Exercise and the Treatment of Clinical Depression in Adults

The CES-D Scale

1977 • 50,186 citations

An Inventory for Measuring Depression

1961 • 36,954 citations

A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION

1960 • 30,921 citations

Depression and Quality of Life in Older Persons: A Review

2015 • 13,332 citations

A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change

1979 • 12,729 citations

Lifetime and 12-Month Prevalence of DSM-III-R Psychiatric Disorders in the United States

1994 • 12,456 citations

Cognitive Therapy for Depression

2012 • 9,957 citations

A Self-Rating Depression Scale

1965 • 8,816 citations

Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies

2013 • 8,227 citations

Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change.

1983 • 8,141 citations

Selective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man

1949 • 7,050 citations

Research Diagnostic Criteria

1978 • 6,988 citations

A Diagnostic Interview

1978 • 5,735 citations

National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule

1981 • 5,280 citations

Depression Is a Risk Factor for Noncompliance With Medical Treatment

2000 • 3,919 citations

Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders

1997 • 3,574 citations

The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study

1989 • 2,521 citations

Stages of change and decisional balance for 12 problem behaviors.

1994 • 2,090 citations

The Functioning and Well-being of Depressed Patients

1989 • 2,080 citations

The de Facto US Mental and Addictive Disorders Service System

1993 • 2,002 citations

Depression Following Myocardial Infarction

1993 • 1,958 citations

Depression and poor glycemic control: a meta-analytic review of the literature.

2000 • 1,818 citations

Physical Activity and Mental Health

2000 • 1,586 citations

Depression and Diabetes

2000 • 1,464 citations

Post-Stroke Fatigue: Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics and Treatment

2014 • 1,355 citations

Three-Year Outcomes for Maintenance Therapies in Recurrent Depression

1990 • 1,297 citations

Effects of Exercise Training on Older Patients With Major Depression

1999 • 1,254 citations

Interpersonal Psychotherapy Of Depression

1984 • 1,198 citations

A Guide to Treatments that Work

2007 • 1,097 citations

Clinical and Biochemical Manifestations of Depression

1988 • 1,052 citations

Exercise Treatment for Major Depression: Maintenance of Therapeutic Benefit at 10 Months

2000 • 1,052 citations

The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials

2001 • 1,014 citations

St John's wort for depression--an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials

1996 • 1,009 citations

Economic burden of depression

1994 • 1,002 citations

Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood

1993 • 966 citations

Handbook of depression

2002 • 960 citations

Relationship of Depression to Increased Risk of Mortality and Rehospitalization in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure

2001 • 943 citations

Electroconvulsive therapy

2012 • 930 citations

Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation on Physiologic and Psychosocial Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

1995 • 910 citations

Major Depression in Community Adolescents: Age at Onset, Episode Duration, and Time to Recurrence

1994 • 838 citations

The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on the undertreatment of depression

1997 • 823 citations

Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis

1996 • 763 citations

Service Utilization and Social Morbidity Associated With Depressive Symptoms in the Community

1992 • 719 citations

Physical Exercise and Psychological Well-Being: A Population Study in Finland

2000 • 707 citations

Depressive Symptoms and the Cost of Health Services in HMO Patients Aged 65 Years and Older

1997 • 696 citations

Physical Activity and Depression: Evidence from the Alameda County Study

1991 • 666 citations

Effect of Exercise on Depression

1990 • 648 citations

History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression.

2000 • 634 citations

Effects of exercise on fatigue, physical functioning, and emotional distress during radiation therapy for breast cancer.

1997 • 606 citations

Body-image and eating disturbances predict onset of depression among female adolescents: A longitudinal study.

2000 • 597 citations

The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory.

1997 • 572 citations

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS: THE NHANES I EPIDEMIOLOGIC FOLLOW-UP STUDY

1988 • 567 citations

Self-efficacy pathways to childhood depression.

1999 • 559 citations

Physical activity and mental health in the United States and Canada: Evidence from four population surveys

1988 • 546 citations

Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis

1989 • 544 citations

Light therapy for Seasonal Affective Disorder A review of efficacy

1989 • 534 citations

The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association Consensus Statement on the Undertreatment of Depression

1997 • 534 citations

Health Care Costs of Primary Care Patients With Recognized Depression

1995 • 531 citations

Screening for Depression in a Community Sample

1982 • 523 citations

Acute Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Responses to the Stress of Treadmill Exercise

1987 • 520 citations

Psychoneuroendocrinological contributions to the etiology of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and stress-related bodily disorders: the role of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis

2001 • 504 citations

The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory.

