIC INTERFERENCE FROM UNATTENDED PRINTED WORDS

1976 • 175 citations

The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing.

1983 • 170 citations

Time course of context effects.

1977 • 170 citations

Shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A test for momentary awareness.

1974 • 163 citations

Is selective attention selective perception or selective response? A further test.

1969 • 162 citations

Electrodermal responses to attended and nonattended significant stimuli during dichotic listening.

1982 • 161 citations

Event-related brain potentials and selective attention to acoustic and phonetic cues

1978 • 156 citations

Understanding Language: An Information-Processing Analysis of Speech Perception, Reading, and Psycholinguistics

1975 • 153 citations

Perception of Print

2017 • 151 citations

Automatic semantic processing of unattended words

1979 • 146 citations

Binocular rivalry: Central or peripheral selective processes?

1978 • 145 citations

In defense of intraperceptual theories of attention.

1982 • 138 citations

Processing of unattended visual information

1980 • 136 citations

Lexical recognition of embedded unattended words: Some implications for reading processes

1981 • 134 citations

Evidence of unconscious semantic processing from a forced error situation

1984 • 134 citations

Input, decision, and response factors in picture–word interference.

1981 • 134 citations

On the analysis of performance operating characteristics.

1976 • 134 citations

Expectations increase the benefit derived from parafoveal visual information in reading words aloud.

1981 • 132 citations

Recovery of Masked Visual Targets by Inhibition of the Masking Stimulus

1967 • 130 citations

Discrimination without Awareness?

1978 • 129 citations

Lexical and Grammatical Processing of Unshadowed Messages: A Re-Examination of the Mackay Effect

1979 • 129 citations

Perceptual tuning and conscious attention: Systems of input regulation in visual information processing

1976 • 122 citations

Information extraction from different retinal locations.

1974 • 122 citations

Selective Attention and Cerebral Dominance in Perceiving and Responding to Speech Messages

1968 • 120 citations

Stages of processing in word identification.

1978 • 118 citations

The facilitation of lexical decisions by a prime occurring after the target

1983 • 116 citations

Automatic phonological coding of unattended printed words

1982 • 114 citations

The use of a visual mask may seriously confound your experiment

1980 • 113 citations

Evoked Potential Correlates of Signal Recognition between and within Modalities

1973 • 113 citations

Memory for nonattended auditory material*1

1970 • 113 citations

Hemispheric Asymmetry and Bilateral Electrodermal Recordings: A Review of the Evidence

1984 • 111 citations

Brain potentials during sentence verification: Automatic aspects of comprehension

1985 • 110 citations

Selective reading: Attention to the "unattended" lines.

1973 • 106 citations

Autonomic responses to shock-associated words in a nonattended message: A failure to replicate.

1976 • 105 citations

Another look at semantic priming without awareness

1983 • 100 citations

Disinhibition of Visually Masked Stimuli

1966 • 98 citations

Eye movements and identifying words in parafoveal vision

1981 • 98 citations

Parafoveal word perception: A case against semantic preprocessing

1980 • 98 citations

Simultaneous detection and recognition of chromatic flashes

1972 • 97 citations

Toward a definition of awareness

1984 • 96 citations

Binocular rivalry and semantic processing: Out of sight, out of mind.

1983 • 96 citations

Remarks on attention control

1970 • 94 citations

Stages of processing in word identification.

1978 • 94 citations

Contextual facilitation from attended and unattended messages

1977 • 92 citations

Signal-Detection Theory Applied to Selective Listening

1967 • 91 citations

Time course of visual information utilization during fixations in reading.

1984 • 90 citations

Peripherally presented and unreported words may bias the perceived meaning of a centrally fixated homograph.

1974 • 87 citations

Parafoveal visual information and semantic contextual constraints.

1983 • 85 citations

Semantic Errors or Statistical Flukes? a Note on Allport's “On Knowing the Meaning of Words We are Unable to Report”

1978 • 85 citations

Semantic processing of non-attended visual information.

1976 • 83 citations

Reading between the Lines: Selective Attention in Good and Poor Readers

1974 • 81 citations

Attention, awareness, and hemispheric differences in word recognition

1977 • 79 citations

Identity without form: Abstract representations of letters

1980 • 78 citations

Semantic generalization of classically conditioned responses: A review.

1965 • 78 citations

Reading between the Lines: Selective Attention in Good and Poor Readers

1974 • 77 citations

Response latency and accuracy in visual word recogniton

1980 • 76 citations

Emergence and recovery of initially unavailable perceptual material

1967 • 75 citations

Parafoveal word perception: A further case against semantic preprocessing.

1982 • 74 citations

The two visual system hypothesis loses a supporter

1983 • 73 citations

Spreading activation within semantic categories: Comments on Rosch's "Cognitive representation of semantic categories."

1975 • 73 citations

Perceptual processing of nontargets in an attention task

1980 • 70 citations

Response suppression in perceptual defense.

1962 • 69 citations

Reaction time in focused and in divided attention.

