The Cholinergic Hypothesis: A Historical Overview, Current Perspective, and Future Directions

The Cholinergic Hypothesis of Geriatric Memory Dysfunction

1982 • 5,422 citations

The Association Between Quantitative Measures of Dementia and of Senile Change in the Cerebral Grey Matter of Elderly Subjects

1968 • 4,041 citations

Alzheimer's Disease and Senile Dementia: Loss of Neurons in the Basal Forebrain

1982 • 3,563 citations

Alzheimer's Disease: A Disorder of Cortical Cholinergic Innervation

1983 • 3,028 citations

Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia.

1978 • 2,036 citations

Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: Cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (Substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey

1983 • 1,898 citations

Alzheimer disease: Evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis

1981 • 1,701 citations

Aromatic Amino Acids and Modification of Parkinsonism

1967 • 1,464 citations

Human Memory and the Cholinergic System

1974 • 1,378 citations

Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde

1907 • 1,332 citations

NEUROTRANSMITTER-RELATED ENZYMES AND INDICES OF HYPOXIA IN SENILE DEMENTIA AND OTHER ABIOTROPHIES

1976 • 1,272 citations

The hippocampus and behavior.

1967 • 1,118 citations

THE ASCENDING CHOLINERGIC RETICULAR SYSTEM: NEOCORTICAL, OLFACTORY AND SUBCORTICAL PROJECTIONS

1967 • 1,116 citations

Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress

1979 • 1,101 citations

THE CHOLINERGIC LIMBIC SYSTEM: PROJECTIONS TO HIPPOCAMPAL FORMATION, MEDIAL CORTEX, NUCLEI OF THE ASCENDING CHOLINERGIC RETICULAR SYSTEM, AND THE SUBFORNICAL ORGAN AND SUPRA-OPTIC CREST

1967 • 966 citations

Reduced somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cerebral cortex from cases of Alzheimer disease and Alzheimer senile dementa

1980 • 866 citations

The organization and some projections of cholinergic neurons of the mammalian forebrain

1982 • 821 citations

Alzheimer's Disease: Senile Dementia and Related Disorders

1979 • 801 citations

The Cholinergic Synapse and the Site of Memory

1972 • 741 citations

Brain mechanisms and intelligence: A quantitative study of injuries to the brain.

1929 • 728 citations

Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus ceruleus) in senile dementia

1982 • 677 citations

Memory and cognitive function in man

1977 • 624 citations

EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF NEUROFIBRILLARY DEGENERATION

1965 • 615 citations

The Frontal Granular Cortex and Behavior.

1964 • 492 citations

Assessment in Geriatric Psychopharmacology

1986 • 490 citations

Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain project to neocortex, brain stem, and olfactory bulb. Review of some functional correlates

1975 • 482 citations

Evidence for a cholinergic projection to neocortex from neurons in basal forebrain.

1979 • 459 citations

Aging, Alzheimer's disease, and the cholinergic system of the basal forebrain

1984 • 454 citations

Pathological changes in the nucleus of meynert in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases

1983 • 447 citations

Cell loss in the locus coeruleus in senile dementia of Alzheimer type

1981 • 443 citations

Physostigmine: Improvement of Long-Term Memory Processes in Normal Humans

1978 • 442 citations

Biochemical Assessment of Serotonergic and Cholinergic Dysfunction and Cerebral Atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease

1983 • 440 citations

Reduced amounts of immunoreactive somatostatin in the temporal cortex in senile dementia of Alzheimer type

1980 • 434 citations

Presynaptic Cholinergic Dysfunction in Patients with Dementia

1983 • 422 citations

Acetylcholinesterase-rich projections from the basal forebrain of the rhesus monkey to neocortex

1976 • 417 citations

Behavioral and neurochemical effects following neurotoxic lesions of a major cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex in the rat1

1983 • 371 citations

Advances in Behavioral Pharmacology

2014 • 364 citations

Physostigmine and Arecoline: Effects of Intravenous Infusions in Alzheimer Presenile Dementia

1981 • 362 citations

Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of atropine and related compounds.

1966 • 355 citations

Brain acetylcholine: Increase after systematic choline administration

1975 • 338 citations

Short-term memory in the rhesus monkey: Disruption from the anti-cholinergic scopolamine

1976 • 333 citations

Persistence of cholinergic neurons in the basal nucleus in a brain with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining for choline acetyltransferase

1983 • 332 citations

Changes of Biogenic Amines and Their Metabolites in Postmortem Brains from Patients with Alzheimer‐Type Dementia

1984 • 302 citations

Aging in the Rhesus Monkey: Debilitating Effects on Short-term Memory

1978 • 284 citations

Cortical somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in cases of Alzheimer's disease and senile Dementia of the Alzheimer type

1981 • 274 citations

Control of brain neurotransmitter synthesis by precursor availability and nutritional state

1976 • 271 citations

Age-Related Changes in Passive Avoidance Retention: Modulation with Dietary Choline

1980 • 271 citations

Handbook for clinical memory assessment of older adults.