1997 • 500 citations

Depression and Chronic Medical Illness

2009 • 494 citations

Molecular Neurobiology for Practicing Psychiatrists, Part 5: How a Leucine Zipper Can Turn On Genes: Immediate-Early Genes Activate Late-Gene Expression in the Brain.

2000 • 492 citations

The Effect of Exercise on Clinical Depression and Depression Resulting from Mental Illness: A Meta-Analysis

1998 • 491 citations

The economic burden of depression

1986 • 491 citations

Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary

1963 • 441 citations

Physical activity and personal characteristics associated with depression and suicide in American college men

1994 • 434 citations

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Progressive Resistance Training in Depressed Elders

1997 • 428 citations

Reduced Levels of Norepinephrine Transporters in the Locus Coeruleus in Major Depression

1997 • 424 citations

Epidemiology of depression

1992 • 421 citations

Factors Associated with Exercise Adherence Among Older Adults

1999 • 417 citations

Pain sensitivity, mood and plasma endocrine levels in man following long-distance running: Effects of naloxone

1984 • 391 citations

Cardiovascular and Behavioral Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training in Healthy Older Men and Women

1989 • 389 citations

Running as treatment for depression

1979 • 375 citations

Long-Term Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Psychological Outcomes

1999 • 360 citations

Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms

2000 • 358 citations

Five-Year Outcome for Maintenance Therapies in Recurrent Depression

1992 • 357 citations

Monoamine dysfunction and the pathophysiology and treatment of depression.

1998 • 341 citations

The Efficacy of Exercise as a Long-term Antidepressant in Elderly Subjects: A Randomized, Controlled Trial

2001 • 340 citations

Exercise and Depressive Symptoms: A Comparison of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Effects on Emotional and Physical Function in Older Persons With High and Low Depressive Symptomatology

2002 • 335 citations

Effects of Aerobic Exercise Versus Stress Management Treatment in Fibromyalgia

1996 • 328 citations

St John's Wort for Depression

2000 • 323 citations

Physical activity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy relationships in older adults: A randomized controlled trial

2000 • 318 citations

Treatment of Depression Improves Adherence to Interferon Beta-1b Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis

1997 • 315 citations

Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

1998 • 312 citations

Physical exercise and brain monoamines: a review

1989 • 309 citations

Brain monoamines, exercise, and behavioral stress: animal models

1997 • 291 citations

Effects of aerobic exercise on depression: a controlled study.

1985 • 290 citations

Physical Activity and Psychological Well-being among People Aged 65 to 84 Years

1995 • 278 citations

Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression.

1987 • 276 citations

Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults.

1993 • 273 citations

Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

1998 • 269 citations

The effect of aerobic exercise on self-esteem and depressive and anxiety symptoms among breast cancer survivors.

1998 • 266 citations

Psychological effects of habitual aerobic exercise: A critical review

1984 • 263 citations

Effects of acute physical exercise on central serotonergic systems

1997 • 263 citations

Chronic psychological effects of exercise and exercise plus cognitive strategies

1995 • 263 citations

Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment trial of fluoxetine and graded exercise for chronic fatigue syndrome†

1998 • 254 citations

Role of norepinephrine in depression.

2000 • 251 citations

Comparing aerobic with nonaerobic forms of exercise in the treatment of clinical depression: A randomized trial

1989 • 251 citations

The Role of Low Self-Esteem in Emotional and Behavioral Problems: Why is Low Self-Esteem Dysfunctional?

1995 • 244 citations

RECOVERY, CHRONICITY, AND LEVELS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY IN MAJOR DEPRESSION

1996 • 241 citations

Service utilization and social morbidity associated with depressive symptoms in the community

1992 • 240 citations

Influence of aerobic exercise on depression.

1984 • 239 citations

Changes in Intensity of Physical Exercise as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms among Older Adults: An Eight-Year Follow-Up

2000 • 234 citations

Influence of regular aerobic exercise on psychological health: A randomized, controlled trial of healthy middle-aged adults.

1989 • 231 citations

Changes in plasma concentrations of aromatic and branched‐chain amino acids during sustained exercise in man and their possible role in fatigue

1988 • 228 citations

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs on depression in patients after major coronary events

1996 • 227 citations

The effects of exercise training on mental well-being in the normal population: A controlled trial

1989 • 226 citations

Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression.

1987 • 225 citations

Benefits of Exercise for the Treatment of Depression

1990 • 213 citations

Strength training induced adaptations in neuromuscular function of premenopausal women with fibromyalgia: comparison with healthy women

2001 • 211 citations

Effects of pool-based and land-based aerobic exercise on women with fibromyalgia/chronic widespread muscle pain

2001 • 209 citations

Influence of aerobic exercise on depression.

