Caudal additives in children—solutions or problems?

Central nervous and cardiovascular effects of i.v. infusions of ropivacaine, bupivacaine and placebo in volunteers

1997 • 1,008 citations

Alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonists: defining the role in clinical anesthesia.

1991 • 710 citations

Alpha-2 Adrenoceptor Agonists

1991 • 550 citations

Tramadol: pain relief by an opioid without depression of respiration

1992 • 448 citations

Pronounced, Episodic Oxygen Desaturation in the Postoperative Period

1985 • 435 citations

COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE KETAMINE ISOMERS

1985 • 382 citations

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF EXTRADURAL AND INTRATHECAL OPIATES: REPORT OF A NATIONWIDE SURVEY IN SWEDEN

1982 • 343 citations

Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System Effects of Intravenous Levobupivacaine and Bupivacaine in Sheep

1998 • 276 citations

Interaction of the Chiral Forms of Ketamine with Opioid, Phencyclidine, σ and Muscarinic Receptors

1995 • 243 citations

Hemodynamic and Analgesic Actions of Epidurally Administered Clonidine

1993 • 242 citations

Ketamine and Midazolam Neurotoxicity in the Rabbit

1991 • 242 citations

Cardiovascular and Central Nervous System Effects of Intravenous Levobupivacaine and Bupivacaine in Sheep

1998 • 226 citations

Caudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery

1984 • 225 citations

Comparison of the effects of adrenaline, clonidine and ketamine on the duration of caudal analgesia produced by bupivacaine in children

1995 • 213 citations

Intrathecal midazolam for the treatment of chronic mechanical low back pain: a controlled comparison with epidural steroid in a pilot study

1992 • 200 citations

Analgesia produced by clonidine in mice and rats

1974 • 190 citations

Comparison of a bupivacaine-clonidine mixture with plain bupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children † †This paper was presented in part to the North East Thames Region Anaesthetists Society Meeting, April 24, 1993.

1994 • 176 citations

Extradural S(-)-bupivacaine: comparison with racemic RS-bupivacaine

1998 • 175 citations

KETAMINE FOR CAUDAL ANALGESIA IN CHILDREN: COMPARISON WITH CAUDAL BUPIVACAINE

1991 • 174 citations

Clonidine in Pediatric Caudal Anesthesia

1994 • 167 citations

PAIN MANAGEMENT IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS

1990 • 163 citations

The Dose Response of Caudal Morphine in Children

1989 • 161 citations

Addition of clonidine or fentanyl to local anaesthetics prolongs the duration of surgical analgesia after single shot caudal block in children

1998 • 156 citations

Is Ketamine or Its Preservative Responsible for Neurotoxicity in the Rabbit?

1993 • 152 citations

The Benzodiazepine Receptor in Normal and Pathological Human Brain

1978 • 149 citations

Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphine.

1987 • 144 citations

Morphine infusion after pediatric cardiac surgery

1984 • 141 citations

Alpha₂‐adrenergic agents in anaesthesia

1993 • 137 citations

How to prolong postoperative analgesia after caudal anaesthesia with ropivacaine in children: S‐ketamine versus clonidine

2001 • 134 citations

Levobupivacaine

2001 • 127 citations

Caudal Epidural Morphine for Control of Pain Following Open Heart Surgery in Children

1989 • 124 citations

A Comparison of Epidural Levobupivacaine 0.75% with Racemic Bupivacaine for Lower Abdominal Surgery

2000 • 124 citations

Delayed Respiratory Depression in a Child after Caudal Epidural Morphine

1988 • 123 citations

Efficacy of an Epidural Test Dose in Children Anesthetized with Halothane

1990 • 122 citations

Clonidine in paediatric anaesthesia

1999 • 122 citations

Caudal tramadol for postoperative analgesia in pediatric hypospadias surgery

1997 • 119 citations

Comparison of ropivacaine with bupivacaine for paediatric caudal block

1998 • 118 citations

The involvement of opiate and monoaminergic neuronal systems in the analgesic effects of ketamine

1982 • 118 citations

Caudal Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia in Infants and Children

1991 • 112 citations

Ropivacaine‐clonidine combination for caudal blockade in children

2000 • 112 citations

Pharmacokinetics of tramadol in children after i.v. or caudal epidural administration

2000 • 112 citations

The optimal dose of ketamine for caudal epidural blockade in children

1996 • 110 citations

The Dose-Response of Caudal Ropivacaine in Children

1999 • 108 citations

Histopathology After Repeated Intrathecal Injections of Preservative-Free Ketamine in the Rabbit

1994 • 108 citations

The Efficacy and Safety of a Clonidine/Bupivacaine Combination in Caudal Blockade for Pediatric Hernia Repair

1998 • 105 citations

POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA WITH EXTRADURAL CLONIDINE

1989 • 103 citations

Plasma Bupivacaine Concentrations in Children during Caudal Epidural Analgesia

1983 • 102 citations

Epidural Morphine in Children: Pharmacokinetics and CO2 Sensitivity

1986 • 100 citations

The Effects of Age, Epinephrine, and Operative Site on Duration of Caudal Analgesia in Pediatric Patients

1987 • 99 citations

PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA WITH LOW DOSE BACKGROUND INFUSIONS AFTER LOWER ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN CHILDREN

1993 • 99 citations

S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia

2000 • 98 citations

Caudal anaesthesia with 0.375% ropivacaine or 0.375% bupivacaine in paediatric patients

1998 • 97 citations

POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA AFTER PAEDIATRIC ORCHIDOPEXY: EVALUATION OF A BUPIVACAINE-MORPHINE MIXTURE †