1986 • 270 citations

Utilization of sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake as a measure of the activity of cholinergic neurons

1975 • 269 citations

Loss of pigmented dopamine-β-hydroxylase positive cells from locus coeruleus in senile dementia of alzheimer's type

1983 • 267 citations

Reduced dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity in Alzheimer's disease

1981 • 266 citations

Enhancement of memory processes in Alzheimer's disease with multiple- dose intravenous physostigmine

1982 • 266 citations

Brain cholinergic dysfunction and memory in aged rats

1980 • 257 citations

Alzheimerʼs Disease. A Report of Progress in Research

1983 • 255 citations

Parkinson's disease: Neuron loss in the nucleus basalis without concomitant Alzheimer's disease

1984 • 254 citations

The Physiological Basis of Memory

1983 • 248 citations

Selective memory loss following nucleus basalis lesions: Long term behavioral recovery despite persistent cholinergic deficiencies

1985 • 247 citations

Extensive loss of choline acetyltransferase activity is not reflected by neuronal loss in the nucleus of meynert in Alzheimer's disease

1982 • 239 citations

Age-related alterations in the rodent brain cholinergic system and behavior

1980 • 237 citations

Muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding: regional distribution in monkey brain

1974 • 236 citations

Coenzyme a-acetylating enzymes in Alzheimer's disease: Possible cholinergic ‘compartment’ of pyruvate dehydrogenase

1980 • 232 citations

Brain Acetylcholine Synthesis Declines with Senescence

1981 • 230 citations

Increase in rat brain acetylcholine induced by choline or deanol

1975 • 219 citations

Lesions of cholinergic forebrain nuclei: Changes in avoidance behavior and scopolamine actions

1982 • 218 citations

The Molecular basis of neuropathology

1981 • 217 citations

Neuropeptides in Alzheimer type dementia

1983 • 214 citations

Physostigmine and Recent Memory: Effects in Young and Aged Nonhuman Primates

1979 • 205 citations

GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND ACETYLCHOLINE SYNTHESIS IN RELATION TO NEURONAL ACTIVITY IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

1980 • 196 citations

Effects of physostigmine and lecithin on memory in Alzheimer disease

1979 • 195 citations

Evidence for high affinity choline transport in synaptosomes prepared from hippocampus and neocortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease

1983 • 194 citations

Postsynaptic localization of muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in rat hippocampus

1974 • 179 citations

Memory Deficits in Aged Cebus Monkeys and Facilitation With Central Cholinomimetics

1980 • 170 citations

Dose-response analysis of the behavioral effects of diazepam: I. Learning and memory

1984 • 169 citations

STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE GANGLION BASALE OF MEYNERT

1963 • 169 citations

Age-related alterations in neurotransmitter receptors: An electrophysiological and biochemical analysis

1981 • 167 citations

In vivo identification of muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in rat brain

1974 • 160 citations

THE NUCLEUS BASALIS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: CELL COUNTS AND CORTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY

1983 • 157 citations

Mortality in Cigarette Smokers and Quitters

1981 • 154 citations

Monoamine metabolism in senile dementia of Alzheimer type

1983 • 148 citations

Profound effects of combining choline and piracetam on memory enhancement and cholinergic function in aged rats

1981 • 141 citations

Presynaptic cholinergic mechanisms in brain of aged rats with memory impairments

1981 • 139 citations

Loss of cholinergic neurons in the rat neocortex produces deficits in passive avoidance learning

1983 • 129 citations

Light autoradiographic localisation of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain by specific binding of a potent antagonist

1975 • 128 citations

Basal nucleus of meynert

1983 • 127 citations

THE EFFECT OF TEMPORAL LOBE AND HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS ON AUDITORY AND VISUAL RECENT MEMORY IN MONKEYS

1960 • 126 citations

The Investigation of Homovanillic Acid in the Human Brain and its Correlation to Senile Dementia

1969 • 125 citations

Cholinergic receptor binding and autoradiography in brains of non-neurological and senile dementia of Alzheimer-type patients

1983 • 124 citations

Strategies for the Development of an Effective Treatment for Senile Dementia

1982 • 124 citations

Regulation of Acetylcholine Synthesis: Does Cytoplasmic Acetylcholine Control High Affinity Choline Uptake?

1976 • 119 citations

Brain neurotransmitters and receptors in aging and age-related disorders

1981 • 118 citations

Alterations in short-term retention, conditioned avoidance response acquisition and motivation following aluminum induced neurofibrillary degeneration

1973 • 118 citations

REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW AND ITS REGULATION IN DEMENTIA

1971 • 118 citations

A comparison of changes in the nucleus basalis and locus caeruleus in Alzheimer's disease.

