Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine: The Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome

Alterations in Thyroid Function in Patients with Systemic Illness: The “Euthyroid Sick Syndrome”*

1982 • 927 citations

Circulating Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor in Septic Shock and Experimental Endotoxin Fever

1990 • 765 citations

Thyroid Hormone Treatment after Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery

1995 • 460 citations

Thyroxine Therapy in Patients with Severe Nonthyroidal Illnesses and Low Serum Thyroxine Concentration*

1986 • 355 citations

The sick euthyroid syndrome: changes in thyroid hormone serum parameters and hormone metabolism

1993 • 352 citations

Tumor Necrosis Factor: A Putative Mediator of the Sick Euthyroid Syndrome in Man*

1990 • 276 citations

Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Thyroid Diseases in Chronic Renal Failure

1996 • 269 citations

The role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of thyroid function in man

1970 • 265 citations

Euthyroid Sick Syndrome: An Overview

1997 • 259 citations

Thyroid Dysfunction in Chronic Renal Failure

1977 • 237 citations

Effect of Tri-Iodothyronine Replacement on the Metabolic and Pituitary Responses to Starvation

1979 • 235 citations

Alterations in Circulating Thyroid Hormones and Thyrotropin in Hepatic Cirrhosis: Evidence for Euthyroidism Despite Subnormal Serum Triiodothyronine

1974 • 223 citations

Neuroendocrinology of Prolonged Critical Illness: Effects of Exogenous Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone and Its Combination with Growth Hormone Secretagogues¹

1998 • 207 citations

Decreased Hypothalamic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in Patients with Nonthyroidal Illness¹

1997 • 205 citations

The Relationship between Serum Triiodothyronine and Thyrotropin during Systemic Illness*

1982 • 203 citations

Hypermetabolic low triiodothyronine syndrome of burn injury

1982 • 202 citations

Misleadingly Low Free Thyroxine Index and Usefulness of Reverse Triiodothyronine Measurement in Nonthyroidal Illnesses

1979 • 196 citations

Cardiopulmonary bypass and thyroid function: A “euthyroid sick syndrome”

1991 • 195 citations

Peripheral Serum Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine and Reverse Triiodothyronine Kinetics in the Low Thyroxine State of Acute Nonthyroidal Illnesses

1982 • 187 citations

Association between serum interleukin-6 and serum 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in nonthyroidal illness.

1993 • 174 citations

Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness

1994 • 172 citations

Inhibition of Hypothalamic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Messenger Ribonucleic Acid during Food Deprivation*

1991 • 171 citations

Reproductive axis suppression in acute illness is related to disease severity.

1993 • 167 citations

Decreased Hypothalamic Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene Expression in Patients with Nonthyroidal Illness

1997 • 157 citations

Circadian and Pulsatile Thyrotropin Secretion in Euthyroid Man Under the Influence of Thyroid Hormone and Glucocorticoid Administration*

1987 • 157 citations

Thyroxine Metabolism in the Low Thyroxine State of Critical Nonthyroidal Illnesses*

1981 • 157 citations

A Comparison of Methods for Assessing Thyroid Function in Nonthyroidal Illness *

1982 • 157 citations

Inhibition of¹²⁵I Organification and Thyroid Hormone Release by Interleukin-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, and Interferon-γin Human Thyrocytes in Suspension Culture*

1990 • 153 citations

Free Thyroxine Estimates in Nonthyroidal Illness: Comparison of Eight Methods *

1981 • 153 citations

Evidence for an Inhibitor of Extrathyroidal Conversion of Thyroxine to 3,5,3'-Triiodothyronine in Sera of Patients with Nonthyroidal Illnesses*

1985 • 149 citations

Effect of starvation, nutriment replacement, and hypothyroidism on in vitro hepatic T4 to T3 conversion in the rat

1978 • 138 citations

Pituitary-Thyroid Axis in Critical Illness^*

1987 • 132 citations

Reduced tissue thyroid hormone levels in fatal illness

1993 • 129 citations

Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in humans.

1994 • 127 citations

Do Thyroid Function Tests Independently Predict Survival in the Critically Ill?

1992 • 123 citations

The effect of T3 and reverse T3 administration on muscle protein catabolism during fasting as measured by 3-methylhistidine excretion

1979 • 111 citations

Both hyper- and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism occur transiently in acute illness: bio- and immunoactive gonadotropins.

