Impulse and Constraint: Perspectives From Personality Psychology, Convergence With Theory in Other Areas, and Potential for Integration
Data up to Jan 2025
Total Citations Per Year
Abstract
References (269)
Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Foundations
1986 • 15,232 citations
A Handbook of Child Psychology
1932 • 10,905 citations
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
1998 • 8,437 citations
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
1998 • 7,980 citations
Handbook of Social Psychology
2013 • 7,684 citations
Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale
1995 • 7,247 citations
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
2001 • 6,624 citations
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control.
2001 • 6,590 citations
Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.
1994 • 6,478 citations
An Introduction to the Five‐Factor Model and Its Applications
1992 • 6,337 citations
Personality Structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model
1990 • 6,329 citations
Dual-process theories in social psychology
1999 • 6,054 citations
High Self‐Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success
2004 • 5,763 citations
Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test.
1994 • 5,373 citations
Journal of personality and social psychology
1988 • 5,074 citations
Handbook of Personality : Theory and Research
1992 • 4,599 citations
Précis ofThe neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system
1982 • 4,511 citations
Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states.
1984 • 4,455 citations
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions
1998 • 4,022 citations
The Five Factor Model and impulsivity: using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity
2001 • 3,758 citations
Reflective and Impulsive Determinants of Social Behavior
2004 • 3,672 citations
A Systematic Method for Clinical Description and Classification of Personality Variants
1987 • 3,661 citations
Affective Neuroscience
1998 • 3,626 citations
Review of personality and social psychology
1980 • 3,589 citations
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
1998 • 3,584 citations
Personality trait structure as a human universal.
1997 • 3,583 citations
The empirical case for two systems of reasoning.
1996 • 3,574 citations
The Ego and the Id
1923 • 3,551 citations
Handbook of personality theory and research
1991 • 3,526 citations
The structure of phenotypic personality traits.
1993 • 3,470 citations
Handbook of self-regulation: research, theory, and applications
2005 • 3,442 citations
Handbook of social psychology
2004 • 3,439 citations
Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
2000 • 3,415 citations
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
2000 • 3,403 citations
The structure of phenotypic personality traits.
1993 • 3,060 citations
The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions.
1994 • 2,737 citations
Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious.
1994 • 2,707 citations
Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking
1994 • 2,653 citations
Attention and Self-Regulation : A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior
1981 • 2,645 citations
A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower.
1999 • 2,632 citations
Sensation Seeking : Beyond the Optimal Level of Arousal
1979 • 2,591 citations
Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research: Their Meaning and Use
2002 • 2,515 citations
Investigations of Temperament at Three to Seven Years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire
2001 • 2,285 citations
The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention.
1995 • 2,274 citations
Sensation seeking. Beyond the optimal level of arousal
1980 • 2,267 citations
Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens
2001 • 2,192 citations
Self-Regulation Failure: An Overview
1996 • 2,083 citations
On the proper treatment of connectionism
1988 • 2,080 citations
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
1980 • 2,043 citations
Power, approach, and inhibition.
2003 • 2,038 citations
Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Vol. 2.
1991 • 2,032 citations
Neurobiology of the structure of personality: Dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion
1999 • 1,997 citations
The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence.
1999 • 1,956 citations
Attention and Self-Regulation
1981 • 1,938 citations
A model of dual attitudes.
2000 • 1,929 citations
Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Questionnaire
2003 • 1,853 citations
Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people.
1980 • 1,808 citations
Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior
2002 • 1,799 citations
On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: Views from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy.
2000 • 1,751 citations
Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects.
1990 • 1,714 citations
Dual-Process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems
2000 • 1,711 citations
The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention.
1995 • 1,671 citations
Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns.
1998 • 1,626 citations
The Five-factor model of personality: theoretical perspectives
1996 • 1,624 citations
How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ?
1989 • 1,621 citations
Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report.
1985 • 1,620 citations
Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry: Emotional expression and brain physiology: I.
1990 • 1,580 citations
A guide to constructs of control.
1996 • 1,540 citations
Conscientiousness and Health-Related Behaviors: A Meta-Analysis of the Leading Behavioral Contributors to Mortality.
