Hepatic Encephalopathy: An Update of Pathophysiologic Mechanisms

Localization of neuronal and glial glutamate transporters

1994 • 1,668 citations

Neurosteroids: Endogenous bimodal modulators of the GABAA receptor mechanism of action and physiological significance

1992 • 1,098 citations

Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a role for nitric oxide?

1991 • 627 citations

Steroid modulation of the chloride ionophore in rat brain: structure-activity requirements, regional dependence and mechanism of action.

1988 • 459 citations

Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy

1995 • 436 citations

Anatomy of the CNS opioid systems

1985 • 431 citations

Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on cerebral metabolism in rats with portacaval shunts.

1977 • 430 citations

Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine/Diazepam Binding Inhibitor Receptor: Biological Role in Steroidogenic Cell Function*

1993 • 404 citations

Ammonia: Key factor in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy

1987 • 397 citations

Pregnenolone-sulfate: an endogenous antagonist of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor complex in brain?

1987 • 329 citations

Cerebral Ammonia Metabolism in Patients with Severe Liver Disease and Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

1991 • 328 citations

Therapeutic efficacy ofL-ornithine-L-aspartate infusions in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: Results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study

1997 • 314 citations

Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI): A peptide with multiple biological actions

1991 • 307 citations

Plasma and Brain Amino Acids in Fulminant Hepatic Failure and their Relationship to Hepatic Encephalopathy

1976 • 285 citations

Increased blood manganese in cirrhotic patients: Relationship to pallidal magnetic resonance signal hyperintensity and neurological symptoms

1996 • 275 citations

Neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate antagonizes electrophysiological responses to GABA in neurons

1988 • 271 citations

Inhibition of brain glutamine accumulation prevents cerebral edema in hyperammonemic rats

1991 • 260 citations

Manganese intoxication and chronic liver failure

1994 • 239 citations

Role of liver in regulating distribution and excretion of manganese

1966 • 229 citations

Visualizing manganese in the primate basal ganglia with magnetic resonance imaging

1989 • 227 citations

Manganese encephalopathy: utility of early magnetic resonance imaging.

1993 • 226 citations

Electron microscopic study of brain capillaries in cerebral edema from fulminant hepatic failure

1992 • 222 citations

Gonadal hormones down-regulate reactive gliosis and astrocyte proliferation after a penetrating brain injury

1993 • 221 citations

Superoxide Production and Antioxidant Enzymes in Ammonia Intoxication in Rats

1997 • 215 citations

Portal-systemic encephalopathy: presence of basal ganglia lesions with high signal intensity on MR images.

1991 • 204 citations

Manganese Uptake and Efflux in Cultured Rat Astrocytes

1992 • 203 citations

Hyperintense basal ganglia on T1-weighted MR images in patients receiving parenteral nutrition.

1991 • 203 citations

Acute ammonia toxicity is mediated by the NMDA type of glutamate receptors

1992 • 193 citations

Demonstration of steroid hormone receptors and steroid action in primary cultures of rat glial cells

1992 • 188 citations

Decreased glutamate transporter (GLT-1) expression in frontal cortex of rats with acute liver failure

1997 • 184 citations

Ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling in primary culture

1991 • 184 citations

Deficiency of Carnitine in Cachectic Cirrhotic Patients

1977 • 182 citations

Manganese toxicity, dopaminergic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy

1995 • 182 citations

Dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfated derivative reduce neuronal death and enhance astrocytic differentiation in brain cell cultures

1987 • 174 citations

Neuroactive amino acids and glutamate (NMDA) receptors in frontal cortex of rats with experimental acute liver failure

1996 • 168 citations

Effect of ammonium ions on synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system

1992 • 163 citations

Gonadal hormone regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and glial ultrastructure in the rat neuroendocrine hypothalamus

1994 • 158 citations

Pallidal hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging in cirrhotic patients: Clinical correlations

1992 • 153 citations

EXPERIMENTAL MANGANESE ENCEPHALOPATHY IN MONKEYS

1963 • 152 citations

Altered Cerebral Blood Flow and Glucose Metabolism in Patients with Liver Disease and Minimal Encephalopathy

1991 • 152 citations

Reversible Toxic Manifestations in Patients with Cirrhosis of the Liver Given Cation-Exchange Resins

1952 • 152 citations

Electron microscopic evaluation of brain edema in rabbits with galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure: Ultrastructure and integrity of the blood-brain barrier

1987 • 149 citations

Memantine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist improves hyperammonemia-induced encephalopathy and acute hepatic encephalopathy in rats

1997 • 148 citations

Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in patients with chronic liver disease

1991 • 146 citations

The glial glutamate transporter in hyperammonemia and hepatic encephalopathy: Relation to energy metabolism and glutamatergic neurotransmission

1997 • 145 citations

Increased Densities of Peripheral–Type Benzodiazepine Receptors in Brain Autopsy Samples From Cirrhotic Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy

1990 • 142 citations

The Astrocyte in Liver Disease

1981 • 140 citations

The pathogenesis and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: evidence for the involvement of benzodiazepine receptor ligands.