1990 • 93 citations

Ropivacaine pharmacokinetics after caudal block in 1–8 year old children

2000 • 93 citations

Caudal Morphine for Postoperative Analgesia in Children

1987 • 91 citations

Selective effects of ketamine on amino acid-mediated pathways in neonatal rat spinal cord

1995 • 89 citations

Caudal clonidine and bupivacaine for combined epidural and general anaesthesia in children

1997 • 85 citations

Midazolam for caudal analgesia in children: comparison with caudal bupivacaine

1995 • 83 citations

Analgesic Effects of Caudal and Intramuscular S (+)-Ketamine in Children

2000 • 78 citations

Comparison of ropivacaine 0.1% and 0.2% with bupivacaine 0.2% for single‐shot caudal anaesthesia in children

2000 • 74 citations

The efficacy of caudal ropivacaine 1, 2 and 3 mg·ml⁻¹ for postoperative analgesia in children

2002 • 74 citations

Histological Findings After Long-Term Infusion of Intrathecal Ketamine for Chronic Pain

1999 • 74 citations

Analgesia for circumcision in a paediatric population: comparison of caudal bupivacaine alone with bupivacaine plus two doses of clonidine

2001 • 72 citations

Caudal Block for Post‐Operative Pain Relief in Children after Genital Operations. A Comparison Between Bupivacaine and Morphine

1981 • 71 citations

Clonidine in Preterm-Infant Caudal Anesthesia May Be Responsible for Postoperative Apnea

2001 • 69 citations

Can a dose of 2μg??kg−1> caudal clonidine cause respiratory depression in neonates?

1999 • 66 citations

Intrathecal ketamine with preservative - histological effects on spinal nerve roots of baboons.

1982 • 65 citations

SIDE EFFECTS OF KETAMINE IN PEDIATRIC ANESTHESIA

1975 • 64 citations

Clonidine in preterm-infant caudal anesthesia may be responsible for postoperative apnea

2001 • 64 citations

Optimum Concentration of Bupivacaine for Combined Caudal-General Anesthesia in Children

1991 • 63 citations

Caudal ropivacaine and ketamine for postoperative analgesia in children

2000 • 62 citations

Analgesic efficacy and safety of a caudal bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture in children

1992 • 61 citations

Side Effects of Ketamine in Pediatric Anesthesia

1974 • 61 citations

Ventilatory Response to Carbon Dioxide After Epidural Clonidine Injection

1991 • 60 citations

Epidural fentanyl, adrenaline and clonidine as adjuvants to local anaesthetics for surgical analgesia: meta‐analyses of analgesia and side‐effects

1998 • 59 citations

The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade

1996 • 57 citations

ANALGESIC EFFECT OF INTRATHECHAL KETAMINE IN RATS

1983 • 54 citations

Supraclavicular brachial plexus block as a sole anaesthetic technique in children: an analysis of 200 cases

2000 • 54 citations

Subarachnoid midazolam: histologic study in rats and report of its effect on chronic pain in humans.

1991 • 53 citations

The Efficacy and Safety of a Clonidine/Bupivacaine Combination in Caudal Blockade for Pediatric Hernia Repair

1998 • 52 citations

Can a dose of 2μg·kg-1> caudal clonidine cause respiratory depression in neonates?

1999 • 47 citations

Ventilatory effects of epidural clonidine during the first 3 hours after caesarean section

1992 • 45 citations

The influence of sufentanil and/or clonidine on the duration of analgesia after a caudal block for hypospadias repair surgery in children

2000 • 40 citations

Respiratory depression after low-dose caudal morphine

1996 • 40 citations

Clonidine‐mepivacaine mixture vs plain mepivacaine in paediatric surgery

1996 • 40 citations

Low-dose caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants and children: A report of 500 cases

1995 • 38 citations

Comparison of clonidine 1 μg kg-1 with morphine 30 μg kg-1 for post-operative caudal analgesia in children

1999 • 36 citations

Comparison of caudal bupivacaine, bupivacaine-morphine and bupivacaine-midazolam mixtures for post-operative analgesia in children

1998 • 34 citations

Epidural Morphine Following Epidural Local Anesthesia

1981 • 33 citations

Epidural morphine following epidural local anesthesia: effect on ventilatory and airway occlusion pressure responses to CO2.

1981 • 33 citations

Comparison of caudal bupivacaine and diamorphine with caudal bupivacaine alone for repair of hypospadias

1996 • 32 citations

Prospective to a randomized double-blind controlled trial to assess efficacy of double caudal analgesia in hypospadias repair

2002 • 28 citations

The effect of ketamine on 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine for caudal epidural blockade in children

1999 • 27 citations

Caudal analgesia with buprenorphine for postoperative pain relief in children

1995 • 26 citations

[Epidural midazolam with saline--optimal dose for postoperative pain].

1992 • 20 citations

A Comparison of Lignocaine 2% with Adrenaline 1:200,000 and Lignocaine 2% with Adrenaline 1:200,000 plus Fentanyl as Agents for Caudal Anaesthesia in Children Undergoing Circumcision

1990 • 19 citations

Haemodynamic effects of clonidine injected epidurally in halothane-anaesthetized dogs

1987 • 19 citations

Reversal by naloxone of spinal antinociceptive effects of fentanyl, ketocyclazocine and midazolam.

1991 • 19 citations

The effect of ketamine on 0.25% and 0.125% bupivacaine for caudal epidural blockade in children

1999 • 17 citations

The influence of sufentanil and/or clonidine on the duration of analgesia after a caudal block for hypospadias repair surgery in children

2000 • 15 citations

The role of ketamine in the current practice of paediatric anaesthesia

1994 • 14 citations

Comparison of caudal morphine and buprenorphine for post-operative analgesia in children.

1993 • 14 citations