2004 • 1,532 citations
The consideration of future consequences: Weighing immediate and distant outcomes of behavior.
1994 • 1,522 citations
Emotion and Personality
1963 • 1,487 citations
Alcohol myopia: Its prized and dangerous effects.
1990 • 1,476 citations
A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept.
2002 • 1,470 citations
Affective Style and Affective Disorders: Perspectives from Affective Neuroscience
1998 • 1,424 citations
The structure of human personality
1953 • 1,417 citations
The Role of Ego-Control and Ego-Resiliency in the Organization of Behavior
1980 • 1,370 citations
Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes.
2000 • 1,357 citations
FMRI Visualization of Brain Activity during a Monetary Incentive Delay Task
2000 • 1,346 citations
A comparison of three structural models for personality: The Big Three, the Big Five, and the Alternative Five.
1993 • 1,327 citations
Prefrontal Brain Asymmetry: A Biological Substrate of the Behavioral Approach and Inhibition Systems
1997 • 1,275 citations
The self-concept revisited: Or a theory of a theory.
1973 • 1,267 citations
Book Reviews
1999 • 1,253 citations
Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: Perspectives from affective neuroscience.
2000 • 1,235 citations
The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology: II.
1990 • 1,225 citations
The Three Arousal Model: Implications of Gray's Two‐Factor Learning Theory for Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Psychopathy
1980 • 1,224 citations
Handbook Of Mental Control
1992 • 1,219 citations
Psychoticism as a dimension of personality
1976 • 1,218 citations
Thought contents and cognitive functioning in motivational versus volitional states of mind
1987 • 1,181 citations
Temperament and personality: Origins and outcomes.
2000 • 1,177 citations
Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates.
1990 • 1,040 citations
Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes.
1984 • 1,037 citations
Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states.
1991 • 1,029 citations
Handbook of Personality Theory and Research.
1970 • 1,000 citations
Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning.
2000 • 999 citations
The Developing Structure of Temperament and Personality From Infancy To Adulthood
2014 • 986 citations
Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: Personality and cognitive correlates.
1990 • 969 citations
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 2: psychological and biological models
1986 • 963 citations
Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry.
1990 • 947 citations
MIT encyclopedia of cognitive sciences
1999 • 945 citations
Impulsiveness and Venturesomeness: Their Position in a Dimensional System of Personality Description
1978 • 944 citations
The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences
1999 • 944 citations
Dimensions of sensation seeking.
1971 • 900 citations
Action phases and mind-sets
1990 • 893 citations
Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning.
2000 • 888 citations
Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-Process Theories of the Mind.
2004 • 885 citations
A region of mesial prefrontal cortex tracks monetarily rewarding outcomes: characterization with rapid event-related fMRI
2003 • 859 citations
Using theory to evaluate personality and job-performance relations: A socioanalytic perspective.
2003 • 855 citations
Adolescent drug use and psychological health: A longitudinal inquiry.
1990 • 837 citations
Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament
1997 • 818 citations
On the Psychobiology of Personality
2004 • 799 citations
Early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath?
1996 • 793 citations
Personality effects on social relationships.
1998 • 776 citations
Processes in Delay of Gratification
1974 • 774 citations
Four ways five factors are not basic
1992 • 758 citations
Left frontal hypoactivation in depression.
1991 • 752 citations
Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach.
2000 • 732 citations
Left frontal hypoactivation in depression.
1991 • 696 citations
Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency.
1994 • 693 citations
Effortful Control as a Personality Characteristic of Young Children: Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences
2003 • 690 citations
State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression.
2001 • 689 citations
Perspectives on personality
1989 • 679 citations
Anger and frontal brain activity: EEG asymmetry consistent with approach motivation despite negative affective valence.
1998 • 678 citations
Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration
2000 • 667 citations
Cross-cultural evidence for the fundamental features of extraversion.
2000 • 660 citations
A neural basis for the development of inhibitory control
2002 • 657 citations
Negative Affects Deriving From the Behavioral Approach System.
2004 • 651 citations
Reflectivity and learning from aversive events: Toward a psychological mechanism for the syndromes of disinhibition.
