Estimating Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitution Rates Under Realistic Evolutionary Models

A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences

1980 • 28,067 citations

Evolution of Protein Molecules

1969 • 11,042 citations

Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA

1985 • 8,642 citations

The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution

1979 • 7,965 citations

Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions.

1986 • 4,940 citations

Mammalian Protein Metabolism

1964 • 3,199 citations

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic estimation from DNA sequences with variable rates over sites: Approximate methods

1994 • 2,921 citations

Probability and Random Processes

2004 • 2,788 citations

Kendall's Advanced Theory of Statistics.

1995 • 2,709 citations

A codon-based model of nucleotide substitution for protein-coding DNA sequences.

1994 • 2,001 citations

Likelihood Models for Detecting Positively Selected Amino Acid Sites and Applications to the HIV-1 Envelope Gene

1998 • 1,615 citations

Likelihood ratio tests for detecting positive selection and application to primate lysozyme evolution

1998 • 1,440 citations

The causes of molecular evolution

1992 • 1,307 citations

Estimating the pattern of nucleotide substitution

1994 • 1,083 citations

A new method for estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous rates of nucleotide substitution considering the relative likelihood of nucleotide and codon changes.

1985 • 1,064 citations

A likelihood approach for comparing synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitution rates, with application to the chloroplast genome.

1994 • 942 citations

Statistical tests of models of DNA substitution

1993 • 785 citations

The evolution of genes: the chicken preproinsulin gene

1980 • 725 citations

Synonymous and nonsynonymous rate variation in nuclear genes of mammals

1998 • 656 citations

Inferring weak selection from patterns of polymorphism and divergence at "silent" sites in Drosophila DNA.

1995 • 554 citations

Evolution of the Zfx and Zfy genes: rates and interdependence between the genes.

1993 • 503 citations

Episodic adaptive evolution of primate lysozymes

1997 • 476 citations

Models of amino acid substitution and applications to mitochondrial protein evolution

1998 • 427 citations

High genomic deleterious mutation rates in hominids

1999 • 405 citations

Molecular evolution of mRNA: A method for estimating evolutionary rates of synonymous and amino acid substitutions from homologous nucleotide sequences and its application

1980 • 404 citations

Synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions in mammalian genes and the nearly neutral theory

1995 • 303 citations

Relative efficiencies of the maximum-likelihood, neighbor-joining, and maximum-parsimony methods when substitution rate varies with site.

1994 • 256 citations

Positive selection is a general phenomenon in the evolution of abalone sperm lysin.

1995 • 236 citations

New methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions

1995 • 220 citations

A method for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions per site

1995 • 218 citations

Synonymous substitution rates in Drosophila: Mitochondrial versus nuclear genes

1997 • 184 citations

Estimating synonymous and nonsynonymous substitution rates

1996 • 140 citations

Variance and covariances of the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions per site.

1994 • 114 citations

Inferring the number of evolutionary events from DNA coding sequence differences.

1989 • 87 citations

CODON SUBSTITUTION IN EVOLUTION AND THE "SATURATION" OF SYNONYMOUS CHANGES

1983 • 78 citations

A codon-based model designed to describe lentiviral evolution

1998 • 44 citations

Pattern of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions: An indicator of mechanisms of molecular evolution

1996 • 28 citations