1984 • 207 citations

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone in the Pathophysiology of Melancholic and Atypical Depression and in the Mechanism of Action of Antidepressant Drugs

1995 • 205 citations

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training on exercise capacity, coronary risk factors, behavioral characteristics, and quality of life in women

1995 • 197 citations

Effects of differing intensities and formats of 12 months of exercise training on psychological outcomes in older adults.

1993 • 197 citations

The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly.

1991 • 196 citations

Physical Inactivity and Depression in the Community

1992 • 189 citations

Psychological and Cognitive Effects of an Exercise Program for Community-Residing Older Adults

1990 • 184 citations

Protective and vulnerability factors of depression in normal adolescents

2001 • 183 citations

Exercise and self-esteem in middle-aged adults: multidimensional relationships and physical fitness and self-efficacy influences.

1997 • 181 citations

Cardiac rehabilitation as secondary prevention. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

1995 • 169 citations

Brain norepinephrine and metabolites after treadmill training and wheel running in rats

1996 • 162 citations

The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly.

1991 • 160 citations

An Exercise Intervention for Advanced Cancer Patients Experiencing Fatigue: A Pilot Study

2000 • 159 citations

A Comparative Outcome Study of Group Psychotherapy vs. Exercise Treatments for Depression

1984 • 154 citations

Physical activity and depression: clinical experience

1994 • 152 citations

Influence of aerobic exercise training and relaxation training on physical and psychologic health following stressful life events.

1987 • 151 citations

Aerobic exercise and cognitive therapy in the treatment of dysphoric moods

1987 • 150 citations

Influence of regular aerobic exercise on psychological health: A randomized, controlled trial of healthy middle-aged adults.

1989 • 150 citations

Prevalence and Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Depression in the Elderly With Coronary Heart Disease

1998 • 145 citations

Psychiatric Epidemiology in Korea

1990 • 144 citations

Adaptation of the hypothalamopituitary adrenal axis to chronic exercise stress in humans

1996 • 136 citations

Effects of cardiac rehabilitation and exercise training programs in women with depression

1999 • 133 citations

Depression and Its Treatment in a US Urban Community—1975-1976

1981 • 131 citations

Psychological Outcomes of a Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program

1991 • 130 citations

Utilizing exercise to affect the symptomology of fibromyalgia: a pilot study

2000 • 128 citations

Effects of High-Intensity Strength Training on Quality-of-Life Parameters in Cardiac Rehabilitation Patients

1997 • 127 citations

Aerobic Exercise in the Adjunctive Treatment of Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial

1992 • 122 citations

Multidiscipline Treatment of Chronic Pulmonary Insufficiency

1973 • 122 citations

The effects of exercise training programs on psychosocial improvement in uncomplicated postmyocardial infarction patients

1986 • 118 citations

Economic Evaluation of Aquatic Exercise for Persons With Osteoarthritis

2001 • 117 citations

The promotion of physical activity in the United States population: the status of programs in medical, worksite, community, and school settings.

1985 • 116 citations

EFFECTIVENESS OF MINIMALLY SUPERVISED HOME AEROBIC TRAINING IN PATIENTS WITH SYSTEMIC RHEUMATIC DISEASE

1995 • 114 citations

Cerebrospinal fluid immunoreactive β-endorphin concentration is increased by voluntary exercise in the spontaneously hypertensive rat

1990 • 114 citations

Anxiety and Depression in Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: The Effects of Pulmonary Rehabilitation

1999 • 113 citations

Temporal variability in global self-esteem and specific self-evaluation as prospective predictors of emotional distress: Specificity in predictors and outcome.

1997 • 109 citations

Treadmill exercise training augments brain norepinephrine response to familiar and novel stress

2000 • 106 citations

Multidisciplinary Treatment of Chronic Pulmonary Insufficiency

1977 • 103 citations

Influence of exercise on serotonergic neuromodulation in the brain

2001 • 100 citations

Behavioral differences and effects of cardiac rehabilitation in diabetic patients following cardiac events

1996 • 99 citations

Common mood and anxiety states: gender differences in the protective effect of physical activity

2000 • 98 citations

EFFECTS OF A MODIFIED DANCE-BASED EXERCISE ON CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE AND HEALTH STATUS OF PERSONS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

1995 • 98 citations

Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training Programs in Patients ≥ 75 Years of Age

1996 • 95 citations

Benefits of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training in Elderly Women

1997 • 94 citations

Course of major depression in non-referred adolescents: a retrospective study

1988 • 93 citations

The National Exercise and Heart Disease Project

1982 • 89 citations

Adherence to physical activity.