1993 • 633 citations
Frontal brain asymmetry and emotional reactivity: A biological substrate of affective style
1993 • 632 citations
The ecological validity of delay aversion and response inhibition as measures of impulsivity in AD/HD: a supplement to the NIMH multimodal treatment study of AD/HD.
2001 • 629 citations
From simple associations to systematic reasoning: A connectionist representation of rules, variables and dynamic bindings using temporal synchrony
1993 • 627 citations
Passive avoidance learning in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offenders.
1986 • 611 citations
Developing Mechanisms of Temperamental Effortful Control
2003 • 611 citations
Sensation seeking, risk appraisal, and risky behavior
1993 • 608 citations
Conflict between intuitive and rational processing: When people behave against their better judgment.
1994 • 599 citations
Conflict between intuitive and rational processing: When people behave against their better judgment.
1994 • 583 citations
Agreeableness as a Moderator of Interpersonal Conflict
2001 • 582 citations
Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory
1998 • 581 citations
Effects of mindset on positive illusions.
1995 • 572 citations
Psychophysiology and Psychopathology: A Motivational Approach
1988 • 570 citations
Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency.
1994 • 557 citations
The Volitional Benefits of Planning
1996 • 541 citations
Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: Covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders.
1997 • 540 citations
Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety
2000 • 507 citations
Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
2002 • 506 citations
Perceiving interpersonal conflict and reacting to it: The case for agreeableness.
1996 • 502 citations
Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.
1987 • 500 citations
The Relations of Effortful Control and Impulsivity to Children's Resiliency and Adjustment
2004 • 489 citations
Trajectories of Alcohol and Drug Use and Dependence From Adolescence to Adulthood: The Effects of Familial Alcoholism and Personality.
2004 • 476 citations
Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: Covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders.
1997 • 465 citations
Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
2002 • 463 citations
Reflexion and reflection: A social cognitive neuroscience approach to attributional inference
2002 • 458 citations
Self-control and accommodation in close relationships: An interdependence analysis.
2001 • 456 citations
Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types.
1996 • 451 citations
Personality and substance use disorders: A prospective study.
2000 • 449 citations
Understanding the role of impulsivity and externalizing psychopathology in alcohol abuse: Application of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale.
2003 • 443 citations
Cognitive appraisals and transformations in delay behavior.
1975 • 442 citations
Effortful control: factor structure and relation to externalizing and internalizing behaviors.
2002 • 440 citations
A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption.
1981 • 433 citations
Relations between Affect and Personality: Support for the Affect-Level and Affective-Reactivity Views
1998 • 420 citations
Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types.
1996 • 417 citations
Control and automaticity in social life.
1998 • 405 citations
Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.
1987 • 388 citations
Psychobiology of Personality
1991 • 383 citations
A self-awareness model of the causes and effects of alcohol consumption.
1981 • 371 citations
Affect, cognition, and hemispheric specialization.
1985 • 366 citations
The Effect of Preceding Context on Inhibition: An Event-Related fMRI Study
2002 • 361 citations
A test of the four-factor model of impulsivity-related traits
2003 • 357 citations
Susceptibility to Affect: A Comparison of Three Personality Taxonomies
1999 • 354 citations
Transition from virginity to nonvirginity among youth: A social-psychological study over time.
1975 • 350 citations
Personality and the predisposition to engage in risky or problem behaviors during adolescence.
2003 • 350 citations
Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships.
2001 • 349 citations
Patterns of brain electrical activity during facial signs of emotion in 10-month-old infants.
1988 • 338 citations
Temperament: A new paradigm for trait psychology.
1999 • 322 citations
Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort.
1994 • 321 citations
Connectionism and the mind: an introduction to parallel processing in networks
1991 • 320 citations
Selective attention to the self: Situational and dispositional determinants.
1973 • 318 citations
Personality and the predisposition to engage in risky or problem behaviors during adolescence.
2003 • 310 citations
Personality correlates and antecedents of drinking patterns in adult males.