1992 • 109 citations

Inhibition of thyroxine transport into cultured rat hepatocytes by serum of nonuremic critically ill patients: effects of bilirubin and nonesterified fatty acids.

1993 • 104 citations

The Role of Glucocorticoids in the Stress-Induced Reduction of Extrathyroidal 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine Generation in Rats*

1987 • 99 citations

Reduced nuclear triiodothyronine receptors in starvation-induced hypothyroidism

1977 • 99 citations

Relationship between Serum Free Fatty Acids and Thyroid Hormone Binding Inhibitor in Nonthyroid Illnesses*

1985 • 97 citations

Effect of Free Fatty Acids on the Concentration of Free Thyroxine in Human Serum: The Role of Albumin*

1986 • 96 citations

Relationship of the increased serum interleukin-6 concentration to changes of thyroid function in nonthyroidal illness

1994 • 96 citations

Extremely Low Doses of Heparin Release Lipase Activity into the Plasma and Can Thereby Cause Artifactual Elevations in the Serum-Free Thyroxine Concentration as Measured by Equilibrium Dialysis

1996 • 95 citations

Thyroid Abnormalities in Renal Failure

1973 • 90 citations

Tsh Secretion In Cushing's Syndrome: Relation To Glucocorticoid Excess, Diabetes, Goitre, And The ‘Sick Euthyroid Syndrome’

1990 • 89 citations

Continuous infusion of interleukin-1 beta induces a nonthyroidal illness syndrome in the rat.

1992 • 88 citations

Subcellular Alterations Causing Reduced Hepatic Thyroxine-5'-Monodeiodinase Activity in Fasted Rats*

1979 • 84 citations

A Study of the Serum Concentration of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Thyroidal and Nonthyroidal Illnesses*

1991 • 82 citations

Interleukin-1 receptor blockade does not affect endotoxin-induced changes in plasma thyroid hormone and thyrotropin concentrations in man.

1995 • 79 citations

Normal Free Thyroxine in Critical Nonthyroidal Illnesses Measured by Ultrafiltration of Undiluted Serum and Equilibrium Dialysis*

1988 • 77 citations

Thyroid Function in a Uremic Rat Model

1980 • 73 citations

The Effect of Serum Dilution on Free Thyroxine (T₄) Concentration in the Low T₄Syndrome of Nonthyroidal Illness

1985 • 72 citations

Comparison of second and third generation methods for measurement of serum thyrotropin in patients with overt hyperthyroidism, patients receiving thyroxine therapy, and those with nonthyroidal illness.

1994 • 72 citations

Serum Triiodothyronine and Other Clinical and Laboratory Indices of Alcoholic Liver Disease

1979 • 65 citations

Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome or Euthyroid Sick Syndrome?

1996 • 64 citations

Reduced Triiodothyronine Content in Liver but Not Pituitary of the Uremic Rat Model: Demonstration of Changes Compatible with Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Liver Only*

1984 • 63 citations

Changes in Thyroid Hormone Parameters after Acute Myocardial Infarction

1995 • 61 citations

Thyroid Hormone Abnormalities in Heart Failure: Possibilities for Therapy

1996 • 60 citations

Simultaneous Measurement of Free Thyroxine and Free 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine in Undiluted Serum by Direct Equilibrium Dialysis/Radioimmunoassay: Evidence that Free Triiodothyronine and Free Thyroxine are Normal in Many Patients with the Low Triiodothyronine Syndrome

1998 • 60 citations

Decrease in resting metabolic rate during rapid weight loss is reversed by low dose thyroid hormone treatment

1986 • 60 citations

Effects of acute and chronic interleukin-6 administration on thyroid hormone metabolism in humans

1994 • 60 citations

Soluble cytokine receptors and the low 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine syndrome in patients with nonthyroidal disease.

1995 • 59 citations

Secretion of Thyrotropin with Reduced Concanavalin-A-Binding Activity in Patients with Severe Nonthyroid Illness*

1987 • 57 citations

Impaired secretion of TSH in critically ill patients with 'low T4-syndrome'

1982 • 57 citations

The ‘euthyroid sick syndrome’: incidence, risk factors and prognostic value soon after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

1993 • 53 citations

Circulating Thyroid Hormone Changes in Acute Trauma

1984 • 49 citations

Effect of Thyroid Hormone Supplementation on Survival after Bacterial Infection*

1985 • 41 citations

Alterations of Mental Status and Thyroid Hormones after Thermal Injury*

1985 • 40 citations

Relations between the selenium status and the low T3 syndrome after major trauma

1996 • 38 citations

Measurement of Thyroxine Uptake from Serum by Cultured Human Hepatocytes as an Index of Thyroid Status: Reduced Thyroxine Uptake from Serum of Patients with Nonthyf oidal Illness*