1984 • 117 citations

Some effects of muscarinic cholinergic blocking drugs on behavior and the electrocorticogram

1964 • 116 citations

Infectious Etiology of Neuritic (Senile) Plaques in Mice

1975 • 113 citations

Do Hippocampal Lesions Produce Amnesia in Animals?

1976 • 109 citations

Apomorphine and Other Dopaminomimetics: Basic Pharmacology, Vol. I

1982 • 108 citations

Anticholinesterase-Induced Amnesia and Its Temporal Aspects

1966 • 107 citations

Memory retention: potentiation of cholinergic drug combinations in mice

1983 • 107 citations

Lecithin Consumption Increases Acetylcholine Concentrations in Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland

1978 • 107 citations

Regulation of acetylcholine synthesis in nervous tissue

1977 • 105 citations

Anterograde amnesic effects of pethidine, hyoscine and diazepam in adults

1972 • 103 citations

Enhancement of Memory by Physostigmine

1979 • 98 citations

Aluminum induced neurofibrillary degeneration, brain electrical activity and alterations in acquisition and retention

1973 • 96 citations

Memory and Cognitive Function in the Elderly

1980 • 93 citations

Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer type

2009 • 88 citations

Possible biochemical basis of memory disorder in Alzheimer disease

1978 • 87 citations

Muscarinic receptor compensation in hippocampus of Alzheimer patients

1983 • 85 citations

The basal nucleus of Meynert in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy

1984 • 81 citations

An evaluation of drugs for improving memory in aged monkeys: implications for clinical trials in humans.

1983 • 77 citations

Changes in Enzymes of the Cholinergic System and Acetylcholine Release in the Cerebra of Aging Male Fischer Rats

1983 • 73 citations

Microchemical pathology of the cerebral cortex in pre-senile dementias.

1964 • 72 citations

Effects of atropine on discrimination learning in the rat.

1964 • 71 citations

Changes in neurotransmitter actions in the aged rat hippocampus

1982 • 70 citations

Neurotransmitter and carbohydrate metabolism during aging and mild hypoxia

1981 • 69 citations

Improvement of 8-arm maze performance in aged fischer 344 rats with 3,4-diaminopyridine

1983 • 69 citations

Pick's disease (lobar sclerosis)

1983 • 64 citations

Recovery of function after brain damage: A theory of the behavioral deficit

1980 • 63 citations

Amelioration of age-related neurochemical and behavioral deficits by 3,4-diaminopyridine

1983 • 58 citations

Central amine metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: In vivo relationship to cognitive deficit

1981 • 56 citations

Short-term memory in the rhesus monkey: Effects of dopamine blockade via acute haloperidol administration

1978 • 51 citations

Brain Damage and Recovery: Research and Clinical Perspectives

1983 • 44 citations

Age-differences in choline acetyltransferase activities and muscarinic receptor binding in brain regions of C57BL/6J mice

1983 • 43 citations

Geburten in künstlichem Dämmerschlaf

1906 • 43 citations

Pre‐operative amnesia

1970 • 42 citations

Nutrition in Gerontology

1984 • 41 citations

LOSS OF LARGE NEURONS OF THE MEDIAL SEPTAL NUCLEUS IN AN AUTOPSY CASE OF ALZHEIMERʼS DISEASE

1982 • 40 citations

Cannabinoids And The Cholinergic System

1981 • 39 citations

Lack of clinical efficacy of chronic oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease

1983 • 39 citations

Cholinergic drug effects on memory and cognition in animals.

1980 • 37 citations

Comparison of therapeutic response to long-term treatment with lecithin versus piracetam plus lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

1984 • 37 citations

Four Stimulants of the Central Nervous System: Effects on Short-Term Memory in Young versus Aged Monkeys*

1979 • 36 citations

Chemotherapy of cognitive disorders in geriatric subjects.

1984 • 35 citations

Neurotransmitter Function--Basic and Clinical Aspects

1978 • 33 citations

The use of L-DOPA in Parkinson's disease: a 20 year follow-up

1981 • 29 citations

Effect of tetrahydrocannabinols on brain acetylcholine

1974 • 27 citations

A brief review of the effects of diazepam on memory.

1984 • 25 citations

The Neurochemical Basis of Acetylcholine Precursor Loading as a Therapeutic Strategy

1979 • 24 citations

POSTOPERATIVE AMNESIA

1961 • 19 citations

Assessment of the anticholinergic effects of antidepressants in a single-dose cross-over study of salivation and plasma levels

1984 • 16 citations

Differential effect of atropine and hyoscine on human learning capacity.

1971 • 14 citations

Marihuana "High": A Model of Senile Dementia?

1980 • 9 citations

Effects of Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC on the Synaptosomal Uptake of <sup>3</sup>H-Tryptophan and <sup>3</sup>H-Choline

1978 • 9 citations

The Spelling and Pronunciation of Chemical Terms

1892 • 7 citations