1991 • 138 citations

Morphine tolerance in hepatic cirrhosis

1961 • 137 citations

The Release and Neosynthesis of Glutamic Acid Are Increased in Experimental Models of Hepatic Encephalopathy

1983 • 127 citations

The neurobiology of selective attention

1992 • 123 citations

Endogenous Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands in Human and Animal Hepatic Encephalopathy

1990 • 119 citations

Selective Loss of N‐Methyl‐d‐Aspartate‐Sensitive l‐[³H]Glutamate Binding Sites in Rat Brain Following Portacaval Anastomosis

1990 • 116 citations

Monoamines and metabolites in autopsied brain tissue from cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy

1989 • 114 citations

Metabolic Abnormalities and Grade of Encephalopathy in Acute Hepatic Failure

1994 • 114 citations

Pallidal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: clinical and MRI evaluation

1995 • 113 citations

Acute Hyperammonemia in the Young Primate: Physiologic and Neuropathologic Correlates

1983 • 110 citations

Manganese decreases glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes.

1997 • 109 citations

Visual evoked potentials in a rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy. I. Sequential changes and comparisons with drug-induced comas.

1984 • 107 citations

Positron-emission tomographic localization of abnormalities of brain metabolism in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy

1993 • 107 citations

Gamma-aminobutyric acid and benzodiazepine receptors in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure.

1983 • 107 citations

Manganese, Copper, and Zinc Concentrations in Serum and Packed Blood Cells during Acute Hepatitis, Chronic Hepatitis, and Posthepatitic Cirrhosis

1974 • 106 citations

Effect of acute ammonia intoxication on energy stores in the cerebral reticular activating system

1981 • 96 citations

Ammonia-induced swelling of rat cerebral cortical slices: Implications for the pathogenesis of brain edema in acute hepatic failure

1989 • 96 citations

Effect of benzodiazepines and neurosteroids on ammonia-induced swelling in cultured astrocytes

1998 • 92 citations

Nitroarginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase, attenuates ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain metabolism

1995 • 86 citations

Dystonia, hyperintense basal ganglia, and high whole blood manganese levels in Alagille's syndrome

1994 • 86 citations

Manganese Augments Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Murine Astrocytes: A New Pathogenetic Mechanism in Manganism?

1998 • 81 citations

Protective effect of L‐carnitine on hyperammonemia

1984 • 81 citations

Increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in brain following portacaval anastomosis

1997 • 80 citations

Increased densities of binding sites for the ‘peripheral-type’ benzodiazepine receptor ligand [3H]PK 11195 in rat brain following portacaval anastomosis

1992 • 80 citations

Effects of ammonia onl-glutamate uptake in cultured astrocytes

1996 • 78 citations

The Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor and Neurosteroids in Hepatic Encephalopathy

1997 • 78 citations

Increased Nitric Oxide Synthase Activities and <scp>l</scp>‐[³H]Arginine Uptake in Brain Following Portacaval Anastomosis

1995 • 77 citations

Long-term hemodynamic effects of ketanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine blocker, in portal hypertensive patients

1989 • 77 citations

Activities of neuronal and astrocytic marker enzymes in autopsied brain tissue from patients with hepatic encephalopathy

1987 • 77 citations

Effect of Ammonia on Brain Serotonin Metabolism in Relation to Function in the Portacaval Shunted Rat

1990 • 75 citations

Brain cortical amino acids measured by intracerebral dialysis in portacaval shunted rats

1987 • 73 citations

Changes in Glutamate Receptors on Synaptic Membranes Associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy or Hyperammonemia in the Rabbit

1984 • 71 citations

Neurochemical and electrophysiological studies on the inhibitory effect of ammonium ions on synaptic transmission in slices of rat hippocampus: Evidence for a postsynaptic action

1990 • 70 citations

A new therapy for portal systemic encephalopathy.

1986 • 70 citations

Hepatic encephalopathy and brain edema in acute hepatic failure: Does glutamate play a role?