1968 • 304 citations
Demographic influences in sensation seeking and expressions of sensation seeking in religion, smoking and driving habits
1980 • 295 citations
Application of a behavioral theory of motivation to the concepts of anxiety and impulsivity
1987 • 294 citations
The Psychophysiological Nature of Introversion—Extraversion: A Modification of Eysenck's Theory
1972 • 292 citations
Development of cognition, affect, and social relations
1980 • 284 citations
Human mate poaching: Tactics and temptations for infiltrating existing mateships.
2001 • 284 citations
Irrational reactions to negative outcomes: Evidence for two conceptual systems.
1992 • 274 citations
Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control
2002 • 272 citations
Biological Bases of Individual Behavior
1972 • 270 citations
Evidence-Based and Intuition-Based Self-Knowledge: An fMRI Study.
2004 • 268 citations
Personality traits are linked to crime among men and women: Evidence from a birth cohort.
1994 • 267 citations
Irrational reactions to negative outcomes: Evidence for two conceptual systems.
1992 • 258 citations
Time of first intercourse: A prospective study.
1983 • 249 citations
Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontroleed personality prototypes in childhood: Replicability, predictive power, and the trait-type issue.
1999 • 247 citations
Resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontroleed personality prototypes in childhood: Replicability, predictive power, and the trait-type issue.
1999 • 247 citations
Temperament and self-regulation.
2011 • 243 citations
Mapping the time course of nonconscious and conscious perception of fear: An integration of central and peripheral measures
2003 • 236 citations
Understanding extraverts' enjoyment of social situations: The importance of pleasantness.
2001 • 234 citations
Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. national probability sample
1992 • 232 citations
Influence of sensation seeking on general deviance and specific problem behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood.
1991 • 231 citations
Childhood conscientiousness and longevity: Health behaviors and cause of death.
1995 • 226 citations
Childhood conscientiousness and longevity: Health behaviors and cause of death.
1995 • 225 citations
The aggression paradox: Understanding links among aggression, sensation seeking, and the consideration of future consequences.
2003 • 223 citations
Anterior brain electrical asymmetries in response to reward and punishment
1992 • 222 citations
Sensation seeking as a predictor of positive and negative risk behaviour among adolescents
2001 • 221 citations
The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence.
1989 • 218 citations
A Dual-Process Model of Reactions to Perceived Stigma.
2004 • 217 citations
The Frontal Lobes and Neuropsychiatric Illness
2002 • 216 citations
Temperament, development, and the Big Five.
1994 • 207 citations
Frontal Brain Electrical Activity in Shyness and Sociability
1999 • 198 citations
When practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of overlearning.
1979 • 194 citations
The frontal lobes and neuropsychiatric illness
1994 • 194 citations
Temperament and the Development of Self-Regulation
1985 • 184 citations
The Implications of Cognitive‐experiential Self‐theory for Research in Social Psychology and Personality1
1985 • 182 citations
Influence of sensation seeking on general deviance and specific problem behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood.
1991 • 182 citations
Distinguishing BIS-mediated and BAS-mediated disinhibition mechanisms: A comparison of disinhibition models of Gray (1981, 1987) and of Patterson and Newman (1993).
2001 • 180 citations
Personality as an Affect-processing System
2002 • 176 citations
Terror management and cognitive-experiential self-theory: Evidence that terror management occurs in the experiential system.
1997 • 175 citations
The Psychobiological Model for Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking: A Comparative Approach
1996 • 173 citations
The Relations of Effortful Control and Reactive Control to Children's Externalizing Problems: A Longitudinal Assessment
2003 • 171 citations
Personality antecedents and correlates of drinking patterns in women.
1971 • 167 citations
P-Impulsive Sensation Seeking and Its Behavioral, Psychophysiological and Biochemical Correlates
1993 • 161 citations
Evidence for a mechanistic model of cognitive control
2001 • 161 citations
Examining antisocial behavior through the lens of the five factor model of personality
2003 • 161 citations
A Bias Toward Short-Term Thinking in Threat-Related Negative Emotional States
1999 • 160 citations
Behavioral disinhibition versus constraint: A dispositional perspective
1993 • 158 citations
Cognitive neuroscience: Origins and promise.