1985 • 38 citations

Euthyroid Sick Syndrome in Pulmonary Tuberculosis before and after Treatment

1995 • 38 citations

Immunoneutralization of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6 or interferon does not prevent the LPS-induced sick euthyroid syndrome in mice

1997 • 38 citations

Inability to detect an inhibitor of thyroxine-serum protein binding in sera from patients with nonthyroid illness

1991 • 37 citations

Augmentation of protein degradation by l-triiodothyronine in uremia

1989 • 36 citations

On the albumin-dependence of measurements of free thyroxin. II. Patients with non-thyroidal illness.

1987 • 36 citations

Impaired thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine handling by rat hepatocytes in the presence of serum of patients with nonthyroidal illness.

1995 • 35 citations

Thyroid hormone loss and replacement during resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs

1993 • 34 citations

Serum Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in Severe Nonthyroidal Illnesses Associated with Low Serum Thyroxine Concentration

1984 • 33 citations

Transport of thyroxine into cultured hepatocytes: effects of mild non-thyroidal illness and calorie restriction in obese subjects

1994 • 32 citations

Effect of triiodothyronine administration in experimental myocardial injury

1995 • 32 citations

Relationship between serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine and serum interleukin-8, interleukin-10 or interferonγ in patients with nonthyroidal illness

1996 • 31 citations

Determination of Free Triiodothyronine by Six Different Methods in Patients with Non-Thyroidal Illness and in Patients Treated with Amiodarone

1995 • 30 citations

Evidence against benefit from replacement doses of thyroid hormones in nonthyroidal illness (NTI): studies using turpentine oil-injected rat

1987 • 30 citations

Alterations of Thyroid Hormone Indices in Acute Renal Failure and in Acute Critical Illness with and without Acute Renal Failure

1981 • 29 citations

Metabolic effects of triiodothyronine replacement during fasting in obese subjects.

1996 • 29 citations

Causes and effects of the low T3 syndrome during caloric deprivation and non-thyroidal illness: an overview.

1988 • 28 citations

Adaptation to hypocaloric feeding: Physiologic significance of the fall in serum T3 as measured by the pulse wave arrival time (QKd)

1983 • 27 citations

Fatty acid-induced increase in serum dialyzable free thyroxine after physical exercise: implication for nonthyroidal illness

1992 • 27 citations

Improved ultrafiltration method for simultaneous measurement of free thyroxin and free triiodothyronine in serum.

1985 • 26 citations

Measurements of Free Thyroxine: Comparison of Per Cent of Free Thyroxine in Diluted and Undiluted Sera

1976 • 26 citations

Thyroid function and abdominal surgery. A longitudinal study.

1992 • 25 citations

Direct Determination of Free Triiodothyronine (T₃) in Undiluted Serum by Equilibrium Dialysis/Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

1996 • 25 citations

Fatty acid-induced increase in serum dialyzable free thyroxine after physical exercise: implication for nonthyroidal illness.

1992 • 24 citations

Fatal nonthyroidal illness may impair nocturnal thyrotropin levels

1990 • 23 citations

Evaluation of pituitary-thyroid axis response to acute myocardial infarction

1985 • 23 citations

Hypothalamo-hypophysäre Schilddrüsen-Achse, Plasmaproteinkonzentrationen und die hypophysäre Gonaden-Achse im Low-T3-Syndrom nach akutem Myokardinfarkt (AMI)

1987 • 19 citations

Decreased free fraction of serum thyroid hormones during carbohydrate overfeeding

1984 • 15 citations

Serum sex hormone-binding globulin and osteocalcin in systemic nonthyroidal illness associated with low thyroid hormone concentrations.

1996 • 14 citations

Serum free thyroid hormone concentrations and indices in alcoholic liver cirrhosis, primary biliary cirrhosis and chronic active hepatitis.

1983 • 13 citations

Triiodothyronine-Receptor Complex in Rat Brain: Effects of Thyroidectomy, Fasting, Food Restriction, and Diabetes*

1991 • 13 citations

[Role of high blood glucagon in the reduction of serum levels of triiodothyronine in severe non-thyroid diseases].

1989 • 5 citations