1997 • 70 citations

Ammonia-induced upregulation of peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors in cultured astrocytes labeled with [3H]PK 11195

1994 • 67 citations

Plasma methionine enkephalin concentration and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis.

1988 • 66 citations

Relationships between tryptophan in serum and CSF, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in CSF of man: effect of cirrhosis of liver and probenecid administration.

1975 • 65 citations

Increased serotoninergic and noradrenergic activity in hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide—induced acute liver failure

1990 • 65 citations

Chronic exposure of rat primary astrocyte cultures to manganese results in increased binding sites for the ‘peripheral-type’ benzodiazepine receptor ligand 3H-PK 11195

1999 • 64 citations

Hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic and portacaval shunted dogs: Lack of changes in brain GABA uptake, brain GABA levels, brain glutamic acid decarboxylase activity and brain postsynaptic GABA receptors

1988 • 59 citations

Hepatic encephalopathy influences high-affinity uptake of transmitter glutamate and aspartate into the hippocampal formation

1990 • 57 citations

Neurophysiology of Ammonia Intoxication

1989 • 57 citations

Effect of Portacaval Anastomosis on Electrically Stimulated Release of Glutamate from Rat Hippocampal Slices

1991 • 55 citations

Ammonia and manganese increase arginine uptake in cultured astrocytes.

1998 • 54 citations

Differences in the negative allosteric modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors elicited by 4'-chlorodiazepam and by a beta-carboline-3-carboxylate ester: a study with natural and reconstituted receptors.

1989 • 53 citations

Increased cerebrospinal fluid lactate reflects deterioration of neurological status in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy

1991 • 52 citations

Alterations in Cortical [³H]Kainate and α‐[³H]Amino‐3‐Hydroxy‐5‐Methyl‐4‐Isoxazolepropionic Acid Binding in a Spontaneous Canine Model of Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy

1991 • 46 citations

Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate in Patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy

1987 • 46 citations

Increased expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in cultured astrocytes following exposure to manganese

1999 • 46 citations

Brain Tryptophan Hydroxylation in the Portacaval Shunted Rat: A Hypothesis for the Regulation of Serotonin Turnover In Vivo

1991 • 43 citations

Effect of ammonium chloride on the astrocyte benzodiazepine receptor

1989 • 40 citations

Increased Densities of Binding Sites for the Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligand [3H]PK 11195 in Congenital Ornithine Transcarbamylase-Deficient Sparse Fur Mouse

1993 • 36 citations

Local Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Rats with Chronic Portacaval Shunts

1983 • 36 citations

Activation of arginine metabolism to glutamate in rat brain synaptosomes in thioacetamide‐induced hepatic encephalopathy: An adaptative response?

1990 • 33 citations

Modulation of hepatic encephalopathy in rats with thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure by serotonin antagonists.

1996 • 29 citations

Brain β-endorphin concentrations in experimental chronic liver disease

1982 • 25 citations

Evidence for altered central noradrenergic function in experimental acute liver failure in the rat

1998 • 24 citations

Concentrations of 3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanine and Catecholamines and Metabolites in Brain in an Anhepatic Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy

1995 • 22 citations

Effect of orally administeredL-carnitine on blood ammonia andL-carnitine concentrations in portacaval-shunted rats

1989 • 21 citations

Brain Edema in Experimental Fulminant Hepatic Failure

1989 • 18 citations

Brain Extracellular Quinolinic Acid in Chronic Experimental Hepatic Encephalopathy as Assessed by In Vivo Microdialysis: Acute Effects of L-Tryptophan

1996 • 18 citations

Hepatic encephalopathy studies with astrocyte cultures

1988 • 15 citations

Increased ethanol consumption and blood ethanol levels in rats with portacaval shunts

1985 • 12 citations

Nitric oxide modulates synaptic glutamate release during anoxia

1997 • 11 citations

Releases of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Ventriculocisternal Perfusions in Hepatectomized and Laparotomized Rats

1996 • 8 citations

Regional brain serotonin receptor changes in portacaval shunted rats

1998 • 8 citations

Fatal liver failure following generalized tonic-clonic seizures

1992 • 8 citations

Elevated Brain Water During Urease-Induced Hyperammonemia in Dogs

1989 • 7 citations

Beta-Endorphin and Opiate Receptor Changes in Acute and Chronic Models of Hepatic Encephalopathy

1989 • 6 citations

Changes in brain monoamine metabolism in rats with acute ischemic hepatic failure under artificial cardiopulmonary management

1992 • 6 citations