2000 • 156 citations
Attitudes towards people with AIDS and avoidance behavior: Automatic and reflective bases of behavior
2003 • 150 citations
When practice makes imperfect: Debilitating effects of overlearning.
1979 • 149 citations
Separating emotion and motivational direction in fear and anger: Effects on frontal asymmetry.
2003 • 148 citations
The female orgasm
1973 • 148 citations
On the relationship between substance use and personality traits: Abstainers are not maladjusted
2004 • 138 citations
Psychopathy and the allocation of attentional capacity in a divided-attention situation.
1986 • 136 citations
Personality, personal model beliefs, and self-care in adolescents and young adults with Type 1 diabetes.
2002 • 134 citations
Biological Variables in Psychopathology: A Psychobiological Perspective
2002 • 133 citations
Personality Pathways to Unsafe Sex: Personality, Condom Use, and HIV Risk Behaviors
2002 • 132 citations
Reflective and reflexive action control in patients with frontal brain lesions.
2001 • 128 citations
Impulsivity and the multi-impulsive personality disorder
1992 • 128 citations
A real-time limit-cycle navigation method for fast mobile robots and its application to robot soccer
2002 • 123 citations
Prolegomenon to the structure of emotion: Gleanings from neuropsychology
1992 • 119 citations
Biology and Crime
2001 • 117 citations
The mesolimbic dopamine system: From motivation to action
1992 • 111 citations
Consciousness, self-awareness and the frontal lobes
2001 • 107 citations
Patient personality and mortality: A 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency.
2002 • 107 citations
Approach and avoidance motivation in psychopathic criminal offenders during passive avoidance.
1997 • 106 citations
Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders
2013 • 104 citations
Conscientiousness, perceived risk, and risk-reduction behaviors: A preliminary study.
2000 • 100 citations
Domains of the impulsivity construct: A factor analytic investigation
1993 • 92 citations
Personality as an Affect-processing System: Toward An Integrative Theory
2002 • 91 citations
Risk perception, personality factors and alcohol use among adolescents
2001 • 88 citations
Virtual Personalities: A Neural Network Model of Personality
2002 • 88 citations
Reflective and reflexive action control in patients with frontal brain lesions.
2001 • 88 citations
The contribution of personality to the overlap between antisocial behavior and substance use/misuse
2003 • 72 citations
Alcohol and self-regulation.
2004 • 65 citations
Executive and Motivational Control of Performance Task Behavior, and Autonomic Heart-rate Regulation in Children: Physiologic Validation of Two-factor Solution Inhibitory Control
1998 • 64 citations
The structure of human personality.
1954 • 61 citations
Behavioral conflict, anterior cingulate cortex, and experiment duration: Implications of diverging data
2003 • 61 citations
When Thinking Disrupts Intellectual Performance
1981 • 58 citations
Personality, puberty, and preadolescent girls’ risky behaviors: Examining the predictive value of the Five-Factor Model of personality
2003 • 57 citations
Reflections on Cognition and Parallel Distributed Processing
1987 • 53 citations
Transactional links between personality and adaptation from childhood through adulthood
2002 • 53 citations
Disruption of inhibitory control in developmental disorders: A mechanistic model of implicated frontostriatal circuitry.
2001 • 50 citations
Biological Variables in Psychopathology
1993 • 47 citations
Alcohol Increases Reliance on Cues That Signal Acts of Control.
2005 • 40 citations
Negative affectivity and drug use in adolescent boys: Moderating and mediating mechanisms.
2003 • 36 citations
Personality from a realist’s perspective: Personality traits, criminal behaviors, and the externalizing spectrum
2002 • 35 citations
Imaging a science of mind
2003 • 33 citations
An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between the Big Five and Inmate Recidivism
2001 • 32 citations
Loving, liking, looking and sensation seeking in unmarried college couples
1991 • 23 citations
Introduction to the special section on personality development.
2000 • 12 citations
Sensation Seeking, Anxiety, and Risk Taking in the Israeli Context
1989 • 9 citations
Theories, measurement techniques, and development
1985 • 6 citations