Using functional loading to influence bone mass and architecture: objectives, mechanisms, and relationship with estrogen of the mechanically adaptive process in bone

The L-Arginine-Nitric Oxide Pathway

1993 • 6,737 citations

Bone “mass” and the “mechanostat”: A proposal

1987 • 1,963 citations

Regulation of bone formation by applied dynamic loads.

1984 • 1,533 citations

Regulation of bone mass by mechanical strain magnitude

1985 • 1,285 citations

Static vs dynamic loads as an influence on bone remodelling

1984 • 859 citations

Humeral hypertrophy in response to exercise

1977 • 815 citations

Effect of Starting Age of Physical Activity on Bone Mass in the Dominant Arm of Tennis and Squash Players

1995 • 741 citations

Extracellular Ca2+ sensing, regulation of parathyroid cell function, and role of Ca2+ and other ions as extracellular (first) messengers

1991 • 690 citations

Limb Mechanics as A Function of Speed and Gait: A Study of Functional Strains in the Radius and Tibia of Horse and Dog

1982 • 498 citations

Mechanically adaptive bone remodelling

1982 • 483 citations

The influence of strain rate on adaptive bone remodelling

1982 • 474 citations

Morphological evidence of gap junctions between bone cells

1981 • 454 citations

Functional strain in bone tissue as an objective, and controlling stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling

1987 • 434 citations

Weight-bearing activity during youth is a more important factor for peak bone mass than calcium intake

1994 • 430 citations

Osteocytes, strain detection, bone modeling and remodeling

1993 • 425 citations

The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law.

1981 • 420 citations

Dynamic strain similarity in vertebrates; an alternative to allometric limb bone scaling

1984 • 410 citations

Early strain-related changes in enzyme activity in osteocytes following bone loading in vivo

1989 • 357 citations

The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone

1981 • 333 citations

Gymnasts exhibit higher bone mass than runners despite similar prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea

1995 • 329 citations

17 Analysis of the Pitching Arm of the Professional Baseball Pitcher

1969 • 329 citations

Muscle strength, physical fitness, and weight but not age predict femoral neck bone mass

1989 • 310 citations

Bone Strain: A Determinant of Gait and Speed?

1986 • 305 citations

Increase in femoral bone density in young women following high-impact exercise

1994 • 279 citations

Biochemical signal transduction of mechanical strain in osteoblast-like cells

1991 • 277 citations

Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure

1994 • 266 citations

Morphological study of intercellular junctions during osteocyte differentiation

1990 • 254 citations

Can vigorous exercise play a role in osteoporosis prevention? A review

1992 • 248 citations

Bone curvature: Sacrificing strength for load predictability?

1988 • 240 citations

Interaction of calcium nutrition and physical activity on bone mass in young women

1988 • 229 citations

Unidirectional Coupling of Gap Junctions Between Neuroglia

1993 • 224 citations

Estrogen therapy and variable-resistance weight training increase bone mineral in surgically menopausal women

1991 • 205 citations

The site-specific effects of long-term unilateral activity on bone mineral density and content

1994 • 202 citations

Mechanical function as an influence on the structure and form of bone

1976 • 196 citations

Loading-related increases in prostaglandin production in cores of adult canine cancellous bone in vitro: A role for prostacyclin in adaptive bone remodeling?

1991 • 191 citations

Bone density in women: College athletes and older athletic women

1984 • 180 citations

The influence of function on the development of bone curvature. An experimental study on the rat tibia

1980 • 177 citations

The effects of muscle-building exercise on bone mineral density of the radius, spine, and hip in young men

1989 • 174 citations

Homeostatic control of bone structure: An application of feedback theory

1991 • 162 citations

Bone modeling during growth: Dynamic strain equilibrium in the chick tibiotarsus

1986 • 161 citations

Locomotory Stresses in the Limb Bones of Two Small Mammals: The Ground Squirrel and Chipmunk

1983 • 157 citations

Cytosolic Ca²⁺ and the regulation of secretion in parathyroid cells

1986 • 154 citations

Bone mechanical properties after exercise training in young and old rats

1990 • 152 citations

Indomethacin modulation of load-related stimulation of new bone formationin vivo

1989 • 151 citations

Structural response of growing bone to exercise and disuse

1994 • 151 citations

Indomethacin has distinct early and late actions on bone formation induced by mechanical stimulation

1994 • 144 citations

The relationship of functional stress and strain to the processes of bone remodelling. An experimental study on the sheep radius

1979 • 133 citations

Physical activity effects on bone metabolism

1991 • 112 citations

Morphologie stages in lamellar bone formation stimulated by a potent mechanical stimulus

1995 • 110 citations

Bone response to alternate-day mechanical loading of the rat tibia

1994 • 109 citations

Structural and mechanical adaptation of immature bone to strenuous exercise

1986 • 105 citations

Regulation of bone stress and strain in the immature and mature rat femur

1989 • 105 citations

High Calcium and Other Divalent Cations Increase Inositol Trisphosphate in Bovine Parathyroid Cells*

1988 • 103 citations

Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the horse (Equus): in vivo stress in the tibia and metatarsus

1988 • 86 citations

Effect of long-distance running on bone mass in women

1989 • 83 citations

Exogenous prostacyclin, but not prostaglandin E2, produces similar responses in both G6PD activity and RNA production as mechanical loading, and increases IGF-II release, in adult cancellous bone in culture

1993 • 83 citations

Interruption of disuse by short duration walking exercise does not prevent bone loss in the sheep calcaneus

1995 • 82 citations

Early strain-related changes in cultured embryonic chick tibiotarsi parallel those associated with adaptive modeling in vivo

1993 • 78 citations

Gain in mass density of bone following strenuous physical activity

1989 • 76 citations

Skeletal Strain Patterns in Relation to Exercise Training During Growth

1993 • 76 citations

From bone lining cell to osteocyte—an SEM study

1984 • 66 citations

Additional weight-bearing during exercise is more important than duration of exercise for anabolic stimulus of bone: a study of running exercise in female rats

1995 • 58 citations

Estrogen enhances the stimulation of bone collagen synthesis by loading and exogenous prostacyclin, but not prostaglandin E2, in organ cultures of rat ulnae

1994 • 52 citations

The effect of swimming activity on bone architecture in growing rats

1989 • 46 citations

Chronic Hypertrophy of the Ulna in the Professional Rodeo Cowboy

1982 • 22 citations

Nitric oxide production is stimulated by mechanical loading

1995 • 3 citations