1974 • 69 citations

The Effects of Graphemic and Phonemic Similarity between Targets and Masks in a Backward Visual Masking Paradigm

1980 • 68 citations

Perception and Retention of Verbal Information Presented during Auditory Shadowing

1964 • 68 citations

Parafoveal information is not sufficient to produce semantic or visual priming

1981 • 65 citations

Levels of noise processing and attentional control.

1977 • 65 citations

Unconscious perception of meaning: A failure to replicate

1982 • 65 citations

Perceiving words during reading: Lack of facilitation from prior peripheral exposure

1982 • 64 citations

What is blindsight?

1985 • 63 citations

Recovery of unavailable perceptual input*1

1970 • 63 citations

Spatial selectivity in vision: Field size depends upon noise size

1979 • 63 citations

Component Problems in Dichotic Listening

1977 • 61 citations

Depth of nontarget processing in an attention task.

1979 • 60 citations

The generalizability of context effects on word recognition: A reconsideration of the roles of parafoveal priming and sentence context

1983 • 60 citations

Conceptions of perceptual defence

1961 • 58 citations

Shadowing and Monitoring for Selective Attention

1971 • 57 citations

PERCEPTION WITHOUT AWARENESS IN A DICHOPTIC VIEWING SITUATION

1973 • 55 citations

Unconscious perception re-revisited: A comment on Merikle’s (1982) paper

1984 • 55 citations

Visual.vs. phonemic contributions to the importance of the initial letter in word identification

1978 • 54 citations

Unconscious Reading: Experiments on People Who Do Not Know That They Are Reading.

1978 • 53 citations

Transfer characteristics of excitation and inhibition in the human visual system.

1970 • 52 citations

Dichotic stimulation and retention.

1964 • 51 citations

Interaction of similarity to words of visual masks and targets.

1974 • 51 citations

LATERALITY DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF INCIDENTAL STIMULI UPON EVOKED IMAGERY

1974 • 50 citations

Evidence for semantic analysis of unattended verbal items.

1974 • 50 citations

Failure of subliminal word presentations to generate interference to color naming.

1973 • 50 citations

Recognition Performance as a Function of Detection Criterion in a Simultaneous Detection-Recognition Task

1968 • 49 citations

Semantic interference from subliminal stimuli in a dichoptic viewing situation

1979 • 48 citations

Parafoveal Words are Effective in Both Hemifields: Preattentive Processing of Semantic and Phonological Codes

1983 • 48 citations

Perceiving Surprising Words in an Unattended Auditory Channel

1979 • 47 citations

On Knowing the Meaning of Words We are Unable to Report Confirmation of a Guessing Explanation

1980 • 45 citations

Emergence of unreported stimuli into imagery as a function of laterality of presentation: A replication and extension of research by Henley & Dixon (1974)

1979 • 45 citations

Attentional strategies in dichotic listening

1979 • 45 citations

Parafoveal visual information and semantic contextual constraints.

1983 • 44 citations

Direct vs. indirect tests of the information available from masked displays: What visual masking does and does not prevent

1981 • 44 citations

Understanding Reading

1998 • 44 citations

Substantial recovery of a masked visual target and its theoretical interpretation

1978 • 43 citations

The intrusiveness of familiar nontarget information

1978 • 43 citations

Role of fantasy in the Poetzl (emergence) phenomenon.

1972 • 42 citations

Rôle du contexte dans la décision lexicale : rapidité d'établissement d'une facilitation sémantique

1983 • 42 citations

Subliminal perception reaffirmed.

1983 • 42 citations

Attention and the non-selective lexical access of ambiguous words.

1980 • 42 citations

Phonemic and category encoding of unattended words in dichotic listening

1979 • 39 citations

Target recovery in visual background masking: No clear explanation in sight.

1983 • 39 citations

Complete recovery of a masked visual target

1979 • 37 citations

Hypnotic Suggestions for Learning during Stage I REM Sleep

1972 • 37 citations

Memory for unattended input.

1972 • 36 citations

Alternative spatial reference systems: Intentional vs. incidental learning

1981 • 36 citations

Memory scanning: Effect of unattended input.

1974 • 36 citations

Detection and identification of words and letters in simulated visual search of word lists

1975 • 36 citations

The Use of Category Information in Perception

1978 • 36 citations

Lateral asymmetries in electrodermal responses to nonattended stimuli: A response to Dawson and Schell.

1983 • 35 citations

Time-of-occurrence cues for "unattended" auditory material.

1974 • 34 citations

Reduction of visual masking by a priming flash.

1972 • 33 citations

Input, decision, and response factors in picture-word interference.

1981 • 33 citations

The Perception of Familiar Stimuli

1976 • 32 citations

Lateral asymmetries in electrodermal responses to nonattended stimuli: A reply to Walker and Ceci.

1983 • 31 citations

Effects of Contextual Constraints and Non‐fixated Words in a Simple Reading Task

1982 • 30 citations

Direct awareness and inference

1983 • 29 citations

Effect of pitch distinctions and lateral asymmetry in autonomic responding to shock-associated words in the non-attended channel of a dichotic listening task

1973 • 29 citations

Review of Psychology Survey No. 3.

1982 • 27 citations

Subliminal Perception

2012 • 23 citations

Deleted Work

1955 • 0 citations