1997 • 88 citations

Randomised Controlled Trial of Exercise in the Elderly

1992 • 86 citations

Psychological effects of exercise: A randomized cross-over trial

1986 • 85 citations

Walking and Depression in a Cohort of Older Adults: The Iowa 65+ Rural Health Study

1996 • 82 citations

Association of beta-endorphin with specific clinical symptoms of depression

1992 • 82 citations

Exercise therapy for depression in middle-aged and older adults: Predictors of early dropout and treatment failure.

2002 • 79 citations

Multiple HPA profiles in endogenous depression: Effect of age and sex on cortisol and beta-endorphin

1993 • 79 citations

Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Programs on Exercise Capacity, Coronary Risk Factors, Behavior, and Quality of Life in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease*

1997 • 77 citations

Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training Programs on Coronary Patients With High Levels of Hostility

1999 • 76 citations

5-HT-HPA interactions in two models of transgenic mice relevant to major depression.

2000 • 75 citations

Effects of running or weight lifting on self-concept in clinically depressed women.

1989 • 74 citations

Temporal variability in global self-esteem and specific self-evaluation as prospective predictors of emotional distress: Specificity in predictors and outcome.

1997 • 71 citations

Behavioral correlates of sympathoadrenal reactivity: the toughness model.

1991 • 70 citations

Stress and exercise among the Japanese elderly

1993 • 70 citations

Dance‐based aerobic exercise for rheumatoid arthritis

1990 • 70 citations

Corticotropin and Cortisol Response to Human CRH as a probe for HPA system integrity in major depressive disorder

1988 • 69 citations

Behavioral theory and treatment of depression.

1995 • 68 citations

Increase of circulating beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity correlates with the change in feeling of pleasantness after running

1986 • 67 citations

Chromium Potentiation of Antidepressant Pharmacotherapy for Dysthymic Disorder in 5 Patients

1999 • 65 citations

The role of aerobic exercise in the treatment of depression

1987 • 65 citations

Effects of running or weight lifting on self-concept in clinically depressed women.

1989 • 64 citations

The effect of exercise on normal mood

1990 • 63 citations

HPA axis dysfunction in depression: Correlation with monoamine system abnormalities

1997 • 58 citations

Running and mixed physical exercises with depressed psychiatric patients.

1993 • 56 citations

Stress reactivity and exercise training in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

1991 • 52 citations

Effects of a Walking Program on Attributional Style, Depression, and Self-Esteem in Women

1995 • 50 citations

Depression in the Community

1982 • 46 citations

HPA Axis Dysfunction in Major Depression: Relationship to 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> Receptor Activity

2001 • 44 citations

The Association between Physical Activity and Depression in Older Depressed Adults

1999 • 42 citations

Behavioral correlates of sympathoadrenal reactivity

1991 • 41 citations

Noradrenergic versus serotonergic antidepressants: predictors of treatment response.

1998 • 41 citations

The Effects of Exercise Training on Psychosocial Functioning After Myocardial Infarction

1988 • 40 citations

In Search of Psychological Benefits

1992 • 39 citations

Psychosocial aspects and the physiological effects of a cardiopulmonary exercise program in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for acute leukemia (AL).

1989 • 38 citations

Stress reactivity and exercise training in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

1991 • 38 citations

Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

1998 • 38 citations

Untitled

2001 • 36 citations

Clinical evaluation and natural course of depression.

1983 • 35 citations

Plasma neurotransmitters, blood pressure, and heart rate during supine resting, orthostasis, and moderate exercise in dysthymic depressed patients

1995 • 34 citations

Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Training Programs on Coronary Patients With High Levels of Hostility

1999 • 32 citations

DANCE-BASED EXERCISE PROGRAM IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

1997 • 32 citations

Increased serotonin levels in physically trained men.

1994 • 32 citations

An open-label pilot study of oral S-adenosyl-L-methionine in major depression: interim results.

1988 • 30 citations

Relationship among Depression Scores, β-Endorphin, and Angina Pectoris during Exercise in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

1996 • 30 citations

Behavioral activation treatment for depression: A commentary.

2001 • 29 citations

Psychological and Physiological Benefits of Passive and Aerobic Exercise in Sedentary Middle-Aged Women

1991 • 21 citations

Psychosocial Changes in Patients Participating in a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Rehabilitation Program

1993 • 19 citations

Decreases in resting plasma beta-endorphin and depression scores after endurance training.

1991 • 19 citations

Relation of Perceived Health with Psychosocial Variables in Elderly Osteoarthritis Patients

1989 • 19 citations

Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Beta-Endorphin in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients

1991 • 10 citations

Depression and vascular function in older adults. Evaluating the benefits of exercise in a new study at Duke University.

2001 • 2 citations